Factors Associated with Mortality in Children Aged 1 Month to 15 Years Hospitalized in the Pediatric Ward of the Kalaban-Coro Reference Health Center: Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Infant and child mortality is a worldwide concern, but developing countries such as Mali are more affected. The aim of this study was to investigate morbidity and factors associated with mortality in children aged 1 month to 15 years. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study which took place from January 1 to December 31, 2020 covering children aged 1 month to 15 years hospitalized at the Kalaban-Coro CSRéf. Data were entered into Excel and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Results: Five hundred children aged 1 months to 15 years were included. The age range 1 to 5 years (53.6%) and male sex (58.2%) were the most represented. Malaria (72.2%), acute respiratory infections (6.2%) and diarrhea/dehydration (3%) were the main morbidities. Mortality was estimated at 10.6%, and the two main causes of death were malaria (56.6%) and acute respiratory infections (7.54%). Univariate analysis revealed a statistically significant association between the dependent variable (death) and age (p Conclusion: This study confirms the high rate of infant and child morbidity and mortality in our health facilities. Strengthening human resources and intensifying behavior-change communication can help reverse the trend.

Prevalence and Years Lived with Disability for Dental Caries among Children Aged 0-14 Years in China, 1990-2016

The estimate of dental caries among Chinese children at the microscale level using standard methodology remains unclear. In this study, we assessed and analyzed the disease burden of childhood dental caries in China by extracting data from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 （GBD 2016）. In 2016, the number of cases, prevalence, years lived with disability （YLD）, and age-standardized YLD rate of dental caries was 93.0 million, 43.0%, 32,200 person years, and 14.8 per 100,000, respectively. Across 33 provincial units, the disease burden was highest in Hubei （YLD rate 28.6 per 100,000）, lowest in Macao （9.1 per 100,000）, while geographical clustering was not observed. Compared with 1990, the prevalence in 2016 decreased from 46.8% to 43.0%, and the YLD rate decreased from 16.5 per 100,000 to 14.8 per 100,000. Given the slight decrease in dental caries burden, the prevalence and disease burden remained high among Chinese children. Strategies for addressing the spatial inequity of childhood dental caries require geographical targeting.

Risk Factors for Geo-Helminthiasis in Children Aged 6 - 36 Months in a Rural Health District in Cameroon

Introduction and Objectives: Soil-Transmitted-Helminthiasis (STH) is a public health problem in Cameroon. The control strategies currently in place, particularly chemoprevention, has shortcomings linked to the target population, which are school-age children. The objective was to determine the prevalence and the risk factors associated with geo-helminthiasis in children aged 0 to 3 years in a rural health district. Method: From December 2020 to May 2021, a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study of 376 children between 6 and 36 months was carried out in the Akonolinga health district. This was a cluster sampling in 4 health areas. Stool samples were collected and analysed using the mini-FLOTAC method. The results expressed as the number of eggs per gram of stool. A questionnaire on socio-demographic and lifestyle data was administered to the parents. The Chi-squared test was used to measure the association between geo-helminth infection and the data collected. A multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed (p 0.05). Results: The prevalence of STH was 19.4% (Ascaris lumbricoides: 16% and Trichuris trichiura: 8%). Risk factors were: consumption of contaminated water (AOR = 1.93 [1.03 - 3.6];p = 0.040), early contact of the child with the ground (before age of 4 months) (AOR = 4.9 [2.1 - 11.37];p .001), habit of walking barefoot (AOR = 2.91 [1.1 - 7.97];p = 0.038), and living in a habitat with unpaved ground (AOR = 7.4 [1.55 - 35.7];p = 0.012). Conclusion: The prevalence of STHs in infants was high. Preventive chemotherapy should be extended to this age-group, and other measures intensified.

Factors Influencing Preventive Behaviors of Mothers for Diarrhea in Children Aged 1-5 Years in Buol District, Indonesia

This study aims to determine the factors related with mothers＇ behaviors in preventing diarrhea in children aged 1-5 years inBuol District. This was a cross-sectional survey design with health belief model as the conceptual framework. A total of 300mothers were selected by using purposive sampling method based on criteria. Mothers were interviewed by using astructured questionnaire during October to November 2015. A chi-square （X^2） test was used to determine a significantassociation between independent variables and dependent variable. The finding showed that 68.3% of mothers hadgood behaviors in preventing diarrhea. The factors significantly related to mothers＇ behaviors included perceivedsusceptibility to diarrhea, perceived severity of diarrhea, perceived benefits of diarrhea prevention behaviors, and perceivedbarriers of diarrhea prevention behaviors CP 〈 .01, p 〈 .01, p 〈 .01, and p 〈 .01 respectively）. Further, mothers had highperception to comply with diarrhea prevention behaviors. Those who perceived that diarrhea prevention behaviors werehighly beneficial to their children had good behaviors in preventing diarrhea. However, taking certain actions must considernegative aspects.

National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey for Children 0–17 Years of Age in China

The main purpose of the National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey for children 0-17 years of age in China(CNHSC)was to collect basic data on the nutrition,development,and health status for children in different regions across China using evidence-based,reliable,and cost-effective approaches.Children and their parents or guardians from seven regions(south,southwest,north,northwest,eastern,central,and northeast China)in China were recruited.A multi-stage stratified randomized sampling method was used.Two provinces were randomly sampled from each of the seven regions,from which one urban district and one rural country were also randomly sampled,resulting in a total of 28 survey counties/districts.Dietary surveys,health examinations,laboratory testing,and questionnaires were used to collect dietary intake,nutritional status,child development,and health status information.Nutrition,health,and lifestyle assessment of children and their parents was determined using the Knowledge Attitude Practice(KAP)survey.Greater than 100,000 children(38,000 children<6 years of age and 66,000 children6-17 years of age)completed the survey.The survey provided comprehensive data on child nutrition and health status for future studies and will serve as the basis for an integrated nutrition and health improvement strategies proposal for children in China.

Energy Balance-related Behaviors Are Related to Cardiometabolic Parameters and Predict Adiposity in 8-14-year-old Overweight Chinese Children One Year Later

To identify target energy balance-related behaviors（ERBs）,baseline data from 141overweight or obese schoolchildren（aged 8-14years old）was used to predict adiposity[body mass index（BMI）and fat percentage]one year later.The ERBs included a modified Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension diet score（DASH score）,leisure-time physical activity（PA,days/week）,and leisure screen time（minutes/day）.Several cardiometabolic variables were measured in the fasting state, including systolic blood pressure （SBP）, diastolic blood pressure （DBP）, blood glucose （GLU）, total cholesterol （TC）, triglycerides （TG）, low-density lipoprotein （LDL-C）, and high-density lipoprotein （HDL-C）.

Uptake of Two Doses of HPV Vaccines in Nakuru County, Kenya: A Case of Rongai and Nakuru West Sub-Counties

Background: HPV vaccines were introduced globally as one of the most effective strategies to prevent cervical cancer. HPV vaccines were rolled out in Kenya in 2019 targeting girls aged 10 - 14 years, but the uptake has not been satisfactory. The Purpose of the Study: The aim of the study was to assess the level of HPV uptake among girls aged 10 - 14 years in Rongai and Nakuru West Sub-Counties in Nakuru County. Method: This was a cross-sectional study where data on HPV uptake was retrieved from all the public health facilities located in Rongai and Nakuru West Sub-Counties, Nakuru County, entered into Microsoft Excel then transferred to SPSS version 26 for analysis of HPV vaccine uptake since the year 2019 to June 2022. Data Analysis: Descriptive statistics were used where tables and graphs were generated to represent the percentages and trends of HPV vaccine uptake. Results: The average percentage of HPV uptake in Nakuru West Sub-County since the rollout of vaccination was 17% while that of Rongai Sub-County was 15%. In 2019, HPV 1 uptake was generally low for both Sub-Counties, the results show no HPV 2 vaccines were administered during that year. In 2020, Nakuru West reported an increase in HPV 1 uptake, while Rongai reported a drop in HPV 1 uptake. Both Sub-Counties reported an increase in HPV 2 in 2020 as compared to the previous year. The highest HPV 1 & 2 uptakes were reported in 2021 in both Sub-Counties. The uptake of both HPV 1 & 2 kept increasing subsequently. Conclusion: The overall uptake of HPV vaccines for Doses 1 and 2, in both Rongai and Nakuru West Sub-Counties, is low. However, there has been a consistent increase in uptake of the two doses in the two Sub-Counties since 2019. Therefore, raising public awareness of the importance of HPV vaccination could improve uptake.

Assessment of Usual Fruit, Vegetable and Vitamin C Intakes in a Sample of Egyptian Children: Pilot Study

The objective was to create an Egyptian database on the contributors of fruit and vegetables in the diets of preschool children and to estimate the usual daily intakes of fruits, vegetables and vitamin C. A total of 59 healthy boys and girls aged 2.5 - 6 years attending day care centers in urban Giza governorate completed the study by interviewing their mothers on 6x non-consecutive days using the 24 h dietary recall. Participants were classified according to age, gender and socioeconomic class. Prevalence of daily consumptions of fruits and vegetables amounted to 22% and 54%, respectively of the total children. The daily intakes of fruits and vegetables averaged 117.5 and 56.4 g, respectively. The consumption of different types of fruits and vegetables was unevenly distributed by different personal and social variables. Estimated daily vitamin C supply from the diet was 38 mg per child, which satisfied the respective recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of 30 mg for the first six years of life. However, the diet of 15% of the children covered less than 75% of RNI. Top fruits contributing to vitamin C were oranges, guava, watermelon, pears and grapes. Extra foods such as chipsy was consumed by 81% of the children, contributed 18% to daily vitamin C supply and also 58.6 mg sodium. A multilevel intervention strategy is warranted for promoting daily fruit and vegetable intake and healthy eating in early childhood.

中国东 中 西部地区1～14岁儿童乙型病毒性肝炎流行现状及乙型肝炎疫苗接种情况

目的掌握中国现阶段东、中、西部地区儿童乙型肝炎(乙肝)病毒(Hepatitis B Virus,HBV)感染现状,评价乙肝疫苗(Hepatitis B Vaccine,HepB)纳入儿童免疫规划所取得的效果。方法依据2006年全国人群乙肝血清流行病学调查结果,对东、中、西部地区1～14岁儿童乙肝流行状况和HepB接种情况进行分析。结果东、中、西部地区1～14岁儿童乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBV Surface Antigen,HBsAg)流行率分别为为2.31%、1.91%和2.53%,抗乙肝病毒表面抗原抗体(Antibody to HBsAg,Anti-HBs)流行率分别为61.23%、63.91%和55.78%。东、中、西部地区1～14岁儿童HepB接种率(指有HepB接种史)分别为87.69%、87.04%和69.82%。结论 HepB纳入儿童免疫规划后随着接种率的升高,1～14岁儿童HBsAg流行率下降,Anti-HBs阳性率升高。

甘肃省<15岁儿童乙肝疫苗免疫现状调查

目的 了解乙肝疫苗（HepB）纳入免疫规划12年后,甘肃省〈15岁儿童HepB接种情况,为制订乙肝预防控制策略提供参考。方法 2014年采用分层二阶段整群随机抽样方法首针,调查甘肃省1~14岁常住人口HepB接种情况以及基本情况。结果 在调查的1 592名1~14岁儿童中,HepB1首针接种率、HepB1首针及时接种率和HepB全程接种率分别为96.36%、88.57%和95.85%,接种率均随年龄减小而明显升高（P〈0.001）。不同性别、民族儿童HepB1接种率、HepB1及时接种率和HepB全程接种率均无明显差异（P〉0.05）。城市儿童HepB1接种率、HepB1及时接种率和HepB全程接种率均明显高于农村儿童（P〈0.001）。在调查的儿童中,住院分娩率为93.53%;其中57.29%的儿童出生在县级医院,分娩地点在市级以上医院、乡级医院、在家和不详的分别占17.96%、18.28%、4.33%和2.14%。市级以上医院出生儿童HepB1接种率和HepB1及时接种率最高,分别为99.30%和95.45%;在家分娩或出生地点不详儿童HepB1接种率和HepB1及时接种率最低,分别为83.50%和59.22%。不同地点出生儿童HepB1接种率（χ2=56.173,P〈0.001）和HepB1及时接种率（χ2=1.053,P〈0.001）差异均有统计学意义。结论 甘肃省HepB纳入免疫规划后〈15岁儿童HepB全程接种率和首针及时接种率明显提高,并保持在较高水平。提高住院分娩率是提高儿童HepB1及时接种率的关键。

安徽省儿童乙型肝炎病毒感染状况及影响因素研究

目的了解安徽省乙型肝炎(乙肝)病毒(Hepatitis B Virus,HBV)感染状况,评价儿童乙肝疫苗(HepatitisB Vaccine,HepB)纳入免疫规划管理取得的效果。方法按多阶段随机抽样方法,对安徽省6个县(区)1～14岁儿童进行流行病学调查并采集血标本,用酶联免疫吸附试验检测HBV感染标志。结果在1340份血清标本中,乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBV Surface Antigen,HBsAg)标化阳性率为1.95%,抗乙肝病毒表面抗原抗体标化阳性率为62.07%,抗乙肝病毒核心抗原抗体标化阳性率为5.50%,HBV感染率为11.93%;1～14岁儿童HepB标化接种率为87.14%;城市和农村儿童标化接种率分别为92.04%和80.76%。结论安徽省儿童HBsAg阳性率和HBV感染率下降明显,HepB纳入免疫规划管理14年来效果显著。