Reporting Children’s Development below the Test Floor: Looking Back and Forth to Describe Individual Strengths and Needs

The test floor effects seen in standardised tests lead to a standardised score of 1 or less with a flat profile that hides a child’s individual strengths and needs. The Griffiths III community of practitioners requested advice on the reporting of children’s development below the floor of the test, so that individual strengths and needs can be described. This paper reports the third phase of research following an earlier Scoping Review and a wider literature review. To confirm quality control, Phase 3 was conducted in a retrospective manner using the same methodology as the earlier phases but in a reverse direction. Peer reviewer comments and key elements from the Scoping Review and keywords from the publications were tabulated. Data analysis included a change of perspective to that of the child and their individual rights with respect to the literature themes already described in Phase 2. These confirmed that there is little specific guidance in the literature, but that computational advances for homogeneous populations and especially disaggregated data offer some solutions. A greater balance between broad biopsychosocial models and standardised models of assessment should be sought by practitioners together with the use of disaggregated data to highlight issues that pertain to individual subsets of results. This will ensure that the child’s right for their individual strengths and needs to be described together with a plan for management, may be met.

Efficacy of Children Neuropsychological and Behavioral Scale in Screening for Autism Spectrum Disorders through a Combination of Developmental Surveillance

Objective This study aimed to explore the clinical value of Children Neuropsychological and Behavioral Scale-Revision 2016(CNBS-R2016)for Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD)screening in the presence of developmental surveillance.Methods All participants were evaluated by the CNBS-R2016 and Gesell Developmental Schedules(GDS).Spearman’s correlation coefficients and Kappa values were obtained.Taking GDS as a reference assessment,the performance of the CNBS-R2016 for detecting the developmental delays of children with ASD was analyzed with receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves.The efficacy of the CNBS-R2016 to screen for ASD was explored by comparing Communication Warning Behavior with Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule,Second Edition(ADOS-2).Results In total,150 children aged 12–42 months with ASD were enrolled.The developmental quotients of the CNBS-R2016 were correlated with those of the GDS(r=0.62–0.94).The CNBS-R2016 and GDS had good diagnostic agreement for developmental delays(Kappa=0.73–0.89),except for Fine Motor.There was a significant difference between the proportions of Fine Motor,delays detected by the CNBS-R2016 and GDS(86.0%vs.77.3%).With GDS as a standard,the areas under the ROC curves of the CNBS-R2016 were above 0.95 for all the domains except Fine Motor,which was 0.70.In addition,the positive rate of ASD was 100.0%and 93.5%when the cut-off points of 7 and 12 in the Communication Warning Behavior subscale were used,respectively.Conclusion The CNBS-R2016 performed well in developmental assessment and screening for children with ASD,especially by Communication Warning Behaviors subscale.Therefore,the CNBS-R2016 is worthy of clinical application in children with ASD in China.

Characteristics and Factors Associated with Obesity and Thinness among Children with Developmental Disorders

Obesity in childhood or adolescence has been recognized to be a risk factor for the onset of lifestyle-related diseases, not only in healthy children, but also in children with developmental disorders. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the characteristics of obesity and thinness as assessed by the body fat percentage among children with developmental disorders during certain growth periods. It was also designed to investigate those factors associated with obesity and thinness based on a lifestyle and behavioral questionnaire. The subjects included 260 children from 5 to 18 years old with developmental disorders. The results of the study showed that a decrease in thinness and increase in obesity with ageing exhibited more noticeable trends among those children with mental retardation. The factors associated with obesity in children with developmental disorders were characterized by the dietary content, eating behaviors, and food preferences particular to such children, as well as low physical activity and a family history of obesity. The results of this study suggested the importance of continuous guidance along with family participation in order to improve obesity among children with developmental disorders, while focusing on the characteristics of certain growth periods.

Inhibitory Ability of Children with Developmental Dyscalculia

Inhibitory ability of children with developmental dyscalculia（DD） was investigated to explore the cognitive mechanism underlying DD.According to the definition of developmental dyscalculia,19 children with DD-only and 10 children with DD＆RD（DD combined with reading disability） were selected step by step,children in two control groups were matched with children in case groups by gender and age,and the match ratio was 1：1.Psychological testing software named DMDX was used to measure inhibitory ability of the subjects.The differences of reaction time in number Stroop tasks and differences of accuracy in incongruent condition of color-word Stroop tasks and object inhibition tasks between DD-only children and their controls reached significant levels（P〈0.05）,and the differences of reaction time in number Stroop tasks between dyscalculic and normal children did not disappear after controlling the non-executive components.The difference of accuracy in color-word incongruent tasks between children with DD＆RD and normal children reached significant levels（P〈0.05）.Children with DD-only confronted with general inhibitory deficits,while children with DD＆RD confronted with word inhibitory deficits only.

Eye-movement Patterns of Chinese Children with Developmental Dyslexia during the Stroop Test

Objective To compare the eye-movement patterns of Chinese children with developmental dyslexia（DD children） with those of non-dyslexic children as they perform the Stroop Color and Word Test（SCWT）, and to explore the relationship between their eye-movement patterns and interference effect. Methods An EyeLink II was used to record the eye-movement parameters of 32 DD children and 37 non-dyslexic children as they performed the SCWT. The independent samples t-test and repeated measures were used to analyze behavioral and eye-movement parameters. Results Compared to the control group, Chinese DD children presented lower accuracy（F = 8.488）, slower response time（F = 25.306）, and larger interference effect（t = 2.29）; Chinese DD children also exhibited lower frequency of fixations（F = 6.069）, greater numbers of saccades（F = 7.914） and fixations（F = 5.272）, and shorter mean saccade distance（F = 4.03）. All behavioral and eye-movement parameters differed significantly among the three tasks in the SCWT. There was significant interaction between groups and tasks in accuracy（F = 5.844）, and marginally significant interaction in response time（F = 3.040）. Chinese DD children tended to have lower accuracy and longer response time than the control group in the ＇color-word naming＇ task. Conclusion Compared to non-dyslexic children, Chinese DD children are subject to a stronger interference effect. When performing the SCWT, Chinese DD children exhibit abnormal eye-movement patterns, namely shorter mean saccade distance, lower frequency of fixations, and more fixations and saccades. These abnormal eye movements may be relatively stable oculomotor patterns of DD children performing visual processing, and not influenced by impaired interference effect.

Study of Lead Absorption and Its Effect on Children's Development

Blood lead levels of 180 pupils from two elementary schools were determined and the intellec- tual development of the children was followed.The children in these two groups were similar in most nonlead variables.Results showed that pupils at the school near a battery plant had higher blood lead levels than those at a school in a residential neighborhood.An evident dose- effect relationship between blood lead level and children's performance on psychological testing existed:the higher the blood level,the lower the intelligence quotient.This relationship re- mained after confounding factors were controlled by stepwise regression analysis.Partial regres- sion coefficients for PbB and verbal IQ,performance IQ,and full-scale IQ were -0.85,-0.71, and -0.91,respectively.1989 Academic Press,Inc.

Evaluating Obesity Index among Children with Developmental Disorders

The prevalence of obesity not only among adults but also among children has been increasing globally. Furthermore, obese children reportedly go on to be obese in adulthood. Obesity is likely to cause lifestyle-related diseases not only in able-bodied individuals but also in disabled children. Specific cognitive behavior observed in disabled children often hinders the provision of lifestyle guidance, such as nutritional and physical exercise instructions. To prevent such situations, early identification of obesity is required to improve lifestyle habits through diet and exercise in disabled children. This study included 285 children with developmental disorders. To assess a childhood obesity index, three obesity-related parameters were compared: the degree of obesity in school health, which has been used to evaluate the health of school children in Japan;abdominal circumference, which is useful for predicting visceral fat obesity;and the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), which reflects visceral fat and physique. The abdominal circumference was significantly dependent on age. The degree of obesity and WHtR did not show a significant association with age. WHtR was significantly associated with the degree of obesity in school health. The WHtR is easily calculated as compared to the degree of index in school health which needs rather complicated calculations depending on age and age-specific coefficients. The study findings suggest that WHtR might be an easy-to-use obesity index comparable to the degree of obesity in school health in children with developmental disorders.

A Glimpse at Program for Children's Development in China

Continuedonpage20Notes:1.Datain1990forinfant.andunderfivemortalityratesaredatain1991.2.Datumin1997forincidenceofunderweightofchildrenisthatin1995.3.Datain1997foruniversalizationofsafedrinkingwaterandsanitarytoiletsaredatain1998.4.Datain1997forHIVcarr...

Anteroposterior Airway Diameter during Sedation for Brain MRI in Children with and without Developmental Disabilities

Objective: Our study objective was to compare the anteroposterior (AP) oropharyngeal airway diameter measured using static MRI images in children with and without developmental disabilities during sedation. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis on a prospective, observational age-matched, 1:2 case-control study of children aged 3 - 10 years who were sedated for brain MRI. AP airway diameters were determined at the level of soft palate (airway_SP) and tongue (airway_T) from midline sagittal images by a single blinded radiologist. Results: Airway diameter was evaluated in 134 controls (C) and 68 cases (D). There was no difference in the overall adverse events (D: 30% C: 32.9%;p = 0.7) as well as hypoxia (D: 10%;C: 9.3%, p = 0.9). There was no significant difference in mean airway_T (D: 10.62 ± 3.48 vs. C: 10.38 ± 3.47;p = 0.64) and airway_SP diameter (D: 4.59 ± 2.36 vs. C: 5.17 ± 3.9;p = 0.14) between the two groups. There was no significant difference in airway_T and airway_SP diameters amongst those who experienced and those who did not experience hypoxia in cases. Amongst controls however, the airway_SP was smaller in those who experienced hypoxia compared to those who did not experience hypoxia. Conclusions: There was no difference in the AP airway_T and airway_SP diameter during sedation using static MRI images in children with and without developmental disabilities. Changes in airway_SP was associated with hypoxia amongst controls in our study cohort.

Application of spiral CT three dimentional reconstruction on developmental dysplasis of the hip in children

Objective To evaluate the value of surface shaded reconstruction (SSD) of CT scanning on developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDK). Methods Unilateral DDH in 39 cases was examined with Picker 2000S spiral CT to perform SSD of the affected pelvis. All patients were females with the age ranging from 3.5 to 8 years old ( average 4.25 years). Of 39 cases, 22 cases were complete dislocation the hip, 17 cases were subluxation of the hip. The measurement of SSD included of the depth and surface area of normal and affected acetabulum; the distances from the lowest point of the bottom of the acetabulum (O point) to the anterior end (A point) of the lateral margin of anterior acetabular column (OA), the middle point (point) of the acetabular roof (OB) and the posterior end (C point) of lateral margin of the posterior acetabular column (OC). Results In normal hip, the medial and lateral margin of the acetabular roof was overlapping, and in DDH, a bony defect was found in the lateral acetabular margin in

Causes of developmental delay in children of 5 to 72 months old at the child neurology unit of Yaounde Gynaeco-Obstetric and Paediatric Hospital (Cameroon)

Background: According to the World Health Organization, about 5% of children world-wide of 14-year-old and under have a moderate to severe developmental disability, and up to 15% of children under 5-year-old are developmentally delayed. Purpose: To determine the prevalence, socio-demographic profile, aetiologies, and the clinical presentation of developmental delay in children less than 6-year-old at the child neurology unit in a university-affiliated hospital in Yaounde. Materials and methods: It was a crosssectional descriptive study carried out in Yaounde Gynaeco-Obstetric and Paediatric Hospital (Cameroon) from August to December 2012. Children aged between 5 - 72 months with a developmental quotient less than 70 were enrolled. Developmental delay (DD) was diagnosed and classified using the Denver developmental screening test (DDST). Data concerning the child (age, gender, severity of DD), the mother (age, age at conception, educational level, marital status), history of pregnancy and delivery, perinatal and postnatal events, results of para-clinical explorations (EEG, CT-scan, genetic tests), the severity of DD and the probable or demonstrate cause of DD were recorded on a standardized questionnaire. The chisquare test was used to compare variables. Results: During the study period, 2171 children aged 5 - 72 months consulted the paediatric department of the hospital, 296 were examined at the child neurology unit of which 153 had a developmental quotient less than 70, giving a hospital prevalence of 7.0% and a prevalence of 51.7% at the child neurology unit. The mean age was 26.6 ± 18.0 months and there were 56% males. The main reason for consulting was tonus disorder (43.8%) and the developmental area of parental concern was the motor domain (90.2%). Regarding the clinical presentation, 75.2% of our population were children with cerebral palsy. DD was severe, mild, moderate and profound respectively in 14.2%, 13.5%, 12.2%, and 11.1%. Gross DD represented 90.2% of all DD children. The causes of DD were hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (41.8%), epilepsy (13.7%), sequelae of meningitis (6.5%), sequelae of kernicterus (6.5%), and infectious embryofoetopathies (5.2%). Conclusion: Developmental delay is frequent in paediatric neurology, with perinatal disorders being the leading aetiologies in Cameroon. Prevention of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy risk factors needs to be reinforced.

适应性体育活动对智力与发展性残疾儿童功能、活动和参与效益的系统综述

目的 分析适应性体育活动(APA)对智力与发展性残疾(IDD)儿童身体功能、运动技能、心理健康和社会参与的影响。方法 检索PubMed、Google Scholar、Cochrane Library和PsycINFO等数据库收集2014年1月至2024年5月公开发表的APA对IDD儿童功能和活动效益的相关文献。采用物理治疗证据数据库(PEDro)量表对纳入文献进行质量评价,并进行系统综述。结果 最终纳入9篇英文文献,PEDro量表评分5~8分,质量中等至高。纳入文献来自中国、乌克兰、伊朗、美国、澳大利亚、巴西、土耳其等7个国家,涉及327例IDD儿童,主要来源于智力残疾研究、健康、运动与康复、适应性体育等领域期刊。发表时间主要集中在2018年至2022年。研究对象年龄7~18岁,涵盖多种IDD类型,包括智力残疾、孤独症、注意缺陷多动障碍。APA干预涉及单一类和综合类,其中综合类包括多种类型的APA、运动行为管理、辅助技术应用等,活动由适应性体育教师或教练员基于IDD儿童的兴趣与身体活动需求设计。具体干预方式包括适应性球类运动(足球、体操、篮球、网球、乒乓球等),适应性力量训练(站立举重、胸前传球等),执行功能训练(打鼹鼠、飞盘、击球和投掷等)以及适应性滑雪、步行、平衡训练等,干预频率为每次30~70 min,每周2~3次,干预强度为低~剧烈,干预持续8~36周。不同类型的APA对IDD儿童功能和健康效益体现在4个方面。在身体功能方面,能够提高IDD儿童的心肺耐力(最大摄氧量、心率恢复等),增强肌肉力量与耐力(握力、俯卧撑、仰卧起坐等),提高动作灵活性(动作变化的迅速、准确和协调等)与柔韧性(坐位体前屈、肩关节活动度等),改善平衡与运动协调能力(静态/动态平衡测试、动作协调性评估等)与体成分(体质量指数、体脂率、腰臀比等)。在运动技能与能力方面,能够发展IDD儿童的基本运动技能(如行走、跑步、跳跃、投掷、接球等)以及复杂运动技能(如球类运动、体操、舞蹈等),提高运动能力测试成绩。在心理健康方面,有助于降低IDD儿童的焦虑和抑郁状态,提高自尊水平,改善执行功能。在社会参与方面,有助于提高IDD儿童的身体活动参与度,社交互动频率与质量,提升生活质量。结论 本研究系统综述了APA对IDD儿童功能、活动和参与效益的证据。根据儿童的功能和发展水平设计的多样化APA及其课程,可以提升IDD儿童的身体功能、运动技能、心理健康和社会参与,促进他们的全面发展。

数字赋能技术促进智力与发展性残疾儿童身体活动和健康的系统综述

目的系统综述数字赋能技术(DET)促进智力与发展性残疾(IDD)儿童身体活动和健康的效益。方法从PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、PsycINFO和中国知网中,检索2014年至2023年DET在IDD儿童身体活动中的应用相关文献,对文献进行质量评价,对高质量随机对照研究(RCT)进行系统综述。结果最终纳入8项RCT,来自中国、美国、意大利、韩国4个国家,涉及376例儿童,主要来源于智力残疾应用、发展性残疾研究、临床医学等领域期刊。发表时间主要集中在2018年至2023年。研究对象年龄7~18岁,涵盖智力残疾(包括唐氏综合征)、孤独症和其他发展性残疾。采用的技术包括可穿戴技术、移动健康指导和监测的云计算技术、虚拟现实和增强现实,以及动感游戏技术,设备包括主动视频游戏、Fitbit智能设备、Wii Fit平衡游戏、Stepmania节奏视频游戏、Xbox Kinect系统、VZFit传感器和CoTras认知康复电脑游戏等,虚拟身体活动包括拳击、田径、保龄球、乒乓球、沙滩排球、足球、棒球、滑雪、网球、高尔夫、飞镖、美式足球、射击、跳跃、慢跑和跳绳等。干预频率为每次20~45 min,每周1~5次,持续4~12周;在家庭、特殊教育学校和康复机构中进行。健康效益主要体现在提高身体活动水平、改善身体功能,以及提高运动功能和日常生活活动能力。结论将DET应用到身体活动领域,能提高IDD儿童在虚拟环境下、学校、社区以及康复机构中的身体活动参与水平,改善上下肢活动功能、粗大运动功能和肌肉力量,提高静态平衡功能、运动协调和感觉运动功能,减少久坐行为发生,提升认知、日常生活活动能力和社交能力。

儿童单侧发育性髋关节脱位双下肢差异统计及其影响因素

目的测量并分析儿童单侧发育性髋关节脱位(Unilateral developmental dysplasia of the hip,UDDH)健侧与患侧影像学下肢差异的特点,包括下肢长度差异(Leg length discrepancy,LLD)、股骨颈前倾角(Femoral neck anteversion,FNA)以及股骨颈干角(Neck shaft angle,NSA)差异。方法回顾分析2018年1月至2021年6月符合纳入标准的120例UDDH患者临床影像学资料。UDDH根据Tonnis分型,分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型。摄站立位骨盆股骨全长X线、骨盆股骨CT,测量以下参数:股骨长度(Femoral length,FL)、大转子股骨长度(Greater trochanter femoral length,GTFL)、小转子股骨长度(Lesser trochanter femoral length,LTFL)、干骺端股骨长度(Metaphysis femoral length,MFL)、大小转子间距离(Intertrochanteric distance,ITD)、FNA、NSA。比较健侧患侧上述参数,并计算各参数健患侧差值;分别统计上述参数健侧较患侧长以及患侧较健侧长的例数;比较各影像学参数健患侧差值在不同Tonnis分型、年龄、性别之间的差异。结果患侧FNA、NSA、MFL、LTFL均大于健侧,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);健侧FL、GTFL和ITD大于患侧,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);FNA、NSA、LTFL、MFL患侧大(长)构成比大于健侧大(长)构成比;FL、GTFL和ITD健侧长构成比大于患侧长构成比。根据不同模型多元线性回归统计,Mod1中NSA、MFL患健侧差值均随年龄增加而减少(P<0.05),在Mod2、Mod3中同样具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在Mod4、5、6中FL患健侧差值均随脱位程度增加而减少,具有明显统计学意义(P<0.05),脱位程度越高,患侧FL越小于健侧。患健侧NSA差值随着年龄增大而减小,患侧NSA随着年龄增大逐渐趋近于健侧,甚至会小于健侧。无论脱位程度如何,患侧MFL均大于健侧MFL;脱位程度越大,患侧FL越小于健侧FL。结论患侧FL较健侧短,但相差值很小,没有实际临床意义;而患侧MFL明显大于健侧,说明术前UDDH患者确实存在LLD;患侧FNA、NSA较健侧显著增大,但增加的数值较小,其临床意义还有待进一步研究;患健侧FNA差值不随年龄增大而减少,患侧与健侧NSA的差值与年龄呈负相关。

幼童脑干形态学与增龄发育的数字化特征

背景:既往对脑干研究多集中于成人和胎儿,而对国人幼童脑干的增龄发育特征研究甚少。目的:观测健康幼童脑干发育特征,探究其增龄差异及其与性别间的相关性。方法:2019年1月至2022年4月对内蒙古医科大学附属医院174例2-6岁幼童颅颈部3.0T MRI图像行回顾性研究,测量脑干(含中脑、脑桥、延髓)正中矢状面径线、面积和角度。结果与结论:中脑、脑桥、延髓前后径在2-5岁组,中脑、脑桥、延髓纵径和面积在2-6岁组总体随增龄呈递增趋势,除延髓纵径外均呈正相关(r>0,P<0.05),在2-3岁组、4-5岁组期间处于快速生长发育阶段,这2个年龄组可作为幼童发育重点观测指标;脑桥前后径、纵径、面积和脑干总面积与年龄相关性较强,可作为其脑干发育重点观测指标。

运动干预对汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童阅读能力的影响

目的:探讨运动干预对汉语发展性阅读障碍(developmental dyslexia,DD)儿童阅读能力的影响。方法:从北京大学第六医院精神专科门诊招募确诊的27名DD儿童,随机分为DD运动干预组14名、DD对照组13名,按年龄相差不超过半岁标准募集14名儿童作为正常对照组。DD运动干预组在参加学校各项体育活动基础上进行8周针对动作发展水平的个性化运动干预,DD对照组和正常对照组维持日常身体活动且不进行除学校体育活动外的运动课程。采用《小学生识字量测试题库及评价量表》、一分钟读字、小学生阅读能力测评评估被试儿童的识字量、阅读流畅性和阅读理解能力。结果:(1)干预前,DD运动干预组和DD对照组识字量、阅读流畅性、阅读理解无显著性差异(P>0.05),且均低于正常对照(P<0.05)。(2)干预后,DD运动干预组识字量、阅读流畅性、阅读理解能力得分均显著提高(P<0.05),DD对照组识字量、阅读流畅性得分显著提高(P<0.05),正常对照组识字量、阅读理解能力得分显著提高(P<0.05)。DD运动干预组识字量、阅读流畅性得分和DD对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),均显著低于正常对照组(P<0.05),DD运动干预组阅读理解得分高于DD对照组(P<0.05),低于正常对照组(P<0.05)。结论:8周针对动作发展水平的个性化运动干预可加速提高汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的阅读能力发展,尤其可有效提高其阅读理解能力。

推拿联合Bobath疗法在小儿运动发育迟缓康复治疗中的应用效果

目的观察推拿联合Bobath疗法在小儿运动发育迟缓康复治疗中的应用效果。方法选取2022年1月至2023年7月肇庆市第二人民医院儿童保健科收治的30例运动发育迟缓小儿为研究组,采用推拿联合Bobath疗法,选取2019年1月至2021年12月的30例患儿为对照组,单纯采用Bobath疗法。比较两组患儿治疗前后的五大区发育商和治疗效果。结果两组治疗后的五大区发育商(大运动、精细运动、语言、适应能力及社交能力)高于治疗前,且研究组精细运动、语言、适应能力及社交能力评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患儿的治疗总有效率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);但研究组的治疗效果整体优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论推拿联合Bobath疗法在运动发育迟缓小儿的语言、适应能力及社交能力康复治疗中较单纯Bobath疗法更具有优势,值得临床应用和基层技术推广。

2~3岁发育性语言障碍儿童家庭康复效果分析

目的 探讨在专业人员指导下,以家庭为中心的康复模式对2~3岁发育性语言障碍儿童(development language disorder,DLD)的干预效果。方法 选取2018年1月~2021年6月中国听力语言康复研究中心就诊的2~3岁DLD儿童32例,采用专业人员指导下由家长执行的家庭康复模式,评估儿童干预前、干预6个月和12个月后的语言能力变化情况。结果 儿童语言能力随家庭康复进程显著提高(P<0.01),总体语言能力及各分项语言能力较干预前均显著提高。结论 在专业人员指导下,以家庭为中心的早期干预模式可显著提升2~3岁DLD儿童的语言能力。

基于儿童感知觉能力发展的幼儿园室内空间设计研究

随着人口老龄化问题的日益严峻和三孩政策的颁布,出现了幼儿园数量过多和幼儿数量稀少的矛盾,幼儿园环境质量难以满足儿童心理、生理、行为上发展的需要等问题。文章基于对儿童感知觉理论的研究,分析国内外幼儿园室内设计的优秀案例,从图案色彩、材质质感、空间处理和光环境四个方面对幼儿园室内空间设计进行总结,希望能够为今后的设计提供思路。

Can ECE Classes Sustainably Empower Preschool Children’s Development?-A Longitudinal Study of the Role of ECE Classes in Children’s Learning and Development

Does enrolling children aged 0-3 in early childhood education(ECE)classes continuously empower their learning and development after entering kindergarten?Based on the tracking survey data of 664 children aged 3-6 in 2017 and 367 children aged 3-6 in 2018,this study uses Propensity Score Matching to analyze this issue.The findings reveal that children’s family socioeconomic status is a key factor influencing their participation in ECE classes.The baseline data show that participation in ECE classes does not significantly improve children’s learning and development.However,the follow-up data show that participation in ECE classes plays a significant negative role in motor development for children moving to their second year of kindergarten,but subsequently plays a positive role in language development,health,and safety for those entering their third year of kindergarten.Overall,participation in ECE classes plays no continuous positive role in children’s learning and development after they enter kindergarten.Based on these findings,it is suggested that parents should respect the natural laws of child development instead of blindly following the trend of attending ECE classes,and high-quality parental companionship is crucial.The Chinese government is supposed to implement policies such as“double reduction”to regulate ECE institutions that fail to operate in good faith.