Prevalence of physical fitness in Chinese school-aged children： Findings from the 2016 Physical Activity and Fitness in China -The Youth Study

Purpose： This study was to present the 2016 prevalence estimates of Chinese school-aged children meeting physical fitness standards and to examine differences by sex and residence locales in children who did not meet fitness standards. Methods： We conducted cross-sectional analyses of 171,991 children and adolescents （boy： 50.0%, Grades 1-12） who participated in the 2016 Physical Activity and Fitness in China--The Youth Study. The main outcomes were fitness measures, assessed by the 2014 revised Chinese National Student Physical Fitness Standard （CNSPFS）, covering areas of aerobic capacity, upper body strength, flexibility, body mass index, abdominal strength, and trunk strength. Children＇s overall physical fitness performance was categorized, per CNSPFS standards, as excellent, good, pass, or no pass. Data on the prevalence of physical fitness categories and not meeting fitness standards （i.e., among children who received a ＂no pass＂ mark） were analyzed, through logistic regression, by sex （boy, girl） and residence locales （urban, rural） across 3 school grades （primary, junior middle, and junior high）. Results： In 2016, 5.95% of Chinese children and adolescents achieved an ＂excellent＂ mark, 25.80% received a ＂good＂ rating, 59.90% received a ＂pass＂, and 8.35% received a ＂no pass＂. Overall, boys were more likely to not pass the fitness standards compared with girls （adjusted odds ratio （aOR） = 1.710; 95% confidence interval （CI）： 1.708-1.712） and children living in urban areas were more likely to not pass the standards than those living in rural areas （aOR = 1.298; 95%CI： 1.296-1.299）. Consistent patterns of not meeting fitness standards were also found by sex and residence locales across all 3 school grades. Conclusion： In the Chinese school-aged population, about 3 in 10 children achieved an ＂excellent＂ or ＂good＂ fitness standard in 2016, and about 8% of this population did not meet CNSPFS standards. Children living in urban areas were more likely to not meet minimum fitness performance levels, and boys in school were more likely to not meet minimum fitness performance levels than girls. 2017 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license （http：//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/）.

Addressing the public health concerns of physical inactivity, low levels of fitness, and unhealthy weight among Chinese school-aged children

In China, sports and physical activity （PA） have tradition- ally been an integral part of school curricula to promote fitness and enhance healthy growth among children and ado- lescents. Three decades of economic reforms, however, have brought major changes in social, economic.

Physical activity,sedentary behaviors,physical fitness,and their relation to health outcomes in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes:A review of the epidemiologic literature

Diabetes is a leading chronic disease of childhood and adolescence. In addition to the well-known auto-immune, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus （type 1 diabetes （T 1D））, the past two decades have witnessed the emergence of type 2 diabetes （T2D） in children and adolescents, which previously was only seen in middle-aged or older adults. One of the key components of diabetes management is physical activity （PA）. The beneficial effects of increased PA and decreased sedentary behavior are extremely important in youth with diabetes because of the markedly increased long-term risk of cardiovascular disease in this population compared to persons without diabetes. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the epidemiologic, observational research published and listed in PubMed between 1970 and 2012 on PA and sedentary behaviors, as well as physical fitness in children and adolescents with T1D and T2D. Additionally, we describe briefly the state of knowledge on perceived barriers of PA in persons with diabetes, with a focus on hypoglycemia. Finally, we provide an overview of the epidemiological literature pertaining to health benefits of increased PA in youth with TID and T2D and briefly discuss the topic of exercise-related hypoglycemia, Copyright ~ 2012, Shanghai University of Sport. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Body Mass Index and Health Related Physical Fitness in Saudi Girls and Adolescents Aged 8 - 15 Years

Health related physical fitness (HRPF) is considered to be an indirect marker of a person’s health and wellbeing, reflecting the interplay and integration of many persons’ systems and body functions. Purpose: To investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and HRPF in a national cross-sectional sample of Saudi girls and adolescents. Methods: Weight, height and four components of HRPF (body fat composition, strength and endurance, flexibility and cardio-respiratory fitness) were measured in three age groups [(8 - 10), (11 - 12) and (13 - 15) years]. Pearson correlation coefficient and regressions analysis using a non-linear quadratic model were used to evaluate the relationship between BMI and HRPF in three age groups. Results: The results revealed variable relationships among tests. Lower scores in body fat composition and cardio-respiratory fitness were associated with higher body mass indexes in each age group. Also lower scores in muscle strength and endurance were recorded in girls aged from 11 to 15 years. Relationships between BMI and flexibility differed among age groups. Conclusion: BMI significantly and differentially influenced individual HRPF, but effects varied with age. Higher body mass indexes were generally associated with lower HRPF. The level of HRPF determined by this study may serve as an indicator of potential health risks that overweight and obese children girls and adolescents faced.

Effects of Extracurricular Physical Activity on the Physical Fitness Levels of Youngsters in School Environments

Extracurricular physical activity(EPA)complements the recommendations of daily physical activity and directly influences children’s physical fitness.The main objective of this study was to understand the effect of EPA practice on students’physical fitness.It is a sample of 51 students of the fifth year schooling(62.7%girls and 37.3%boys)with an average of 10.2 years of age.It is an observational study,with two groups,one of non-participation in EPA=17 and the other of participation in EPA=34.Data collection was performed at a public school in the Lisbon area through the Fitnessgram Test Battery and a validated questionnaire for research purposes in order to understand the sociodemographic variables and practice of EPA.The cardiorespiratory variables,BMI and muscular strength were evaluated through specific tests of each physical capacity.The data were collected at the beginning and end of the school year.Between the two moments there were significant differences in all variables,assuming a non-significant value for the right inferior flexibility p=0.149.There was improvement in all variables except the BMI,which showed an increase at the end of the year,with a mean magnitude,ES=0.49.

Physical activity and academic achievement in children:A historical perspective

As the focus on academic achievement has increased,physical activity(PA) opportunities in schools have decreased in the United States.In an attempt to discover how the decline in PA may affect academic achievement,researchers have been studying the effects of PA on cognition and academic achievement in children for more than 50 years.This review takes a historical perspective on the science of PA and academic achievement prior to and during the past 5 years.A total of 125 published articles were included and reviewed.Fifty-three of these articles were published in the past 5 years.In recent years,the overall quality of the studies has increased,but the results continue to be inconsistent.Many use cross-sectional designs and the methods vary substantially.The majority of conclusions show a positive effect of PA on constructs related to academic achievement.Future studies should use strong study designs to examine the types and doses of PA needed to produce improvements in academic achievement.

Daily Physical Activity Improves Vascular Function and Motor Skills in Children

The literature is consistent that regular physical activity in children has to be increased in order to compensate the negative health effects resulting from growing sedentary lifestyle. Thus, we analyzed in 45 students （aged 6.6 ± 0.7 years） the effects of a regular exercise intervention, on top of the normal physical education classes, on motor performance （MP） and hemodynamic parameters. The students were randomized either to an intervention （INT） （n = 23） or a control （CON） （n = 22） group. Throughout a 9 months period, INT received additional exercise interventions two days a week for 45 minutes. The main outcome measures were MP, peripheral and central blood pressure （BP）, augmentation index （Alx） and aortic pulse wave velocity （aPWV）. After the exercise intervention, we found significant （P 〈 0.05） positive effects on various test items of MP and significant decreases in peripheral and central systolic BP in INT. In contrast, in CON the respective parameters increased in CON alter the observation period. Moreover, aPWV decreased significantly in INT （P = 0.047） and increased in CON, thus resulting in a significant difference in the mean change （P = 0.043）. There were no considerable changes in AIx in both groups. In conclusion, we demonstrated that an increase in regular physical activity has a positive influence on development of MP and hemodynamic parameters even in early childhood. The findings of this study suggest that an increase in exercise time should be initiated as early as possible to improve motor ability and prevent future cardiovascular risk.

Influence and Analysis of Physical Training on Children's Physique

In recent years,with the rapid development of national economy,people's living standards have been continuously improved,and people's health problems have attracted more and more attention.As the backbone of national development,children's healthy growth is closely related to national competitiveness in the future.However,the time and space for children's activities have been greatly shortened due to the lack of attention to lifestyle for a long time,the rapid construction of urbanization and the influence of modern people's life concept.It has led to the current situation that most children's physique is declining and their physical quality is poor.In 1982,Article 12 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China clearly stated that the country should develop sports undertakings and carry out mass sports activities to enhance the people's physical fitness.In 2010,the Administrative Measures for Health Care in Nurseries and Kindergartens and the Standards for Health Care in Nurseries and Kindergartens jointly issued by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education of China clearly pointed out that physical exercise plans should be made to adapt to children's physiological characteristics,and sports activities should be carried out according to children's age characteristics.By comparing the experimental data of 6-year-old children before and after physical training in Zhuoyue Children's Sports Center of Zhengzhou City,this paper analyzes the influence of physical training on children's physique and explores ways and means to promote children's physique.

Mediation role of cardiorespiratory fitness on the association between fatness and cardiometabolic risk in European adolescents: The HELENA study

Purpose:This study was aimed to analyze the mediation role of cardiorespiratory fitness(CRF)on the association between fatness and cardiometabolic risk scores(CMRs)in European adolescents.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in adolescents(n=525;46%boys;14.1±1.1 years old,mean ±SD)from 10 European cities involved in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study.CRF was measured by means of the shuttle run test,while fatness measures included body mass index(BMI),waist to height ratio,and fat mass index estimated from skinfold thicknesses.A clustered CMRs was computed by summing the standardized values of homeostasis model assessment,systolic blood pressure,triglycerides,total cholesterol/highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol ratio,and leptin.Results:Linear regression models indicated that CRF acted as an important and partial mediator in the association between fatness and CMRs in 1217-year-old adolescents(for BMI:coefficients of the indirect role b=0.058(95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.023-0.101),Sobel test z=3.11(10.0%mediation);for waist to height ratio:b=4.279(95%CI:2.242-7.059),z=3.86(11.5%mediation);and for fat mass index:b=0.060(95%CI:0.020-0.106),z=2.85(9.4%mediation);all p<0.01).Conclusion:In adolescents,the association between fatness and CMRs could be partially decreased with improvements to fitness levels;therefore,CRF contribution both in the clinical field and public health could be important to consider and promote in adolescents independently of their fatness levels.

Effect of the Resistance Exercise on Elementary School Students’Physical Fitness

Background Physical activity programs using components of resistance have the potential to improve health in school chil-dren.The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a school-based resistance exercise program on physical fitness in elementary school students.Methods The sample was 256 children(mean age=8.3±2.5 years;119 girls)from kindergarten to 5th grade.Participants performed a 10-min resistance exercise 2-3 times in each school day.Physical fitness outcomes were assessed using President’s Physical Fitness Challenge test.Measures were collected at baseline and at a 6-month post-test time point.A 2×2 doubly MANOVA was employed to examine the effect of sex and time.Results The multivariate model was statistically significant with a main time effect(Wilks’λ=0.19,F=290.9,P<0.001).Follow-univariate tests found significant differences between time-points on flex arm hang(P=0.033),shuttle run(P<0.001),and 1-mile run/walk times(P<0.001).Conclusions A 6-month resistance exercise program improved upper body strength and cardiorespiratory endurance in elementary school aged children.The use of resistance exercise intervention during school day can be effectively used to promote physical fitness and ultimately improve the health of children.

基于B/S模式的孕妇儿童体检系统的设计与实现

为了改善孕妇、儿童体检流程的繁重手工管理,提高保健质量和体检效率,同时实现系统在妇幼保健等医疗单位更好地共享。参照《国家基本公共卫生服务规范(2011年)》提出基于B/S模式的孕妇儿童体检系统。介绍系统的总体结构,开发环境、数据库及功能模块设计,并以医生平台为例详细说明儿童体检模块的具体实现过程。系统基本上实现了妇幼保健机构孕妇儿童体检信息及工作考核等的无纸化、规范化和高效化管理,具有较好的实用价值。

基于C/S模式的高校体育教学体能监测方法

为了提升体能监测方法的并行加速比,设计了基于C/S模式的高校体育教学体能监测平台。利用物联网技术设计了平台的硬件框架和数据库;采用C/S模式设计平台的软件框架,通过数据分析与处理、实时采集、设备及用户信息管理和三维场景实现平台软件的功能,在软件设计中利用专家访谈法和特尔斐法构建体育教学体能监测指标,采用模糊综合评价法实现户外体育教学的学生体能监测。实验结果表明,所提方法的收敛性能好、并行加速比高、吞吐量高。

Prehabilitation prior to intestinal resection in Crohn’s disease patients:An opinion review

Patients with Crohn’s disease(CD)are at a considerable risk for intestinal surgery.Approximately 25%of patients with CD will undergo an intestinal resection within 10 years of diagnosis.Postoperative complications after CD surgery have been reported in 20%-47%of the patients.Both general and CD-related risk factors are associated with postoperative complications,and comprise non-modifiable(e.g.,age)and potentially modifiable risk factors(e.g.,malnutrition).Prehabilitation focuses on the preoperative period with strategies designed to optimize modifiable risk factors concerning the physical and mental condition of the individual patient.The aim of prehabilitation is to enhance postoperative recovery and return to or even improve preoperative functional capacity.Preoperative improvement of nutritional status,physical fitness,cessation of smoking,psychological support,and critical revision of preoperative use of CD medication are important strategies.Studies of the effect on postoperative outcome in CD patients are scarce,and guidelines lack recommendations on tailored management.In this opinion review,we review the current evidence on the impact of screening and management of nutritional status,physical fitness,CD medication and laboratory values on the postoperative course following an intestinal resection in CD patients.In addition,we aim to provide guidance for individualized multimodal prehabilitation in clinical practice concerning these modifiable factors.

Young people are fit and active——Fact or fiction?

This paper analyses young people's habitual physical activity(HPA) and aerobic fitness(AF) in relation to health and well-being,with reference to previous generations.Data consistently show that more boys than girls experience health-related physical activity(PA) and that both genders experience a decline in HPA during adolescence.The majority of young people(～60%-75%) do not meet the requirements of current health-related PA guidelines but youth HPA appears to have stabilised over the last two decades.Although it does not describe all aspects of AF, peak oxygen uptake(peak VO_2) is recognised as the best single measure of AF.Peak VO_2 is enhanced with age,growth and maturation with increases of～150%and～80%in boys and girls respectively from 8 to 16 years.Boys' values are higher than those of girls throughout childhood and adolescence with the gender difference reaching～35% by age 16 years.There is no compelling evidence to suggest that young people have low levels of peak VO_2 or that they are less aerobically fit than children of previous generations.Despite the relative stability of peak VO_2 there has been a decline of～13%over the last 35 years in young people's ability to perform maximal aerobic exercise which involves the transport of body mass.In their daily lives young people very rarely experience PA of the intensity and duration to enhance AF and peak VO_2 is, at best,only weakly related to current levels of HPA during youth.Low levels of HPA and a marked secular decline in maximal aerobic performance remain major issues in the promotion of youth health and well-being.

儿童青少年体能素质下降原因分析以及解决策略

近年来,我国儿童青少年体质持续下降,是多种因素共同作用的结果。儿童青少年关系着国家的未来、民族的希望。从长远来看,提高儿童和青少年的体质至关重要。因此,解决儿童青少年体质下降的问题至关重要。该文对学校、家庭、社会等影响儿童青少年体质下降的因素进行了总结和分析,并提出了解决方案,以促进儿童青少年体质的健康发展。

隐忧与消解:中国儿童青少年身体活动促进的时空社会学审视

从时空社会学理论视角,对当前中国儿童青少年身体活动促进问题进行审视。研究认为,身体活动发生的学校、家庭以及社区场域分别具有体育课程时间结构逐渐清晰、代际互动时间叠合显现、建成环境空间重塑加快的时空现象。价值观偏颇引发时间饥荒、发展不平衡导致空间分异、数字化浪潮催生时空延伸、集约化趋势加剧时空压缩是身体活动式微的时空隐忧。基于此,提出消解与调适路径:以权力时空调适提高整体性治理效能、以信息时空调适推动智能化发展、以关系时空调适建立人际支持共同体、以心理时空调适增强个体内驱力、以生命时空调适培养主动健康行为模式。

基于LTAD模型的体适能训练促进学生体质健康的研究

目的:观察12周体适能训练对小学生体质健康的影响。方法:哈尔滨市某小学四年级两个自然班,分为体适能训练组(实验组)和常规体育课组(对照组),每组40人。干预12周,每周2次,每次40min。干预前后对两组同时进行体质测试。研究结果:①实验前两组对比腰围呈显著性差异(p=0.05),20米往返跑20秒反复横跨呈高度显著性差异(p<0.01);②实验后两组对比各指标均无显著性差异(p>0.05);③实验组身高、体重、腰围、20米往返跑、左手握力、30s仰卧起坐、立定跳远、坐位体前屈、50米跑、20s反复横跨有高度显著性差异(p<0.01),BMI、右手握力有显著性差异(p<0.05);④对照组身高、体重、20米往返跑、30s仰卧起坐、坐位体前屈、20s反复横跨有高度显著性差异(p<0.01);⑤两组腰围、20米往返跑、左、右手握力、50米跑、20s反复横跨变化差值有高度显著性差异(p<0.01),BMI变化差值有显著性差异(p<0.05)。研究结论:基于LTAD模型的体适能训练对小学生体质健康促进具有显著性效果。

照顾资源供需视角下的儿童身体健康与父母抑郁

成年人抑郁已成为全球性公共健康问题。当前研究大多在个体层面讨论导致成年人抑郁的因素及其分化,对家庭的影响讨论尚不充分。在中国的家庭文化中,父母对子女的期望和责任感尤为强烈,儿童生病往往构成家庭的冲击性事件,打破家庭常规的运行方式,需要父母付出额外的照料与经济成本,进而可能会影响父母的心理健康。特别是随着老龄化加剧与女性大量进入劳动力市场,传统以家庭为单位的照顾活动在日益增长的照料需求面前相形见绌,照顾资源的供给与需求状况构成了研究这一问题的结构性背景。本研究使用中国家庭追踪调查2020年数据,聚焦儿童身体健康对父母抑郁的影响及异质性,并将其置于照顾资源的供给与需求框架下进行分析。研究发现:在只有一名0~16岁儿童的家庭中,儿童生病或者因病就医会显著增加父母的抑郁水平,医疗开支越大父母的抑郁水平也显著更高。研究通过将自变量更换成生病的频率以及将样本更换为有多名儿童的家庭,发现上述结果具有一定的稳健性。此外,儿童身体健康对父母抑郁的影响存在性别与社会经济地位的分野。女性往往是承担照顾工作的主体,儿童生病会提高母亲的抑郁水平,对父亲的影响并不显著,这反映了中国传统家庭分工模式的作用。在居住城镇、教育程度较高的父母中,儿童身体健康不佳对父母抑郁的影响更大。研究还进一步在照顾资源供给与需求情境下讨论影响效应。从供给方面看,当祖辈能够提供照料支持或者父母一方不在业时,儿童生病对父母抑郁的影响相对较小,说明更多的照顾供给能够发挥“保护网”作用,在儿童生病时为家庭托底。从需求方面看,无论家庭中孩子总数多还是少、孩子的年龄大还是小,儿童生病都会显著提升父母的抑郁水平。本研究的发现对优化儿童照顾政策具有一定的启发意义,未来应当借鉴其他国家(地区)的先进经验,更加重视儿童的社会保障问题,平衡照顾资源的供需矛盾,重点增加照顾资源的供给,形成针对兼顾工作和子女照顾的制度性支持。与此同时,也需要在照顾议题中关注两性平等,推动男性参与儿童照顾,促进家庭成员之间的风险共担,为家庭赋能。

学龄前儿童体能运动训练对认知能力的影响

基于脑神经科学理论,选取学前儿童体能运动训练的一些规定动作和体现认知能力要素的手精细动作,经过现场测试,主要发现:学龄前儿童持续的体能运动对提升其认知能力具有积极影响,不同的体能运动训练动作与其空间感知能力、专注力、记忆力、观察力、逻辑推理能力和想象力具有一定关联性,适度的体能运动训练有助于提升其动作完成度、质量和效率,进而促进其大脑神经发育。

幼儿园开展体适能活动的逻辑、困境与优化路径

为探索幼儿园开展体适能活动的优化路径,采用文献研究法、逻辑分析法对幼儿园开展体适能活动的内在逻辑和现实困境展开分析。结果发现:幼儿园体适能活动开展存在活动目标制定不科学、活动内容选择不合理、活动形式设计不新颖、活动评价实施不规范等困境。进一步分析发现,造成幼儿园开展体适能活动困境的原因主要有地方教育行政部门对体适能活动的引导和支持力度不足;幼儿园对开展体适能活动的重视程度和投入力度不够;教师队伍的体育素养水平还不能支持体适能活动的高质量开展;幼儿家长对体适能活动的认知不当且参与度低。为促进幼儿园体适能活动的有效开展,建议地方教育行政部门加大对幼儿体适能活动的引导和支持,提高幼儿园对开展体适能活动的重视程度和投入力度,大力提高幼儿园教师队伍的体育素养,帮助家长提高对幼儿园体适能的认知水平和参与度。