Recent advances on vaccines against malaria: A review

This review aims to summarize the currently viable vaccine strategies including the approved vaccines and the those in trials for next-generation malaria vaccines.Data on malaria vaccine development was collected through a comprehensive review.The literature search was performed using databases including Google Scholar,PubMed,NIH,and Web of Science.Various novel approaches of vaccination are being developed,including those based on radiation-attenuated strategies,monoclonal antibodies,targeted immunogenic peptides,RNA and DNA vaccines,nanoparticle-based vaccines,protein-based vaccination protocols,and whole organism-based vaccination strategies.Trials on RTS,S have entered phase Ⅲtesting,and those based on blood-stage vaccines and vaccines to interrupt malarial transmission have advanced to higher stages of trials.Mathematical modeling,combined drug and vaccine strategies,mass drug administration,polyvalent vaccine formulations,and targeted vaccination campaigns is playing an important role in malarial prevention.Furthermore,assessing coverage,accessibility,acceptability,deployment,compilation,and adherence to specific vaccination strategies in endemic regions is essential for vaccination drives against malaria.

Assessment of the Vaccination Status of Children Aged 6 to 30 Months in a Tertiary Level Health Care Center in Côte d’Ivoire

Introduction: Vaccination coverage in Côte d’Ivoire over the period 2011 to 2015 was below the target of 95% for all antigens. The objective of this study was to analyze the vaccination status of children aged 6 to 30 months with a view to improving vaccination coverage. Patients and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study which took place from June to September 2018 in a tertiary health center, focusing on children aged 6 to 30 months with a correctly completed health record. The parameters studied were sex, age, educational level of mothers, dates of vaccine administration and reason for missed vaccination opportunities. Results: We retained 212 children. The sex ratio was 1.21 and 93% had received the BCG vaccine before the age of 1 month. The average ages of combined and co-administered vaccines for the 1st and 2nd doses were 7.66 ± 3.81 and 12.88 ± 3.95 weeks, respectively. The median was 16.57 weeks for the 3rd dose. The proportion of vaccinated subjects was greater than 90% for the BCG vaccine and the 3 doses of combined vaccines, and 77% for the yellow fever and measles vaccines. The reasons for non-vaccination were attributable to the children’s parents and health facilities. Conclusion: Improving vaccination coverage requires regular supply of vaccines to centers, and the involvement of all health professionals, community and religious leaders in the vaccination awareness process.

Survey Analysis of Influenza Vaccination Status Among Children Aged 0-6 Years

Objective:This study aims to investigate the influenza vaccination status of children aged 0-6 years in Changzhi City and to analyze its influencing factors.Methods:A questionnaire was distributed to 228 randomly selected parents of children aged 0-6 in Changzhi City to investigate the children’s influenza vaccination status.Results:(1)A total of 217 valid questionnaires were collected in this survey,with a response rate of 95.2%.(2)The results showed that the main reasons affecting children’s influenza vaccination were,in order,worrying about the safety of the influenza vaccine,believing that influenza vaccination was not necessary,and not knowing the time of the vaccination.(3)Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared with children aged 0-2 years old,those aged 2-4 years old(OR=0.121,95%CI=0.032-0.301)and 4-6 years old(OR=0.385,95%CI=0.228-0.530)had lower cumulative influenza vaccination rates.Compared to the group with parental awareness of flu vaccines,the moderate awareness group(OR=2.319,95%CI=1.527-3.015)and the high awareness group(OR=2.932,95%CI=1.598-4.966)exhibited higher cumulative influenza vaccination rates among children.Parents acquire knowledge about influenza and its vaccines through vaccination centers(OR=1.396,95%CI=1.049-2.050)and doctors(OR=1.763,95%CI=1.291-2.774),which serves as a facilitating factor for influenza vaccination among 0-6-year-old children in Changzhi urban area.Conclusion:The age of the child,parental knowledge of the influenza vaccine,and parental communication with the vaccination center and the physician at the visit were the main influencing factors for influenza vaccination.

Immune response to vaccines in children with celiac disease

Celiac disease(CD) is an immune-mediated systemic condition evoked by ingestion of gluten and related prolamines in genetically susceptible subjects. The disease is featured by a variable combination of clinical signs, specific antibodies, HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 haplotypes, and enteropathy. Vaccination is the most potent intervention for infectious disease prevention. Several factors including age, gender, ethnicity, quality and quantity of vaccine antigen, doses, and route of administration can influence immune response to vaccination, although the main cause of variation in the responsiveness among vaccine recipients is host genetic variability. The HLA system has a fundamental role in identifying the antigens introduced into the host with the vaccines and in the development of specific antibodies, and some HLA phenotypes have been associated with a less effective immunological response. The available literature indicates that the immunological response to vaccines in CD children does not differ markedly from that of general population and antibody titres are high enough to provide long-term protection, except for hepatitis B virus vaccine. In this article, we review and discuss the scarce literature in this field in order to provide clinical practice guidelines to achieve the most efficient monitoring of the response to vaccines in pediatric CD patients.

Colorectal cancer vaccines: Tumor-associated antigens vs neoantigens

Therapeutic options for the treatment of colorectal cancer(CRC) are diverse but still not always satisfying. Recent success of immune checkpoint inhibition treatment for the subgroup of CRC patients suffering from hypermutated tumors suggests a permanent role of immune therapy in the clinical management of CRC. Substantial improvement in treatment outcome could be achieved by development of efficient patient-individual CRC vaccination strategies. This mini-review summarizes the current knowledge on the two general classes of targets: tumor-associated antigens(TAAs) and tumorspecific antigens. TAAs like carcinoembryonic antigen and melanoma associated antigen are present in and shared by a subgroup of patients and a variety of clinical studies examined the efficacy of different TAA-derived peptide vaccines. Combinations of several TAAs as the next step and the development of personalized TAA-based peptide vaccines are discussed. Improvements of peptidebased vaccines achievable by adjuvants and immunestimulatory chemotherapeutics are highlighted. Finally, we sum up clinical studies using tumor-specific antigens-in CRC almost exclusively neoantigens-which revealed promising results; particularly no severe adverse events were reported so far. Critical progress for clinical outcomes can be expected by individualizing neoantigen-based peptide vaccines and combining them with immunestimulatory chemotherapeutics and immune checkpoint inhibitors. In light of these data and latest developments, truly personalized neoantigen-based peptide vaccines can be expected to fulfill modern precision medicine's requirements and will manifest as treatment pillar for routine clinical management of CRC.

Vaccines and recommendations for their use in inflammatory bowel disease

The patient with inflammatory bowel disease will be predisposed to numerous infections due their immune status. It is therefore important to understand the immune and serologic status at diagnosis and to put the patient into an adapted vaccination program. This program would be applied differently according to two patient groups: the immunocompromised and the non-immunocom-promised. In general, the first group would avoid the use of live-virus vaccines, and in all cases, inflammatory bowel disease treatment would take precedence over vaccine risk. It is important to individualize vaccination schedules according to the type of patient, the treatment used and the disease pattern.In addition, patient with inflammatory bowel disease should be considered for the following vaccines: varicella vaccine, human papilloma virus, influenza, pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and hepatitis B vaccine.

Pandemic influenza 2009: Impact of vaccination coverage on critical illness in children, a Canada and France observational study

AIM To study the impact of vaccination critical illness due to H1N1pdm09, we compared the incidence and severity of H1N1pdm09 infection in Canada and France.METHODS We studied two national cohorts that included children with documented H1N1pdm09 infection, admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit(PICU) in Canada and in France between October 1, 2009 and January 31, 2010.RESULTS Vaccination coverage prior to admission to PICUs was higher in Canada than in France(21% vs 2% of children respectively, P < 0.001), and in both countries, vaccination coverage prior to admission of these critically ill patients was substantially lower than in the general pediatric population(P < 0.001). In Canada, 160 children(incidence = 2.6/100000 children) were hospitalized in PICU compared to 125 children(incidence = 1.1/100000) in France(P < 0.001). Mortality rates were similar in Canada and France(4.4% vs 6.5%, P = 0.45, respectively), median invasive mechanical ventilation duration and mean PICU length of stay were shorter in Canada(4 d vs 6 d, P = 0.02 and 5.7 d vs 8.2 d, P = 0.03, respectively). H1N1pdm09 vaccination prior to PICU admission was associated with a decreased risk of requiring invasive mechanical ventilation(OR = 0.30, 95%CI: 0.11-0.83, P = 0.02).CONCLUSION The critical illness due to H1N1pdm09 had a higher incidence in Canada than in France. Critically ill children were less likely to have received vaccination prior to hospitalization in comparison to general population and children vaccinated had lower risk of ventilation.

Antibody Titer of Newcastle Disease in Vaccinated and Non-vaccinated Local Chicken of Cambodia

The experiment was conducted at Veterinary Research Station of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Royal University of Agriculture.The experimental period lasted 60 days,starting from October 1st to November 30th 2022.CRD(Completely Randomized Design)was used with 2 treatments/groups,vaccination group and non-vaccination group“control”,and 6 replications.The vaccination groups received two times of vaccination by dropping into the ocular at 7 days and 21 days.Meanwhile,blood samples were collected 3 times to detect the antibody level of ND(Newcastle Disease)and contained 21 days old,35 days old and 49 days old chicks.The ELISA(Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)was performed to detect the antibody of those 2 groups.The result of finding showed that the S/P(Sample to Positive)ratio of control at 21 days,was very low,even in 3rd quartile,which was below the threshold.However,the vaccination group was relatively high,even in 1st quartile,which was higher than the threshold.At 35 days,S/P ratio of control group was still very low,but a bit higher than at 21 days.Meanwhile,the vaccination group was still high,even in 1st quartile,and two-time higher than at 21 days,but an increasing number of samples developed less antibody than threshold,accounting for 12.22%.At 49 days,the control group was still very low,even in 3rd quartile,but a bit higher than at 21 days and 35 days,and was close to the threshold.The vaccination group was still relatively high,even in 1st quartile but lower than three times comparing to 35 days.However,in this age,the number of chickens that developed antibody seemed to be increased in the control group,vice versa for vaccination group.The average S/P ratio was different significant(p<0.001),where vaccination had higher S/P ratio than control.It was similar finding for log-titer,the vaccination had higher figure(p<0.001).The risk of infection of ND was higher in control group,but it will reduce by increasing the age of chicken,while vaccination group was decreased by increasing age,especially at 49 days and we need to consider another vaccination to get full protection.

Exploring the impact of rotavirus vaccination on antibiotic prescription and resistance:A comprehensive systematic review

BACKGROUND Rotavirus is a highly contagious virus responsible for a significant burden of acute gastroenteritis,particularly among infants and young children worldwide,however,vaccination against this viral agent is available.Several studies have hypothesized that rotavirus vaccination has been linked to lower rates of antibiotic resistance.AIM To assess the relationship between rotavirus vaccination and antibiotic resistance.METHODS The present systematic review was tailored based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.Several electronic databases(PubMed/MEDLINE,Scopus and Web of Science)were searched independently by two investigators in order to retrieve relevant publications published until April 2023 that investigated the aforementioned research question.RESULTS The comprehensive database search identified a total of 91 records.After the duplicates were removed(n=75),we screened the titles and abstracts of 16 potentially eligible publications.After the irrelevant records were excluded(n=5),we screened the full texts of 11 manuscripts.Finally,5 studies were entered into the qualitative and quantitative analysis.CONCLUSION In conclusion,all the studies support the idea that vaccinations can reduce the need for antibiotic prescriptions which could potentially contribute to mitigating antibiotic resistance.However,to fully comprehend the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance,enhance treatment guidelines,and consider diverse demographic situations,further research is necessary to use evidence-based strategies to fight antibiotic misuse and resistance.

Appendicitis combined with Meckel’s diverticulum obstruction, perforation, and inflammation in children: Three case reports

BACKGROUND Meckel’s diverticulum is a common congenital malformation of the small intestine,with the three most common complications being obstruction,per-foration,and inflammation.To date,only a few cases have been reported world-wide.In children,the clinical symptoms are similar to appendicitis.As most of the imaging features are nonspecific,the preoperative diagnosis is not precise.In addition,the clinical characteristics are highly similar to pediatric acute appendicitis,thus special attention is necessary to distinguish Meckel’s diver-ticulum from pediatric appendicitis.Patients with poor disease control should undergo laparoscopic exploration to avoid serious complications,including intestinal necrosis,intestinal perforation and gastrointestinal bleeding.CASE SUMMARY This report presents three cases of appendicitis in children combined with intestinal obstruction,which was caused by fibrous bands(ligaments)arising from the top part of Meckel's diverticulum,diverticular perforation,and diver-ticular inflammation.All three patients,aged 11-12 years,had acute appendicitis as their initial clinical presentation.All were treated by laparoscopic surgery with a favorable outcome.A complete dataset including clinical presentation,dia-gnostic imaging,surgical information,and histopathologic findings was also provided.CONCLUSION Preoperative diagnosis of Meckel’s diverticulum and its complications is challenging because its clinical signs and complications are similar to those of appendicitis in children.Laparoscopy combined with laparotomy is useful for diagnosis and treatment.

Relationship between Authoritative Parenting Style and Preschool Children’s Emotion Regulation:A Moderated Mediation Model

An authoritative parenting style has been shown to promote children’s emotion regulation in European-American family studies.However,little is known about how sleep problems and the child’s sibling status in Chinese families affect this relationship.Based on family system theory,this study attempts to better understand the relationship between authoritative parenting style and emotion regulation.Mothers of preschool children in Chinese kindergartens completed questionnaires about their children’s sleep habits,their authoritative parenting styles,and children’s emotion regulation.A total of 531 children participated in this study.Results showed that authoritative parenting was positively associated with emotional regulation.Sleep problems mediated the effects of authoritative parenting style on emotion regulation.The child’s sibling status moderated the mediating effects of sleep problems in authoritative parenting and emotion regulation relationships.Specifically,the relationship between the authoritative parenting style and sleep problems was significant for only children,while birth order had no significant influence on the authoritative parenting style and sleep problems in two-child families.These findings suggest that a lowauthoritative parenting style predicts low emotion regulation through sleep problems,and this depends on the child’s sibling status,indicating that children without siblings may impair emotion regulation due to increased sleep problems.

Behcet's disease-related panuveitis following COVID-19 vaccination:A case report

BACKGROUND Behcet's disease(BD)is an inflammatory disorder known for various symptoms,including oral and genital ulcers and ocular inflammation.Panuveitis,a severe eye condition,is rare as the first sign of BD.CASE SUMMARY We present an unusual case of a 30-year-old man who developed panuveitis after receiving the mRNA-based coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccine(Moderna).Laboratory tests ruled out infections,but he had a positive HLA-B51 result and a history of genital ulcer and oral ulcers,leading to a BD diagnosis.Treatment with corticosteroids improved his condition.Interestingly,he had another episode of panuveitis after the second mRNA vaccine dose,which also responded to corticosteroids.CONCLUSION This case highlights the rare onset of BD following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination,suggesting a potential link between these vaccines and BD's eye symptoms,emphasizing the importance of quick treatment in similar cases.

Design of a Landscape Device for Children from the Perspective of Embodied Cognition in the New Era

In recent years,embodied cognition has ushered in a new research upsurge in the academic field,and has become a hot topic in the field of cognitive psychology.In this paper,from the perspective of embodied cognition,the interaction ways of a landscape device for children were discussed to achieve a more real and harmonious interaction between children and scenes.The research data of embodied cognition used by children was analyzed,and the drawbacks and breakthrough points of current landscape devices for children were discussed.The core characteristics of children’s growth period were extracted to establish children’s interaction model and summarize the interactive design methods of landscape devices for children.Embodied cognition has become the most intuitive way for children to know and understand the environment,and plays a pivotal role in children’s growth.Based on embodied cognition principle and interactive behavior mode,the interactive design of a landscape device for children was studied,and three interactive design modes,including simple and convenient interaction mode,multi-sensory interaction mode and game natural interaction mode were summarized.On the basis of this research,relevant design practice and research were carried out to bring a new vision to the design of children’s landscape.

COVID-19 mortality paradox(United States vs Africa):Mass vaccination vs early treatment

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)mortality rate in 55 African countries is almost 4.5 times lower than in the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)despite Africa having over 4.2 times more people.This mortality paradox is also evident when comparing Nigeria,a heavily populated,poorly vaccinated and weakly mandated country to Israel,a small,highly vaccinated and strictly mandated country.Nigeria has almost 4 times lower COVID mortality than Israel.In this Field of Vision perspective,I explain how this paradox has evolved drawing upon my academic,clinical and social experience.Since April 2020,I’ve developed and been using the Egyptian immune-modulatory Kelleni’s protocol to manage COVID-19 patients including pediatric,geriatric,pregnant,immune-compromised and other individuals suffering from multiple comorbidities.It’s unfortunate that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is still evolving accompanied by more deaths.However in Africa,we’ve been able to live without anxiety or mandates throughout the pandemic because we trust science and adopted early treatment using safe,and effective repurposed drugs that have saved the majority of COVID-19 patients.This article represents an African and Egyptian tale of honor.

On Translation of Children’s Literature Based on Reception Aesthetics:A Case Study of The Secret Garden

Grounded in reader-centered theories,Reception Aesthetics prioritizes the active engagement and acceptance of target readers.This study examines the translation of children’s literature through the lens of Reception Aesthetics,using Li Wenjun’s rendition of The Secret Garden as a case study.The objective is to scrutinize various aspects of the translation-including vocabulary,syntax,rhetorical devices,and cultural nuances-and to discern how the adaptation and application of diverse translation strategies cater to the aesthetic expectations.

Immunological efficacy of Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination in Egyptian children:case series

Bacille Calmette-Gu6rin(BCG) vaccine is one of the most widely used vaccines in children.In Egypt,it is a part of the national compulsory childhood immunization program.The most controversial aspect of BCG is the variable efficacy found in different studies.This study was to evaluate the efficacy status of the available BCG vaccine in Egypt within the last 10 years(BCG-Copenhagen).The pilot cross sectional study included 597 Egyptian children randomly selected.Their ages ranged from 6 months to 10 years old(mean_ 5 years,median: 3 years).All were assessed for history of BCG vaccine intake(primary at infancy and/or secondary at school age) and examined for the presence BCG scar.A group of the vaccinated children(62 children with BCG scar and 69 children without BCG scar) were further assessed with tuberculin skin test(TST).Prevalence of BCG vaccine intake in the studied children was 86.9%(519/597).Efficacy in term of BCG scar after vaccination was 66.6%(346/519).However,efficacy in term of post BCG vaccination tuberculin sensitization was only 3.8%(5/131).BCG vaccination program in Egypt seems to be widely prevalent;however, the immunological efficacy of the available strain is questionable.

Reflections on Conducting Kindergarten Language Education Activities Based on Children’s Literature

In early childhood education,language education is a crucial component,yet in kindergarten teaching,there often exists issues such as“emphasis on knowledge and neglect of practice.”To address this problem,teachers need to incorporate children’s literature in a reasonable manner to create a conducive environment for language education for young children.This article analyzes and discusses the significance of integrating children’s literature into kindergarten language education activities,and proposes strategies for addressing the current issues in kindergarten language education activities and conducting them based on children’s literature.

Research on the Influence of Family Education on Children’s Behavioral Habits

Under the background of the all-round deepening of quality education,the cultivation of comprehensive quality has become the main theme of contemporary education reform.Good behavior and habits are of great significance to children’s future learning,growth,and development.Through literature review and other methods,this paper analyzes the current situation of children’s family education and the influence of family education on the cultivation of children’s behavioral habits and provides some strategies for cultivating children’s good behavioral habits in family education.

The Market Development of Children’s Go Training and the Difficulty and Countermeasure Analysis of Go Training

The children’s Go training market is experiencing vigorous growth but also faces several challenges.As the importance of Go in cultural education increases,the market expands,with growing demand and involvement from training and educational institutions.However,the market encounters difficulties such as a shortage of high-quality Go coaches,uniformity in training content and methods,and high training costs.To address these issues,measures can be taken to strengthen the team of Go coaches,diversify training content and methods,and optimize the training cost structure,thereby promoting the healthy development of the children’s Go training market.

A Study of Health Prescribing for Children with Tourette’s Disorders in Children’s Health Education Specialty Care Clinics

Objective:This study designs and implements the health prescription of children’s health education specialized nursing clinic based on the physical and mental characteristics of children with Tourette’s syndrome.Methods:Applying the evidence-based nursing model and nursing intervention theory based on the survey research by searching China Knowledge Network,Wanfang Database and Wipro Chinese Science and Technology Journal Database,the study collected the literature on the health prescription intervention research in children’s Tourette’s disorders health education in children’s health education of specialized nursing outpatient clinic for review and combined with the specialty characteristics to formulate“Children’s Tourette’s Disorder Health Education Prescription.”Results:Tourette’s syndrome in children is a common pediatric neurological disorder,mainly manifested as involuntary,rapid and repeated muscle twitching and vocal tics,which brings serious psychological pressure and life disturbance to the affected children.Conclusion:For children with Tourette’s syndrome,healthcare professionals should give enough care and understanding to the children and their parents,provide timely and effective health education to them,help them improve their bad behavioral habits,establish correct cognitive attitudes,enhance self-confidence,improve patient compliance,reduce the frequency of recurrence,reduce the incidence of complications and promote children’s physical and mental health development.