Influencing factors and solution strategies of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy(CAR–T)cell immunotherapy

Chimeric antigen receptor T-cesll therapy(CAR–T)has achieved groundbreaking advancements in clinical application,ushering in a new era for innovative cancer treatment.However,the challenges associated with implementing this novel targeted cell therapy are increasingly significant.Particularly in the clinical management of solid tumors,obstacles such as the immunosuppressive effects of the tumor microenvironment,limited local tumor infiltration capability of CAR–T cells,heterogeneity of tumor targeting antigens,uncertainties surrounding CAR–T quality,control,and clinical adverse reactions have contributed to increased drug resistance and decreased compliance in tumor therapy.These factors have significantly impeded the widespread adoption and utilization of this therapeutic approach.In this paper,we comprehensively analyze recent preclinical and clinical reports on CAR–T therapy while summarizing crucial factors influencing its efficacy.Furthermore,we aim to identify existing solution strategies and explore their current research status.Through this review article,our objective is to broaden perspectives for further exploration into CAR–T therapy strategies and their clinical applications.

Relevant nursing measures for the adverse reactions associated with chimeric antigen receptor T cells(CAR-T) immunotherapy: a systematic review of case reports

Objective: Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) that occur after chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells are reinfused, which severely affect the survival and prognosis of patients. Although several articles have reported on the care of CAR-T cell immunotherapy, the quality of the study and the effectiveness of holistic nursing interventions have not been systematically reviewed. The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate the existing holistic nursing interventions of CAR-T cell immunotherapy. Methods: A literature search for keywords was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, CBM, and Wanfang Data from its inception until January 2018. Studies were deemed eligible if they comprised patients with tumor receiving CAR-T cell immunotherapy, described the holistic nursing process, and were published in Chinese and English. Results: A total of 6 articles on holistic nursing interventions of CAR-T cell immunotherapy are reported, and the nursing methods and results of each article are analyzed. The quality of the studies included was medium. All nursing measures were considered effective. Conclusions: Holistic nursing programs reduce the incidence of CRS and TLS and improve the quality of life of cancer patients.

T cells expressing a LMP1-specific chimeric antigen receptor mediate antitumor effects against LMP1-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo

T cells modified with chimeric antigen receptor are an attractive strategy to treat Epstein-Barr virus（EBV） associated malignancies.The EBV latent membrane protein 1（LMP1） is a 66-KD integral membrane protein encoded by EBV that consists of transmembrane-spanning loops.Previously,we have identified a functional signal chain variable fragment（scFv） that specifically recognizes LMP1 through phage library screening.Here,we constructed a LMP1 specific chimeric antigen receptor containing anti-LMP1 scFv,the CD28 signalling domain,and the CD3ζchain（HELA/CAR）.We tested its functional ability to target LMP1 positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells.HELA/CAR cells were efficiently generated using lentivirus vector encoding the LMP1-specific chimeric antigen receptor to infect activated human CD3＋ T cells.The HELA/CAR T cells displayed LMP1 specific cytolytic action and produced IFN-γ and IL-2 in response to nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells overexpressing LMP1.To demonstrate in vivo anti-tumor activity,we tested the HELA/CAR T cells in a xenograft model using an LMP1 overexpressing tumor.Intratumoral injection of anti-LMP1 HELA/CAR-T cells significantly reduced tumor growth in vivo.These results show that targeting LMP1 using HELA/CAR cells could represent an alternative therapeutic approach for patients with EBV-positive cancers.

Advancement of chimeric antigen receptor-natural killer cells targeting hepatocellular carcinoma

With the advance of genome engineering technology,chimeric antigen receptors(CARs)-based immunotherapy has become an emerging therapeutic strategy for tumors.Although initially designed for T cells in tumor immunotherapy,CARs have been exploited to modify the function of natural killer(NK)cells against a variety of tumors,including hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).CAR-NK cells have the potential to sufficiently kill tumor antigen-expressing HCC cells,independent of major histocompatibility complex matching or prior priming.In this review,we summarize the recent advances in genetic engineering of CAR-NK cells against HCC and discuss the current challenges and prospects of CAR-NK cells as a revolutionary cellular immunotherapy against HCC.

Chimeric Antigen Receptors and Regulatory T Cells:The Potential for HLA-Specific Immunosuppression in Transplantation

Chimeric antigen receptors(CARs)are a breakthrough in genetic engineering that have revolutio nized the field of adoptive cellular therapy(ACT).Cells expressing these receptors are rerouted to a predefined target by the inclusion of an antigen-specific binding region within the synthetic CAR construct.The advantage of cells with programmed specificity has been demonstrated clinically in the field of oncology,and it is clear that such cells have greater accuracy,potency,and reduced off-target therapeutic effects compared with their unmodified counterparts.In contrast to conventional T cells(Tconvs),regulatory T cells(Tregs)play a major role in suppressing immune activation and regulating the host immune response.CAR expression within Tregs has been proposed as a therapy for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases,graft-versus-host disease(GVHD),and organ transplant rejectio n.In the latter,they hold immense potential as mediators of immune tolerance for recipients of allotransplants.However,current research into CAR-Treg engineering is extremely limited,and there is uncertainty regarding optimal design for therapeutic use.This review examines the rationale behind the development of CAR-Tregs,their significance for human transplantation,potential designs,safety considerations,and comparisons of CAR-Tregs in transplantation models to date.

Refractory lymphoma treated with chimeric antigen receptor T cells combined with programmed cell death-1 inhibitor:A case report

BACKGROUND Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL)is a common aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma(NHL),accounting for 30%-40%of adult NHL.Primary testicular(PT)lymphoma is an uncommon extranodal disease representing approximately 1%-2%of lymphoma.Approximately 30%–40%of patients are refractory to frontline therapy or relapse after complete remission.Refractory DLBCL responds poorly to other lines of chemotherapy,and experiences short-term survival.CASE SUMMARY We present a 41-year-old male patient who was diagnosed with PT-DLBCL.Further disease progression was observed after multiline chemotherapy.Chimeric antigen receptor T cells(CAR-T)therapy salvaged the patient.Unfortunately,a new mass was observed in the right adrenal area after six months.The patient was administered programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1)inhibitor therapy and maintained progression-free survival at more than 17 mo of follow-up.CONCLUSION Our findings support the potential benefit of CAR-T combined with PD-1 inhibitor therapies in this type of relapsed and refractory PT-DLBCL.

Programmed cell death protein-1 inhibitor combined with chimeric antigen receptor T cells in the treatment of relapsed refractory non- Hodgkin lymphoma: A case report

BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor T cell(CART)therapy has benefited many refractory lymphoma patients,but some patients experience poor effects.Previous studies have shown that programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1)inhibitors can improve and prolong the therapeutic effect of CAR-T cell treatment.CASE SUMMARY A 61-year-old male presented with 15-d history of diarrhea and lower-limb edema.A large mass was detected in the pelvis,and pathology indicated non-Hodgkin diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.After three cycles of the R-CHOP chemotherapeutic regimen,the patient showed three subcutaneous nodules under the left armpit and both sides of the cervical spine.Pathological examination of the nodules indicated DLBCL again.The patient was diagnosed with relapsed and refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.We recommended CAR-T cell treatment.Before treatment,the patient’s T cell function and expression of immune detection points were tested.Expression of PD-1 was obviously increased(52.7%)on cluster of differentiation(CD)3+T cells.The PD-1 inhibitor(3 mg/kg)was infused prior to lymphodepleting chemotherapy with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide.CAR-CD19 T cells of 3×10^(6)/kg and CAR-CD22 T cells 1×10^(6)/kg were infused,respectively.The therapeutic effect was significant,and the deoxyribonucleic acid copy numbers of CAR-CD19 T cells and CAR-CD22 T cells were stable.Presently,the patient has been disease-free for more than 12 mo.CONCLUSION This case suggests that the combination of PD-1 inhibitors and CAR-T cellsimproved therapeutic efficacy in B-cell lymphoma.

Focused evaluation of the roles of macrophages in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy associated cytokine release syndrome

Cytokine release syndrome(CRS)is a major obstacle to the widespread clinical application of chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)T cell therapies.CRS can also be induced by infections(such as SARS-CoV-2),drugs(such as therapeutic antibodies),and some autoimmune diseases.Myeloid-derived macrophages play key roles in the pathogenesis of CRS,and participate in the production and release of the core CRS cytokines,including interleukin(IL)-1,IL-6,and interferon-γ.In this review,we summarize the roles of macrophages in CRS and discuss new developments in macrophage activation and the related mechanisms of cytokine regulation in CRS.

Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T-cell therapy for liver cancer

Background: Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T-cell(CAR-T) therapy is a newly developed immunotherapy used in the treatment of cancers. Because CAR-T therapy has shown great success in treating CD19-positive hematological malignancies, its application has been explored in the treatment of solid tumors, such as liver cancer. In this review, we discuss the immune characteristics of liver cancer, the obstacles encountered during the application of CAR-T therapy, and preclinical and clinical progress in the use of CAR-T therapy in patients with liver cancer.Data sources: The data on CAR-T therapy related to liver cancers were collected by searching Pub Med and the Web of Science databases prior to December 2017 with the keywords "chimeric antigen receptor","CAR-T", "liver cancer", "hepatocellular carcinoma", and "solid tumor". Additional articles were identified by manual search of references found in the primary articles. The data for clinical trials were collected by searching Clinical Trials.gov.Results: The liver has a tolerogenic nature in the intrahepatic milieu and its tumor microenvironment significantly affects tumor progression. The obstacles that reduce the efficacy of CAR-T therapy in solid tumors include a lack of specific tumor antigens, limited trafficking and penetration of CAR-T cells to tumor sites, and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. To overcome these obstacles, several strategies have emerged. In addition, several strategies have been developed to manage the side effects of CAR-T, including enhancing the selectivity of CARs and controlling CAR-T activity. To date, no clinical trials of CAR-T therapy against HCC have been completed. However, preclinical studies in vitro and in vivo have shown potent antitumor efficacy. Glypican-3, mucin-1, epithelial cell adhesion molecule, carcinoembryonic antigen, and other targets are currently being studied.Conclusions: The application of CAR-T therapy for liver cancer is just beginning to be explored and more research is needed. However, we are optimistic that CAR-T therapy will offer a new approach for the treatment of liver cancers in the future.

The human application of gene therapy to re-program T-cell specificity using chimeric antigen receptors

The adoptive transfer of T cells is a promising approach to treat cancers. Primary human T cells can be modified using viral and non-viral vectors to promote the specific targeting of cancer cells via the introduction of exogenous T-cell receptors(TCRs) or chimeric antigen receptors(CARs). This gene transfer displays the potential to increase the specificity and potency of the anticancer response while decreasing the systemic adverse effects that arise from conventional treatments that target both cancerous and healthy cells. This review highlights the generation of clinical-grade T cells expressing CARs for immunotherapy, the use of these cells to target B-cell malignancies and, particularly, the first clinical trials deploying the Sleeping Beauty gene transfer system, which engineers T cells to target CD19+ leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Targeted Therapy of CEA-CAR-NK Cells Against Colorectal Cancer Cells

Objective:Investigate the cytotoxic effect of CAR-NK cells targeting CEA on colorectal cancer cells with positive CEA expression.Methods:The mRNA and protein levels of CEA in different CRC cell lines were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis.Lentiviral transduction was used to construct CAR-NK cells and empty vector CON-NK cells targeting CEA.Fluorescence microscopy and WB were used to determine whether the cells successfully constructed and expressed CAR structures.The effector NK cells were co-cultured with target cells,and the levels of LDH,IFN-γ,and GM-CSF were detected.The killing rate of effector cells was calculated,and the release of cytokines during the killing of target cells by different effector cells was compared.Results:The expression level of CEA in colorectal cancer patients was significantly higher than that in normal samples and other tumor samples,and the prognosis survival time of patients with high CEA expression was lower than that of CRC patients with low or no CEA expression(P<0.05).The CEA expression of the HT29 cell line was significantly higher than that of the SW1116 cell line at both the mRNA and protein levels.CEA-CAR-NK92 cells and CON-NK92 cells expressed green fluorescence under a microscope,and WB results showed that CEA-CAR-NK92 cells successfully expressed the CAR structure.Compared with CON-NK92 cells and NK92 cells,CEA-CAR-NK92 cells effectively killed HT29 cells(P<0.05).CEA-CAR-NK92 cells secreted a large amount of IFN-γand GM-CSF during the killing of HT29 cells,while the cytokine secretion of CON-NK92 cells and NK92 cells was not significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:CAR-NK92 cells targeting CEA can effectively kill CEA-positive colorectal cancer cells.

Donor-derived CD 19 CAR-T Cells versus Chemotherapy Plus Donor Lymphocyte Infusion for Treatment of Recurrent CD 19-positive B-ALL after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Objective:This study aimed to compare the efficacy of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells(CAR-T cells)versus chemotherapy plus donor lymphocyte infusion(chemo-DLI)for treating relapsed CD 19-positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia(B-ALL)after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(allo-HSCT).Methods:Clinical data of 43 patients with B-ALL who relapsed after allo-HSCT were retrospectively analyzed.Twenty-two patients were treated with CAR-T cells(CAR-T group),and 21 with chemotherapy plus DLI(chemo-DLI group).The complete remission(CR)and minimal residual disease(MRD)-negative CR rates,leukemia-free survival(LFS)rate,overall survival(OS)rate,and incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease(aGVHD),cytokine release syndrome(CRS)and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome(ICANS)were compared between the two groups.Results:The CR and MRD-negative CR rates in the CAR-T group(77.3%and 61.5%)were significantly higher than those in the chemo-DLI group(38.1%and 23.8%)(P=0.008 and P=0.003).The 1-and 2-year LFS rates in the CAR-T group were superior to those in the chemo-DLI group:54.5%and 50.0%vs.9.5%and 4.8%(P=0.0001 and P=0.00004).The 1-and 2-year OS rates in the CAR-T versus chemo-DLI group were 59.1%and 54.5%vs.19%and 9.5%(P=0.011 and P=0.003).Six patients(28.6%)with grade 2-4 aGVHD were identified in the chemo-DLI group.Two patients(9.1%)in the CAR-T group developed grade 1-2 aGVHD.Nineteen patients(86.4%)developed CRS in the CAR-T group,comprising grade 1-2 CRS in 13 patients(59.1%)and grade 3 CRS in 6 patients(27.3%).Two patients(9.1%)developed grade 1-2 ICANS.Conclusion:Donor-derived anti-CD19 CAR-T-cell therapy may be better,safer,and more effective than chemo-DLI for B-ALL patients who relapse after allo-HSCT.

Chidamide and sintilimab combination in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma progressing after chimeric antigen receptor T therapy

BACKGROUND Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL)is curable with first-line chemoimmunotherapy but patients with relapsed/refractory(R/R)DLBCL still face a poor prognosis.For patients with R/R DLBCL,the complete response rate to traditional next-line therapy is only 7%and the median overall survival is 6.3 mo.Recently,CD19-targeting chimeric antigen receptor T cells(CAR-T)have shown promise in clinical trials.However,approximately 50%of patients treated with CAR-T cells ultimately progress and few salvage therapies are effective.CASE SUMMARY Here,we report on 7 patients with R/R DLBCL whose disease progressed after CAR-T infusion.They received a PD-1 inhibitor(sintilimab)and a histone deacetylase inhibitor(chidamide).Five of the 7 patients tolerated the treatment without any serious adverse events.Two patients discontinued the treatment due to lung infection and rash.At the 20-mo follow-up,the median overall survival of these 7 patients was 6 mo.Of note,there were 2 complete response rates(CRs)and 2 partial response rates(PRs)during this novel therapy,with an overall response rate(ORR)of 57.1%,and one patient had a durable CR that lasted at least 20 mo.CONCLUSION In conclusion,chidamide combined with sintilimab may be a choice for DLBCL patients progressing after CD19-targeting CAR-T therapy.

CD19 CAR-T细胞治疗难治/复发急性B淋巴细胞白血病儿童及青少年患者的疗效及安全性

目的探讨CD19嵌合抗原受体T细胞(CAR-T)治疗对于儿童及青少年难治/复发急性B淋巴细胞白血病(B-ALL)的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析2017年6月至2021年3月接受CD19 CAR-T治疗的<25岁难治/复发B-ALL患者的临床资料,评估该疗法的疗效及安全性。结果共纳入64例难治/复发B-ALL患者,男35例、女29例,中位年龄8.5(1.0~17.0)岁。CD 19 CAR-T回输后1个月进行短期疗效评估,64例患者均获得完全缓解(CR)/完全缓解兼部分血细胞计数缓解(CRi),其中有62例患者达骨髓微小残留病灶(MRD)阴性。细胞因子释放综合征(CRS)及免疫效应细胞相关神经毒性综合征(ICANS)发生率分别为78.1%及23.4%。共22例患者复发,中位复发时间10.1个月,4年总生存(OS)率为(66.0±6.0)%,4年无白血病生存(LFS)率为(63.0±6.0)%。长期随访结果显示桥接异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)患者的LFS和OS率均优于未桥接移植患者(4年LFS率:81.8%±6.2%对24.0%±9.8%,4年OS率:81.4%±5.9%对44.4%±11.2%;均P<0.01)。结论CD 19 CAR-T可有效治疗难治/复发B-ALL,输注后桥接allo-HSCT能进一步改善患者的长期生存情况。

儿童CAR-T细胞治疗的挑战与展望

嵌合抗原受体T细胞(CAR-T)首次应用于治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病复发患儿已有10年余,至今全世界范围内已有成千上万的患者从中受益,CAR-T细胞治疗在很大程度上提高了复发、难治儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病患者的整体预后,同时也正在逐渐改变着复发、难治儿童血液肿瘤患者的治疗历史。目前的研究显示,儿童CAR-T细胞治疗前景光明,但临床上仍面临着一些挑战。

IL-21和CCL19修饰可提高NKP30 CAR-T细胞对肺癌的杀伤效率并促进其肿瘤浸润

目的探讨细胞因子IL-21和趋化因子CCL19修饰的NKP30 CAR-T细胞是否增强对肺癌的杀伤和浸润作用。方法在NKP30 CAR基础上融合基因IL-21和CCL19构建IL-21-CCL19 NKP30 CAR;CAR-T细胞的培养使用CD3CD28单抗及细胞因子IL-2刺激;流式细胞术检测免疫细胞表型;迁移实验检测IL-21对免疫细胞的迁移作用;乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)及成球实验检测CAR-T细胞的杀伤及浸润能力;酶联免疫斑点技术(ELISPOT)检测IFN-γ的分泌数量;ELISA检测IL-21及CCL19的分泌情况;体内实验中,将肿瘤细胞显微注射到斑马鱼卵黄囊,构建斑马鱼移植瘤模型,24 h后将免疫细胞注射至同样部位,体式荧光显微镜拍摄荧光。结果NKP30配体(B7H6)在正常组织及血液细胞不表达,在肺癌细胞上高表达(90%以上)。IL-21-CCL19 NKP30 CAR-T细胞与NKP30 CAR-T细胞和常规T细胞相比,具有更强的增殖能力、迁移能力及中心记忆T细胞的形成(P<0.001),免疫抑制分子CTLA4与PD1显著降低(P<0.005),对肺癌细胞具有更强的杀伤能力(P<0.001),伴随IFN-γ数量明显增加(P<0.001)。IL-21-CCL19 CAR-T细胞杀伤肺癌细胞中产生大量细胞因子IL‑21(3152.33±526.74 pg/mL)和趋化因子CCL19(1853±211.95 pg/mL)。体内实验中,CAR-T细胞和普通T细胞比较,具有较强的杀伤能力和增殖能力,但2种CAR-T细胞无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论IL-21-CCL19 NKP30 CAR-T细胞更容易浸润到肿瘤内部,有效杀伤肿瘤细胞,同时产生更多的记忆T细胞。

BCMA CAR-T治疗复发/难治性多发性骨髓瘤患者的长期疗效和影响因素分析

目的:评价靶向B细胞成熟抗原(B cell maturation antigen,BCMA)嵌合抗原受体T细胞(chimeric antigen receptor-T cell,CAR-T)治疗复发/难治性多发性骨髓瘤(relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma,R/R MM)的长期疗效和安全性。方法:回顾性分析2018年7月至2023年7月在南昌大学第一附属医院接受BCMA CAR-T细胞治疗20例R/R MM患者的临床资料,随访日期截至2023年12月31日。应用Kaplan-Meier生存分析评估患者总生存(overall survival,OS)率和无进展生存(progression-free survival,PFS)率,并统计相关不良反应。结果:20例R/R MM患者,既往中位治疗线数为3(2~6)线,客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)为75%,完全缓解(complete response,CR)率为50%;中位随访时间29个月,中位PFS为26个月。10例CR的患者中,5例在末次随访时仍处于缓解状态,缓解持续时间最短为6个月,最长48个月。亚组分析中,髓外浸润、17p缺失遗传学异常和肿瘤高负荷患者PFS显著更差(P<0.05)。细胞因子释放综合征(cytokine release syndrome,CRS)是CAR-T细胞治疗最常见的不良反应,发生率为90%,3~4级CRS的发生率为35%;远期不良反应少,未发生CAR-T细胞治疗相关死亡。结论:BCMA CAR-T细胞是当前R/R MM治疗的有效方案,不良反应可控。髓外浸润和肿瘤高负荷的患者治疗有效,但持久反应欠佳,如何进一步巩固和维持患者的疗效,值得进一步设计前瞻性的临床研究并探究其差异性。

IL-7的诱导表达增强靶向GPC3 CAR-T细胞的增殖及体外抗肿瘤活性

目的:探讨IL-7的诱导表达对靶向磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖3(GPC3)嵌合抗原受体基因修饰T淋巴细胞(CAR-T细胞)的增殖和体外抗肿瘤活性的影响。方法:通过无缝克隆将GPC3 CAR序列片段插入GV400载体的Bam HⅠ/Eco RⅠ位置,构建第二代CAR慢病毒载体GPC3-BBZ及GPC3-BBZ-NFAT-IL-7,以293T细胞包装相应的慢病毒载体后,感染人T细胞制备CAR-T细胞。实验分为未转导T细胞(NT)组、GPC3-BBZ CAR-T细胞组、GPC3-BBZ-NFAT-IL-7 CAR-T细胞组。采用流式细胞术检测各组CAR-T细胞中CAR的表达水平,qPCR法检测经GPC3蛋白激活的CAR-T细胞中IL-7 m RNA的表达水平,细胞计数法检测CAR-T细胞在GPC3抗原刺激下的增殖能力,ELISA检测CAR-T细胞在受到肿瘤细胞刺激后IL-7、IFN-γ和TNF-α的分泌水平。应用实时细胞分析(RTCA)技术检测CAR-T细胞对人肝癌Huh-7细胞的杀伤作用。结果:成功构建慢病毒载体GPC3-BBZ和GPC3-BBZ-NFAT-IL-7,制备出靶向GPC3的CAR-T细胞。经GPC3抗原激活后,GPC3-BBZ-NFAT-IL-7 CAR-T细胞可有效表达IL-7 mRNA(P<0.01),其表现出更强的增殖能力(P<0.05)。与GPC3-BBZ CAR-T细胞相比,GPC3-BBZ-NFAT-IL-7 CAR-T细胞与GPC3阳性靶细胞Huh-7细胞共培养后,分泌更高水平的IL-7、IFN-γ和TNF-α(P<0.01或P<0.001)。RTCA结果显示,GPC3-BBZ-NFAT-IL-7 CAR-T细胞对GPC3阳性Huh-7细胞的杀伤活性显著高于GPC3-BBZ CAR-T细胞(P<0.05)。结论:成功制备可诱导表达IL-7的靶向GPC3的CAR-T细胞,IL-7的诱导表达增强靶向GPC3 CAR-T细胞的免疫活性,在体外展现出较强的肿瘤细胞杀伤能力。

CAR-T细胞免疫疗法在实体瘤中的研究进展

嵌合抗原受体T细胞(chimeric antigen receptor T cell,CAR-T)成功治疗复发难治性白血病的历史已超过十年,如今,已有多款CAR-T细胞疗法获批用于治疗白血病和淋巴瘤等血液系统癌症,标志着免疫细胞治疗时代的到来。大量研究结果提示,CAR-T细胞疗法在实体瘤治疗领域同样充满潜力,但相关临床研究数据却不令人满意。CAR-T细胞疗法在实体瘤中面临靶抗原特异性不足、肿瘤物理屏障、异常代谢及免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境等多重不利因素,需要继续深入相关机制的研究,借助基因工程技术对CAR-T细胞进行改造,进一步提升其对实体瘤的疗效。本文就近年来CAR-T细胞疗法在实体瘤中的研究进展做一述评,探讨未来CAR-T细胞治疗的挑战和发展方向。

CAR-T细胞治疗在儿童中的毒副作用

嵌合抗原受体(CAR)-T细胞因其特异性识别功能及细胞毒性,已成为治疗恶性肿瘤最有前途的方法之一,但它也具有一系列的毒副作用,特别是对儿童,毒性反应发展迅速,严重者还会危及生命。本文对CAR-T细胞治疗在儿童中的毒副作用,及其临床表现和治疗等方面进行概述,旨在优化其在儿童中的应用。