酸败油脂和黄曲霉毒素对中国对虾（Penaeus Chinensis）生长的影响

分别在对虾配合饲料中添加酸败鱼油和含黄曲霉毒素花生饼粉养虾，鱼油的酸价为０２、８０、２２４、３１０ｍｇ／ｇ，黄曲霉毒素Ｂ１的含量为４７２０ｐｐｂ、７８７ｐｐｂ。试验进行了２８天，其结果如下：随着鱼油酸价的增高，以上四组对虾的增重率依次为７２４％、３７０％、２９２％、２７５％；成活率依次为８３１％、５９６％、５８０％、５３０％；消化率依次为７８７％、６８５％、６３３％、６０１％。喂含黄曲霉毒素饲４７２０ｐｐｂ和７８７ｐｐｂ的两组对虾的增重率仅为对照组的４３９％和４５４％；消化率为对照组的７９４％和８３２％，而且成活率也较低，其对虾体内未检出黄曲霉毒素。

中国对虾（Penaeus chinensis）杆状病毒病的研究

１９９３年养殖的中国对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）发生了暴发性流行病，经人工感染和电镜观察，证实是由杆状病毒引起的。病虾活力差，体色暗淡或微红，头胸甲上有浅黄色至白色的斑点，头胸甲与表皮不粘连，容易剥离，血淋巴混浊，淋巴器官和肝胰腺肿大、糜烂。在肝胰腺、淋巴器官、中肠、皮下组织和鳃等组织细胞的核内均发现有大量病毒粒子。病毒粒子杆状，无包涵体，具囊膜，平均长３５０ｎｍ，宽１５０ｎｍ，核衣壳长３００ｎｍ，宽１００ｎｍ。暂将这种病毒定名为中国对虾杆状病毒（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓｂａｃｕｌｏｖｉｒｕｓ，简称ＰＣＢＶ）。

中华猕猴桃（Actinidia Chinensis）雌雄异株性状变异的研究

通过２ａ调查，发现了介于中华猕猴桃雌株与雄株之间的中间类型，但该类型数量稀少，在野生群体中只占０．５％左右。雌雄异株性状的变异可以从雌株、雄株以及中间类型的花器发育水平上体现。雌花的雌蕊可育，但花粉没有生活力；雄花雌蕊败育，但花粉正常；而中间类型花朵的雌蕊部分发育，而且花粉也有生活力。仅在雌株与中间类型上可以见到明显的“柱头一花柱”结构，但二者在柱头表面乳突的密度与发育水平上显著不同。中间类型花朵的柱头上乳突稀少，而且部分萎陷；花粉粒能在其柱头上发芽，但大多数花粉管不能伸入柱头组织。中间类型的发现不仅对研究雌雄异株性状的演化有一定意义，而且也为培育中华猕猴桃雌雄同株新品种奠定了基础。

温度对羊草（Leymuschinensis）生长及无性系分化的影响

根据温室内的人为控制温度试验，观测温度对羊草（Ｌｅｙｍｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）无性系分化和生长的影响，得出如下结论；温度是影响羊草株高的最主要生态因子，适宜的高温显著促进单草的伸展；温度也是促进单草分蘖的主要因子之一，羊草的生物量积累受到温度变化极值的限制，适宜的温度范围显著促进生物量积累．羊草无性系的分化和高温的天数明显正相关，无性系对高温有较强的生态适应性，甚至在高温已经抑制羊草生物量的积累的情况下，仍然对无性系的生长和分化有一定的促进作用，这充分表明了羊草无性系对温度有较强生态适应的特点．

中国对虾（Penaeus chinensis）卵子孵化和无节幼体变态水环境中锌离子的最佳活度

本文研究了海水环境中锌对中国对虾卵子孵化和无节幼体变态的影响。结果表明，可溶性锌对卵子孵化和无节幼体变态的作用只与游离离子活度有关，而不是与其总浓度有关。锌离子活度在１０￣（－７．３０）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ以下时，不影响卵子的孵化率；高于此浓度会显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）降低孵化率；在１０￣（－５．００）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ时卵子完全不能孵化。锌离子活度在１０￣（－７．６０）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ时，不影响无节幼体的生长变态；高于此浓度时，明显（Ｐ＜０．０５）减少变态率；高于１０￣（－６．００）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ时。无节幼体完全不能存活。讨论了锌离子对对虾育苗系统的影响，认为育苗过程中锌离子的最佳活度为１０￣（－７．６０）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。

退化羊草（Leymus chinensis）草原恢复演替动态的研究

对退化羊草（Ｌ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）草原围封后１１年的群落特征进行了研究分析．结果表明：退化草原在恢复过程中单位面积内植物种丰富度增加．但组成整个样地的种类成分变化不大．多样性指数中期增加后期呈现下降趋势，物种在群落中所占比例大小是造成多样性指数变化的主要因素，而与丰富度关系不大．均匀性指数在恢复过程中呈下降趋势．羊草、冰草（Ａｇｒｏｐｙｒｏｎｍｉｃｈｎｏｉ）、针茅（Ｓｔｉｐａ）在演替过程中呈持续增加趋势，相反，冷蒿（Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａｆｒｉｇｉｄａ）、木地肤（Ｋｏｃｈｔｉａｐｒｏｓｔｒａｔａ）呈现下降趋势．１１年的恢复过程可划分为冷蒿＋丛生小禾草＋羊草群落，冷蒿群落向羊草群落的过渡阶段；羊草＋冰草、冷蒿＋丛生禾草群落和羊草＋冰草＋丛生禾草群落４个阶段．１１年的封育，退化群落并未恢复到羊草草原顶极群落的水平．

白菜型油菜（Brassica chinensis）细胞质雄性不育材料50A的发现及其育性遗传研究

作者就１９９０年在江西省地方品种资源中发现的白菜型油菜雄性不育材料５０Ａ进行研究，初步结果表明：该雄性不育系是核质互作不育型，恢保关系与甘蓝型不育胞质材料５００３Ａ不同，同波里玛不育胞质相似，有温感性存在，且感温程度与核基因型有关，通过春夏两季的筛选鉴别，选育得到温度钝感不育稳定的新型胞质不育系５０Ａ＿１，对杂种优势利用的理论和实践都有很高的价值。

不同群落类型对羊草（Leymus chinensis）种群生殖分配的影响

通过对羊草种群在不同生境条件下干物质和营养元素在植株不同部位的配置研究，结果表明：羊草种群在干物质方面的配置为：根＞茎＝叶＞果实；Ｃ元素在单草植株的各个部位均匀分配，Ｎ元素的配置表现为：叶＞果＞根＝茎；Ｐ元素的配置表现为：果＞叶＞根＝茎，粗灰分表现为：根＝叶＞果＞茎．营养元素的配置在克氏针茅、大针茅、羊草三个群系类型之间，无论是什么部位都无显著差异，而这三个群系类型都与贝加尔针茅类型有显著差异，差异主要表现在茎和叶中．

中国对虾（Penaeus chinensis）养成期虾池水体和底质及虾体异养菌和弧菌含量的变化

本文报道了辽宁省瓦房店市邓屯乡高家养虾场对虾养成期虾池水体和底质及虾体异养菌和弧菌含量的变化。结果表明外海水中异养菌数量为１０￣４～１０￣５个／毫升，弧菌数量为１０￣２～１０￣３个／毫升，虾池水中异养菌数量为１０￣４～１０￣５个／毫升，弧菌数量为１０￣２～１０￣４个／毫升，底质中异养菌数量为１０￣５～１０￣７个／克，弧菌数量为１０￣３～１０￣４个／克。虾体肌肉中异养菌数量为１０￣３～１０￣５个／克，弧菌数量为１０￣３～１０￣５个／克；肝胰脏中异养菌数量为１０￣３～１０￣７个／克，弧菌数量为１０￣２～１０￣７个／克；肠道中异养菌数量为１０￣６～１０￣７个／克，弧菌数量为１０￣６～１０￣７个／克。

中国对虾（Penaeus chinensis）幼体发育各阶段脂肪酸组成的研究

通过对中国对虾幼体的五个发育阶段（卵、无节幼体、状幼体、糠虾和仔虾）的脂肪酸组成的测定，分析比较了幼体脂肪中１１种主要脂肪酸的含量变化。在卵脂肪中占主要比例的脂肪酸为棕榈酸、棕榈油酸和ＥＰＡ、油酸；在仔虾脂肪中占主要比例的脂肪酸为棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸、ＥＰＡ及ＤＨＡ。从卵到仔虾整个发育过程中，幼体脂肪中的豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸的含量逐渐减少，而硬脂酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和ＤＨＡ的含量逐渐增加。讨论了这些结果对了解幼体脂肪酸营养需要的重要性及幼体饵料对幼体脂肪的脂肪酸组成的影响。

苯酚对菜心（Brassica chinensis）幼苗生长代谢的影响

本文研究了苯酚对菜心幼苗生长代谢的影响．试验结果表明，５０ｍｇ／Ｌ以上的苯酚溶液明显抑制了菜心幼苗的生长，与对照相比，苯酚处理的菜心幼苗，其硝酸还原酶活性、蛋白质含量、可溶性总糖含量、叶绿素含量、干物质重等指标均有明显降低。

中国对虾（Penaeus chinensis）脂肪酸转化能力的研究

用脂肪酸含量不同的饲料饲喂中国对虾，结果表明，对虾具有将亚油酸（１８：２ｎ－６）转化为二十碳四烯酸（２０：４ｎ－６）、将亚麻酸（１８：３ｎ－３）转化为二十碳五烯酸（２０：５ｎ－３）和二十二碳六烯酸（２２：６ｎ－３）的能力，但转化率低。

Effects of hydroperiod duration on developmental plasticity in tiger frog （Hoplobatrachus chinensis） tadpoles

While developmental plasticity can facilitate evolutionary diversification of organisms, the effects of water levels as an environmental pressure on tiger frogs remains unclear. This study clarifies the relationship by studying the responses of tiger frog （Hoplobatrachus chinensis） tadpoles to simulated hydroperiods （i.e., constant low water levels, constant high water levels, increasing water levels, decreasing water levels, rapid changes in water levels and gradual fluctuations in water levels） in a laboratory setting. ANOVA analysis showed that none of the water level treatments had any significant effect on the total length, body mass, or developmental stages of H. chinensis tadpoles half way through development （11 days old）. Tadpoles raised in rapidly fluctuating water levels had protracted metamorphosis, whereas tadpoles raised under low and gradually fluctuating water levels had shortened metamorphosis. None of the water level treatments had a significant effect on the snout-vent length （SVL） or body mass of H. chinensis tadpoles at Gosner stage 42, or on the body mass of tadpoles at Gosner stage 45. However, the＇ tadpoles raised in high levels and rapidly fluctuating water levels, significantly larger SVL at Gosner stage 45, while ones under gradually fluctuating water levels had smaller SVL than the other groups. Time to metamorphosis was positively correlated with body size （SVL） at metamorphosis in H. chinensis tadpoles. H. chinensis tadpoles under constant low water level had the highest mortality rate among all the treatments （G-test）. Moreover, ANOVA and ACNOVA （with body length as the covariate） indicated that water levels had no significant effect on either the morphology （i.e. head length, head width, forelimb length, hindlimb length and body width） or the jumping ability of juvenile H. chinensis. These results suggest that the observed accelerated metamorphosis and high mortality of H. chinensis tadpoles under decreasing water level treatment was driven by density-induced physical interaetions among increasing conspeeifics.

Acute and joint toxicity of three agrochemicals to Chinese tiger frog （Hoplobatrachus chinensis） tadpoles

We studied acute and joint toxicity of three different agrochemicals(chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide-abamectin and penoxsulam) to Chinese tiger frog(Hoplobatrachus chinensis) tadpoles with the method of stability water tests. Results showed that the three agrochemicals increased tadpole mortality. For acute toxicity, the LC50 values after 24, 48 and 72 h of chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide-abamectin and penoxsulam exposure were 5.37, 4.90 and 4.68 mg/L; 0.035, 0.025 and 0.021 mg/L; 1.74, 1.45 and 1.29 mg/L, respectively. The safety concentrations(SC) of chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide-abamectin and penoxsulam to the tadpoles were 1.23, 0.30 and 0.003 mg/L, respectively. Based on these findings, chlorantraniliprole and penoxsulam were moderately toxic, while flubendiamide-abamectin was highly toxic. All pairwise joint toxicity tests showed moderate toxicity. The LC50 values after 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure were 7.08, 6.61 and 6.03 mg/L for chlorantraniliprole+penoxsulam, with corresponding values of 2.455, 2.328 and 2.183 mg/L for chlorantraniliprole+flubendiamide-abamectin, and 1.132, 1.084 and 1.050 mg/L for penoxsulam+flubendiamide-abamectin, with safe concentrations of 1.73, 0.63 and 0.30 mg/L, respectively. For toxic evaluations of pairwise combinations of the three agrochemicals, only the joint toxicity of chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide-abamectin after 24 h was found to be synergistic, whereas all other tests were antagonistic. Our findings provide valuable information on the toxic effects of agrochemicals on amphibians and how various types of agrochemicals can be reasonably used in agricultural areas.

中国对虾（Penaeus chinensis）维生素营养的研究──Ⅴ．中国对虾维生素C营养

提出以稳定态的ＬＡＰＰ代替一般维生素Ｃ添加在配合饲料中饲喂对虾，指出：在１００ｇ饲料中含ＬＡＰＰ４００ｍｇ时，其体长增长率和体重增重率最高，存活率最佳．饲料中ＬＡＰＰ浓度大小影响对虾的蜕壳频率和蜕壳周期，当饲料中ＬＡＰＰ缺乏时，对虾的蜕壳频率降低，蜕壳周期延长；过量的ＬＡＰＰ也会使对虾的蜕壳频率相对降低，但比缺乏或不足的要高。维生素Ｃ在对虾肝胰脏中的积累以ＬＡＰＰ含量４００ｍｇ／１００ｇ饲料组为最高。

草原羊草（Leymuschinensis）和大针茅（Stipagrandis）不同物候期植株残体及凋落物分解酶活性的研究

本文就不同物候期的羊草和大针茅植株残体和凋落物分解过程中的分解酶活性的一些特点进行了研究，结果是：植株残体分解初期，蛋白酶和转化酶活性强度表现为返青期＞结实期＞果后营养期；羊草植株残体的蛋白酶、转化酶和纤维素酶活性均高于大针茅；从设置条件来看，各酶活性强度均为埋置＞地表。但随植株残体的进一步被分解，上述结果呈现相反的变化趋势；纤维素酶活性除分解头一年（１９８８年）返青期略高于结实期外，此后各年均为果后营养期＞结实期＞返青期；凋落物分解过程中，分解酶活性有明显的季节性变化和年度间的优势交替现象，即酶活性在一年中，夏季最高，春秋次之，冬季最低；在各年度间，转化酶最先出现优势峰朗，蛋白酶随后出现，纤维素酶的峰期继之其后，可见牧草各物候期植株残体和调落物分解过程中的分解酶活性强度与牧草植株体和凋落物所能提供的酶促底物量，植株及其凋落物被分解的难易程度和所处环境条件紧密关联，同时亦反映其分解过程中各自的酶促特性．

Study of dual-directional regulatory effect of Banxia （Pinellia ternata） and Huanglian （Coptis chinensis） drug pair on gastrointestinal movement of mice

摘要目的：观察半夏-黄连药对对功能性消化不良小鼠胃肠运动的调节作用.方法：采用三种不同配比的半夏-黄连药液（1：1,3：1,4：1）予昆明种雄性小鼠灌胃.10天后用阿托品腹腔注射法复制胃肠运动抑制模型,新斯的明腹腔注射法复制胃肠运动亢进模型,并且检测其小肠推进率.此外,使用与第一个实验相同的建模方法,对半夏-黄连3：1配比组设立高、中、低三种剂量浓度（4.68g/L,2.34g/L和1.17g/L）.运用酶联免疫吸附试验检测小肠组织内胃肠激素如胃泌素、血管活性肠肽和生长抑素的含量.结果：在新斯的明诱导的胃肠运动亢进模型中,3种不同配比的半夏-黄连药液（1：1,3：1,4：1）均能显著降低小鼠的小肠推进率（P=0.003,P=0.012,P=0.021）;在阿托品诱导的胃肠运动抑制模型组中,仅3：1配比的半夏-黄连药液能显著增加模型小鼠的小肠推进率.在新斯的明诱导的胃肠运动亢进模型中,半夏-黄连药液低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组的胃泌素水平均低于模型组（P=0.001,P=0.004,P=0.003）.半夏-黄连药液中剂量组和高剂量组的血管活性肠肽水平均高于模型组（P=0.004,P=0.002）.半夏-黄连药液中剂量组的生长抑素水平高于模型组（P=0.002）;在阿托品诱导的胃肠运动抑制模型中,半夏-黄连药液中剂量组和高剂量组的胃泌素水平均高于模型组（P=0.007,P=0.021）.半夏-黄连药液低剂量组,中剂量组和高剂量组的血管活性肠肽水平均高于模型组（P=0.001,P=0.001,P=0.001）.半夏-黄连药液中剂量组的生长抑素水平低于模型组（P=0.001和P=0.006）.结论：半夏-黄连可以通过影响小肠组织内的胃泌素、血管活性肠肽和生长抑素的水平来双向调节由阿托品及新斯诱导的小鼠功能性消化不良.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of the social structure of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins(Sousa chinensis)in Xiamen waters from 2007 to 2019

As highly social animals,Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins(Sousa chinensis)exhibit community differentiation.Nevertheless,our understanding of the external and internal factors influencing these dynamics,as well as their spatiotemporal variations,is still limited.In the present study,variations in the social structure of an endangered Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin population in Xiamen Bay,China,were monitored over two distinct periods(2007–2010 and 2017–2019)to analyze the effects of habitat utilization and the composition of individuals within the population.In both periods,the population demonstrated a strikingly similar pattern of social differentiation,characterized by the division of individuals into two main clusters and one small cluster.Spatially,the two primary clusters occupied the eastern and western waters,respectively,although the core distribution area of the eastern cluster shifted further eastward between the two periods.Despite this distribution shift,the temporal stability of the social structure and inter-associations within the eastern cluster remained unaffected.A subset of 16individuals observed in both periods,comprising 51.6%and 43.2%of the population in each respective period,emerged as a foundational element of the social structure and may be responsible for sustaining social structure stability,especially during the 2007–2010 period.These observations suggest that the composition of dominant individuals,an internal factor,had a more substantial influence on the formation of the social network than changes in habitat use,an external factor.Consequently,the study proposes distinct conservation measures tailored to each of the two main clusters.

Parent-offspring relationship recognition based on SSR and mtDNA confirmed resource supplement effect of Fenneropenaeus chinensis release

The resource of Fenneropenaeus chinensis has declined sharply due to excessive fishing intensity,ecological changes and diseases.In order to supplement the fishing yield and restore resources of F.chinensis,the relevant authorities have carried out the activities of stock enhancement and releasing.It can increase biomass and recover resources.However,compared with increasing biomass,there were still few reports on its effect on the recovery of resources.Resource recovery is a process related to whether the released individuals can form a reproductive population.Up to now,there has been a lack of evidence whether the released F.chinensis can complete the entire life history,and form reproduction population.In this study,gravid female shrimp after spawning migration were captured from coastal waters of Haiyang,Qingdao,and Yellow Sea.After identifying parentage relationships using simple sequence repeat(SSR)and mtDNA haplotype,it was finally confirmed that there were eight released individuals in the recapture samples.It was confirmed for the first time that at least part of the released F.chinensis can complete overwintering and reproductive migration,and maintain the migration habits as their wild counterparts.Therefore,we infered that the released shrimp can reproduce under natural conditions,these F.chinensis can form reproductive populations theoretically if without human intervention.These results indicated that enhancenment and release activities have a positive effect on resource recovery.

Allotetraploidization event of Coptis chinensis shared by all Ranunculales

Coptis chinensis Franch.,also named Chinese goldthread is a member of Ranunculaceae in the order Ranunculales and represents an important lineage of early eudicots with traditional medicinal value.In our study,by using syntenic analysis combined with phylogenomic analysis of C.chinensis and four other representative genomes from basal and core eudicots,we confirmed that the WGD event in C.chinensis was shared by Aquilegia coerulea and Papaver somniferum L.and quickly occurred after Ranunculales diverged from other eudicots,likely a Ranunculales common tetraploidization(RCT).The synonymous nucleotide substitutions at synonymous sites distribution of syntenic blocks across these genomes showed that the evolutionary rate of the P.somniferum genome is faster than that of the C.chinensis genome by approximately 13.7%,possibly due to Papaveraceaes having an additional special tetraploidization event(PST).After Ks correction,the RCT dated to 115—130 million years ago(MYA),which was close to the divergence of Ranunculaceaes and Papaveraceaes approximately115.45—130.51 MYA.Moreover,we identified homologous genes related to polyploidization and speciation and constructed multiple sequence alignments with different reference genomes.Notably,the event-related subgenomes in the basal genomes all showed genomic fractionation bias,suggesting a likely allopolyploid nature of the RCT,PST and T-Alpha and T-Beta events in Tetracentron sinense.In addition,we detected that the sixteen P450 subfamilies were markedly expanded in the genomes of Ranunculales,and most of them were related to the RCT and PST events.We constructed a new platform for Early Eudicot Comparative Genomic Research(http://www.cgrpoee.top/index.html)to store more information.In summary,our findings support the WGD of C.chinensis shared by Ranunculales,which is likely an allotetraploidization event.This present effort offered new insights into the evolution of key polyploidization events and the genes related to secondary metabolites during the diversification of early eudicots.