《今日汉语》(El Chino de Hoy)教材在西班牙语国家的汉语教学中占有十分重要的地位。文化项目是对外汉语教材的重要组成部分,文化内容在二语学习中占有重要的地位。本文对该教材的文化项目进行分类,在此基础上,分析子文化项目和文化项...《今日汉语》(El Chino de Hoy)教材在西班牙语国家的汉语教学中占有十分重要的地位。文化项目是对外汉语教材的重要组成部分,文化内容在二语学习中占有重要的地位。本文对该教材的文化项目进行分类,在此基础上,分析子文化项目和文化项目群在三册教材中的分布情况,并提出建议。展开更多
Restoring natural forests after field abandon- ment is a land management objective that fosters the re- covery of forest biodiversity. We performed seeding and transplanting of native tree species 40 years after the a...Restoring natural forests after field abandon- ment is a land management objective that fosters the re- covery of forest biodiversity. We performed seeding and transplanting of native tree species 40 years after the abandonment of an arable field that became dominated by a dwarf bamboo （Pleioblastus chino （Franch. et Sav.） Makino） and by kudzu （Pueraria lobata （Willd.） Ohwi）. By permutation tests, the removal of competing vegetation （gap creation） significantly increased the survival of three seeded species of Fagaceae and of eight transplanted spe- cies. In contrast, intact vegetation prevented most indi- viduals of all species from surviving for 1 year after planting. The lack of natural recruitment of Fagaceae in the nonseeded subplots indicated that seed limitation was a cause of the slow afforestation. Although litter accumula- tion in gaps at the time of seeding slightly increased sur- vival for late-germinating Quercus myrsinifolia Blume andCastanopsis sieboldii （Makino） Hatus. ex T. Yamaz. et Mashiba, the effect was not consistent among plots and was not statistically significant. Our results suggest that for successful afforestation using native trees in abandoned fields, it will be necessary to remove competitive native species to avoid severe limitations on microsite availability and that simultaneous tree establishment by seeding or transplanting should be implemented to accelerate the establishment of native tree species.展开更多
随着汉语教学工作在海外的蓬勃开展,对符合当地教学环境的汉语本土教材的需求也与日俱增。编写团队通过在西班牙各孔子学院的教学实践和实地调查,发现现有的初级汉语教材存在以下问题:教材体系不符合当地汉语课程设置情况;很难顺利达到...随着汉语教学工作在海外的蓬勃开展,对符合当地教学环境的汉语本土教材的需求也与日俱增。编写团队通过在西班牙各孔子学院的教学实践和实地调查,发现现有的初级汉语教材存在以下问题:教材体系不符合当地汉语课程设置情况;很难顺利达到预期的教学目标;学习者难以用书本中的词语表达日常生活情景。另外,大部分教材仅限于中英文对照版本,对在西班牙本土和以西班牙语为母语的初级汉语成人业余学习者来说,现有教材存在语言理解困难,对西语学习者针对性不强,缺乏趣味性等问题。在孔子学院总部/国家汉办教学与资源处的指导和资助下,莱昂孔院中外联合编写团队经过近4年的探索、编写、实践及修订,自主研发了一套本土化初级汉语教材《汉语之路CAMINO AL CHINO》,作为非学历成人教育的主要汉语课堂用书。文章从教材编写背景、本土化教材编写理念、本土化的贯彻落实等方面对该套教材的目标、特点及内容进行具体分析,以期对西班牙本土初级汉语教材的编写提供参考和建议。展开更多
Aims Faunal assemblage alterations due to anthropogenic impacts have changed herbivore-vegetation relationships in various ecosystems,but the influences of small vertebrates on revegetation processes remain unclear.In...Aims Faunal assemblage alterations due to anthropogenic impacts have changed herbivore-vegetation relationships in various ecosystems,but the influences of small vertebrates on revegetation processes remain unclear.In a peri-urban agricultural landscape in eastern Japan that lacks large ungulates but supports small generalist herbivores,fewer native seedlings have become established in thickets dominated by native dwarf bamboo,Pleioblastus chino(Franch.et Sav.)Makino.The mechanisms limiting tree seedling establishment are unknown.Our aim here was to evaluate the influence of interactions among the dwarf bamboo,its litter cover and small vertebrate herbivores on the micro-site conditions governing the establishment of native tree seedlings from different successional stages in an old field in temperate Japan.Methods First,seedling emergence and survival of seeded Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zucc.,Celtis sinensis Pers.,Aphananthe aspera(Thunb.)Planch.,Quercus serrata Murray,Quercus myrsinifolia Blume and Castanopsis sieboldii(Makino)Hatus.ex T.Yamaz.et Mashiba were observed in a factorial design that accounted for the presence or absence of dwarf bamboo and its litter cover,as well as the exclu-sion or access of small vertebrate fauna,in 2009 and 2010.To identify small vertebrate herbivores that reduced the emergence or survival of tree seedlings in the first experiment,reseeding experi-ments using P.densiflora,C.sinensis,A.aspera and Q.myrsinifolia were conducted by video trapping in 2011 and video and still-cam-era trapping in 2012.Important Findings The abiotic conditions under the dwarf bamboo were lethal to early-to mid-successional P.densiflora,C.sinensis,A.aspera and Q.serrata but led to better survival-although spindly growth-of late-succes-sional Q.myrsinifolia and C.sieboldii.The main consumers and the plants they found palatable differed between the bamboo thickets and the intervening gaps.Predation by mice appeared to have severely limited the emergence of all species,particularly in the bamboo thick-ets but occasionally in the gaps,whereas litter cover slightly mitigated this limitation.However,bamboo litter cover reduced the emergence of P.densiflora in the gaps.Chinese bamboo partridge(Bambusicola thoracicus Temminck),an introduced game bird,selectively and severely fed on the cotyledons-and probably seeds-of A.aspera and moderately preyed upon those of P.densiflora in the gaps.Apparent consumption of seedlings in the gaps by the Japanese hare(Lepus brachyurus Temminck)suppressed the growth of all species but apparently did not severely affect emergence and survival.Thus,the net balance of positive and negative interactions at the bamboo thicket scale(i.e.the presence of dominant dwarf bamboo cover or intervening gaps and the herbivore behaviours in these two environments)and at the microsite level(i.e.litter cover)shapes the early establishment patterns of native tree seedlings,and this balance differs among tree seedling species.展开更多
文摘Restoring natural forests after field abandon- ment is a land management objective that fosters the re- covery of forest biodiversity. We performed seeding and transplanting of native tree species 40 years after the abandonment of an arable field that became dominated by a dwarf bamboo （Pleioblastus chino （Franch. et Sav.） Makino） and by kudzu （Pueraria lobata （Willd.） Ohwi）. By permutation tests, the removal of competing vegetation （gap creation） significantly increased the survival of three seeded species of Fagaceae and of eight transplanted spe- cies. In contrast, intact vegetation prevented most indi- viduals of all species from surviving for 1 year after planting. The lack of natural recruitment of Fagaceae in the nonseeded subplots indicated that seed limitation was a cause of the slow afforestation. Although litter accumula- tion in gaps at the time of seeding slightly increased sur- vival for late-germinating Quercus myrsinifolia Blume andCastanopsis sieboldii （Makino） Hatus. ex T. Yamaz. et Mashiba, the effect was not consistent among plots and was not statistically significant. Our results suggest that for successful afforestation using native trees in abandoned fields, it will be necessary to remove competitive native species to avoid severe limitations on microsite availability and that simultaneous tree establishment by seeding or transplanting should be implemented to accelerate the establishment of native tree species.
文摘随着汉语教学工作在海外的蓬勃开展,对符合当地教学环境的汉语本土教材的需求也与日俱增。编写团队通过在西班牙各孔子学院的教学实践和实地调查,发现现有的初级汉语教材存在以下问题:教材体系不符合当地汉语课程设置情况;很难顺利达到预期的教学目标;学习者难以用书本中的词语表达日常生活情景。另外,大部分教材仅限于中英文对照版本,对在西班牙本土和以西班牙语为母语的初级汉语成人业余学习者来说,现有教材存在语言理解困难,对西语学习者针对性不强,缺乏趣味性等问题。在孔子学院总部/国家汉办教学与资源处的指导和资助下,莱昂孔院中外联合编写团队经过近4年的探索、编写、实践及修订,自主研发了一套本土化初级汉语教材《汉语之路CAMINO AL CHINO》,作为非学历成人教育的主要汉语课堂用书。文章从教材编写背景、本土化教材编写理念、本土化的贯彻落实等方面对该套教材的目标、特点及内容进行具体分析,以期对西班牙本土初级汉语教材的编写提供参考和建议。
文摘Aims Faunal assemblage alterations due to anthropogenic impacts have changed herbivore-vegetation relationships in various ecosystems,but the influences of small vertebrates on revegetation processes remain unclear.In a peri-urban agricultural landscape in eastern Japan that lacks large ungulates but supports small generalist herbivores,fewer native seedlings have become established in thickets dominated by native dwarf bamboo,Pleioblastus chino(Franch.et Sav.)Makino.The mechanisms limiting tree seedling establishment are unknown.Our aim here was to evaluate the influence of interactions among the dwarf bamboo,its litter cover and small vertebrate herbivores on the micro-site conditions governing the establishment of native tree seedlings from different successional stages in an old field in temperate Japan.Methods First,seedling emergence and survival of seeded Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zucc.,Celtis sinensis Pers.,Aphananthe aspera(Thunb.)Planch.,Quercus serrata Murray,Quercus myrsinifolia Blume and Castanopsis sieboldii(Makino)Hatus.ex T.Yamaz.et Mashiba were observed in a factorial design that accounted for the presence or absence of dwarf bamboo and its litter cover,as well as the exclu-sion or access of small vertebrate fauna,in 2009 and 2010.To identify small vertebrate herbivores that reduced the emergence or survival of tree seedlings in the first experiment,reseeding experi-ments using P.densiflora,C.sinensis,A.aspera and Q.myrsinifolia were conducted by video trapping in 2011 and video and still-cam-era trapping in 2012.Important Findings The abiotic conditions under the dwarf bamboo were lethal to early-to mid-successional P.densiflora,C.sinensis,A.aspera and Q.serrata but led to better survival-although spindly growth-of late-succes-sional Q.myrsinifolia and C.sieboldii.The main consumers and the plants they found palatable differed between the bamboo thickets and the intervening gaps.Predation by mice appeared to have severely limited the emergence of all species,particularly in the bamboo thick-ets but occasionally in the gaps,whereas litter cover slightly mitigated this limitation.However,bamboo litter cover reduced the emergence of P.densiflora in the gaps.Chinese bamboo partridge(Bambusicola thoracicus Temminck),an introduced game bird,selectively and severely fed on the cotyledons-and probably seeds-of A.aspera and moderately preyed upon those of P.densiflora in the gaps.Apparent consumption of seedlings in the gaps by the Japanese hare(Lepus brachyurus Temminck)suppressed the growth of all species but apparently did not severely affect emergence and survival.Thus,the net balance of positive and negative interactions at the bamboo thicket scale(i.e.the presence of dominant dwarf bamboo cover or intervening gaps and the herbivore behaviours in these two environments)and at the microsite level(i.e.litter cover)shapes the early establishment patterns of native tree seedlings,and this balance differs among tree seedling species.
