In vitro corrosion resistance and antibacterial properties of layer-by-layer assembled chitosan/poly-L-glutamic acid coating on AZ31 magnesium alloys

Surface functionalization of magnesium(Mg)alloys is desired to obtain the surfaces with both improved corrosion resistance and antibacterial property.A corrosion-resistant and antimicrobial coating was prepared on Mg alloy surface by layer-by-layer(LbL)assembly of chitosan(CHI)and poly-L-glutamic acid(PGA)by electrostatic attraction.The functionalized surfaces of the Mg alloys were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR)spectroscopy and electrochemical tests.The bactericidal activity of the samples against Staphylococcus aureus was assessed by the zone of plate-counting method.The obtained coating on the Mg alloy substrates exhibits good corrosion resistance and antibacterial performance.

Development and assessment of a multifunctional chitosan-based coating applied on AZ31 magnesium alloy: Corrosion resistance and antibacterial performance against Klebsiella Pneumoniae

This work presents a simple method to functionalise the surface of AZ31 magnesium alloy by applying a duplex MgF_(2)/chitosan coating,which improves its corrosion resistance and provides it with some antibacterial performance.First,the effect of three chitosan solutions with different concentrations on the growth of the bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae in nutritive medium(TSB)was evaluated by absorbance kinetics experiments,where the chitosan solution at 2%(m/V)was selected for the coating preparation.Before coating application,the AZ31 substrate was pretreated with hydrofluoric acid for 48 hours in order to form a MgF_(2)conversion layer.Subsequently,the coating was applied to the pretreated substrate through the dry-casting method.Samples of the alloy in each surface condition(bare,pretreated,and pretreated+coated with chitosan)were exposed to simulated body fluid(SBF)for 21 days at 37°C,with the solution renewed every 24 hours and the wastes stored.The surfaces were characterised by SEM-EDS,and XPS after the immersion tests,whereas the stored solutions were employed to measure the change in the Mg-ions concentration.Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarisation were performed in each surface condition to compare their corrosion resistance in SBF.The antibacterial activity of the functionalised surfaces was evaluated by the plate counting method and compared with bare samples.All results were correlated and demonstrate that the modified surface of AZ31 achieved a higher corrosion resistance when it was exposed to SBF,as well as a reduction of the bacterial growth during in vitro tests.

Microstructure and Wear/corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel Laser-alloyed with Mn+W_(2)C, Mn+NiWC and Mn+SiC

In-situ formed high Mn steel coating reinforced by carbides was formed by laser surface alloying(LSA).Laser alloyed layers on 1Cr18Ni9Ti steel with Mn+W_(2)C(specimen A),Mn+NiWC(specimen B)and Mn+SiC(specimen C)powders were fabricated to improve the wear and corrosion behavior of 1Cr18Ni9Ti steel blades in high speed mixers.Microstructure evolution,phases,element distribution,microhardness,wear and corrosion behavior of the laser alloyed layers were investigated.Results indicated that high Mn steel matrix composites with undissolved W_(2)C,WC and other in-situ formed carbides were formed by LSA with Mn+W_(2)C and Mn+NiWC while SiC totally dissolved into the high Mn matrix when adding Mn+SiC.Ni as the binding phase in Ni-WC powder decreased the crack sensitivity of the alloyed layer as compared with the addition of W_(2)C powder.An improvement in average microhardness was achieved in the matrix in specimen A,B and C,with the value of 615,602 and 277 HV_(0.5),while that of the substrate was 212 HV_(0.5).The increase of microhardness,wear and corrosion resistance is highly corelated to microstructure,formed phases,type and content of carbides,micro-hardness and toughness of the alloyed layers.

Corrosion resistance and antibacterial properties of Ti−3Cu alloy prepared by selective laser melting

The corrosion resistance and antibacterial properties of Ti−3Cu alloy prepared by selective laser melting were evaluated using electrochemical experiments and a variety of antibacterial characterization.It is found that the charge transfer resistance of Ti−3Cu alloy was 4.89×10^(5)Ω∙cm^(2),which was doubled the data obtained by CP-Ti alloy.The antibacterial rates of Ti−3Cu alloy against S.mutans and P.gingivalis were 45.0%and 54.5%.And the antibacterial rates increased with the prolongation of cultivation time,reaching up to 62.8%and 68.6%,respectively.The in-situ nano Ti_(2)Cu precipitates were homogeneously distributed in the matrix of the Ti−3Cu alloy,which was the key reason of increasing the corrosion resistance.Additionally,the microscale electric fields between theα-Ti matrix and the Ti_(2)Cu was responsible for the enhancement of the antibacterial properties.

Construction of attapulgite-based one-dimensional nanonetwork composites with corrosion resistance for high-efficiency microwave absorption

Exploring high-efficiency and broadband microwave absorption(MA)materials with corrosion resistance and low cost is ur-gently needed for wide practical applications.Herein,the natural porous attapulgite(ATP)nanorods embedded with TiO_(2)and polyaniline(PANI)nanoparticles are synthesized via heterogeneous precipitation and in-situ polymerization.The obtained PANI-TiO_(2)-ATP one-di-mensional(1D)nanostructures can intertwine into three-dimensional(3D)conductive network,which favors energy dissipation.The min-imum reflection loss(RL_(min))of the PANI-TiO_(2)-ATP coating(20wt%)reaches-49.36 dB at 9.53 GHz,and the effective absorption band-width(EAB)can reach 6.53 GHz with a thickness of 2.1 mm.The excellent MA properties are attributed to interfacial polarization,mul-tiple loss mechanisms,and good impedance matching induced by the synergistic effect of PANI-TiO_(2)nanoparticle shells and ATP nanor-ods.In addition,salt spray and Tafel polarization curve tests reveal that the PANI-TiO_(2)-ATP coating shows outstanding corrosion resist-ance performance.This study provides a low-cost and high-efficiency strategy for constructing 1D nanonetwork composites for MA and corrosion resistance applications using natural porous ATP nanorods as carriers.

Improving corrosion resistance of additively manufactured WE43 magnesium alloy by high temperature oxidation for biodegradable applications

Laser powder bed fusion(L-PBF)has been employed to additively manufacture WE43 magnesium(Mg)alloy biodegradable implants,but WE43 L-PBF samples exhibit excessively rapid corrosion.In this work,dense WE43 L-PBF samples were built with the relativity density reaching 99.9%.High temperature oxidation was performed on the L-PBF samples in circulating air via various heating temperatures and holding durations.The oxidation and diffusion at the elevated temperature generated a gradient structure composed of an oxide layer at the surface,a transition layer in the middle and the matrix.The oxide layer consisted of rare earth(RE)oxides,and became dense and thick with increasing the holding duration.The matrix was composed ofα-Mg,RE oxides and Mg_(24)RE_(5) precipitates.The precipitates almost disappeared in the transition layer.Enhanced passivation effect was observed in the samples treated by a suitable high temperature oxidation.The original L-PBF samples lost 40%weight after 3-day immersion in Hank’s solution,and broke into fragments after 7-day immersion.The casted and solution treated samples lost roughly half of the weight after 28-day immersion.The high temperature oxidation samples,which were heated at 525℃ for 8 h,kept the structural integrity,and lost only 6.88%weight after 28-day immersion.The substantially improved corrosion resistance was contributed to the gradient structure at the surface.On one hand,the outmost dense layer of RE oxides isolated the corrosive medium;on the other hand,the transition layer considerably inhibited the corrosion owing to the lack of precipitates.Overall,high temperature oxidation provides an efficient,economic and safe approach to inhibit the corrosion of WE43 L-PBF samples,and has promising prospects for future clinical applications.

Enhancing corrosion resistance of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on AM50 Mg alloy by inhibitor containing Ba(NO_(3))_(2) solutions

To enhance the long-term corrosion resistance of the plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)coating on the magnesium(Mg)alloy,an inorganic salt combined with corrosion inhibitors was used for posttreatment of the coating.In this study,the corrosion performance of PEO-coated AM50 Mg was significantly improved by loading sodium lauryl sulfonate(SDS)and sodium dodecyl benzene sulf-onate into Ba(NO_(3))_(2) post-sealing solutions.Scanning electron microscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction,Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,and ultraviolet-visible analyses showed that the inhibitors enhanced the incorporation of BaO_(2) into PEO coatings.Electrochemical impedance showed that post-sealing in Ba(NO_(3))_(2)/SDS treatment enhanced corrosion resistance by three orders of magnitude.The total impedance value remained at 926Ω·cm^(2)after immersing in a 0.5wt%NaCl solution for 768 h.A salt spray test for 40 days did not show any obvious region of corrosion,proving excellent post-sealing by Ba(NO_(3))_(2)/SDS treatment.The corrosion resistance of the coating was enhanced through the synergistic effect of BaO2 pore sealing and SDS adsorption.

Effect of In doping on the evolution of microstructure,magnetic properties and corrosion resistance of NdFeB magnets

The grain boundary phase affects the magnetic properties and corrosion resistance of sintered NdFeB magnets.In this work,a small amount of In was added to NdFeB magnets by induction melting to systematically investigate its effect on the evolution of the microstructure,magnetic properties and corrosion resistance of NdFeB magnets.Microstructural analysis illustrated that minor In addition generated more grain boundary phases and an abundant amorphous phase at the triple-junction grain boundary.While the addition of In failed to enhance the magnetic isolation effect between adjacent matrix grains,its incorporation fortuitously elevated the electrochemical potential of the In-containing magnets.Besides,during corrosion,an In-rich precipitate phase formed,hindering the ingress of the corrosive medium into the magnet.Consequently,this significantly bolstered the corrosion resistance of the sintered NdFeB magnets.The phase formation,magnetic properties and corrosion resistance of In-doped NdFeB magnets are detailed in this work,which provides new prospects for the preparation of high-performance sintered NdFeB magnets.

Micro-alloying of Zn and Ca in vacuum induction casted bioresorbable Mg system:Perspectives on corrosion resistance,cytocompatibility,and inflammatory response

There is an increasing interest in biodegradable materials,such as magnesium,for orthopaedic implants.This is driven by their potential to address challenges like stress shielding and the need for secondary removal surgery.In this study,biodegradable magnesium alloys were produced using the Vacuum Induction Casting technique.The impact of micro-alloying Zn and Ca in Mg-xZn-0.2Ca(x=0.1,0.2,0.3,and 0.4 wt%)alloys on corrosion resistance,cytocompatibility,and early-stage inflammatory response was investigated.XRD and SEM-EDS analysis confirmed the presence of Ca_(2)Mg_(6)Zn_(3)secondary phases in all alloys.The Mg-0.3Zn-0.2Ca alloy exhibited the lowest corrosion rate and an elastic modulus of 36.8 GPa,resembling that of natural bone.Electrochemical measurements indicated a correlation between grain size and secondary phase volume fraction in explaining corrosion behaviour.In vitro degradation in simulated body fluid(SBF)for 21 days showed hydroxyapatite formation on alloy surfaces,aligning with electrochemical studies.In vitro cytotoxicity tests demonstrated the cytocompatibility of all alloys,with Mg-0.3Zn-0.2Ca having the highest cell viability over a 6-day cell culture.Investigation into the inflammatory response with RAW-Blue macrophages revealed the anti-inflammatory properties of Mg-0.3Zn-0.2Ca alloys.Micro-alloying with 0.3 wt%Zn and 0.2 wt%Ca enhanced mechanical properties,corrosion resistance,cytocompatibility,and immunomodulatory properties.This positions the Mg-0.3Zn-0.2Ca alloy as a promising biodegradable implant for bone fixation applications.

Improvement in corrosion resistance of Mg_(97)Zn_(1)Y_(2)alloy by Zr addition

Magnesium alloys,known for their exceptional lightweight properties,have presented challenges in various applications due to their limited corrosion resistance.In this study,the corrosion resistance of Mg_(97)Zn_(1)Y_(2)magnesium alloys was enhanced by incorporating Zr elements into the Mg_(97)Zn_(1)Y_(2)matrix,which is distinguished by long periodic stacking ordered(LPSO)phases.Results show that Mg_(97)Zn_(1)Y_(2)-xwt.%Zr(x=0,0.1,0.3,0.6)alloys containing Zr exhibit reduced hydrogen evolution rates and decreased corrosion levels compared with that without Zr,when immersed in a 3.5wt.%NaCl solution.Addition of 0.3wt.%Zr results in the most significant improvement,with a corrosion rate as low as 2.261 mL·cm^(-2),representing an 86%reduction from 16.438 mL·cm^(-2)of the base alloy.Furthermore,alloys with Zr additions demonstrate a more positive corrosion potential and lower corrosion current density than does the matrix alloy(64.92μA·cm^(-2)).The lowest corrosion current density,21.61μA·cm^(-2),occurs with the addition of 0.3wt.%Zr.The introduction of Zr induces a change in the microstructure of the LPSO phases,increasing the charge transfer resistance within the alloy and thus effectively improving its corrosion resistance.

GPa-level pressure-induced enhanced corrosion resistance in TiZrTaNbSn biomedical high-entropy alloy

TiZrTaNb-based high-entropy alloys(HEAs)are research frontier of biomedical materials due to their high hardness,good yield strength,excellent wear resistance and corrosion resistance.Sn,as an essential trace element in the human body that plays a significant role in physiological process.It has stable chemical properties and a low elastic modulus.In this study,a new material,TiZrTaNbSn HEAs,was proposed as a potential biomedical alloy.The Ti_(35)Zr_(25)Ta_(15)Nb_(15)Sn_(10)biomedical high-entropy alloys(BHEAs)were successfully prepared through an arc melting furnace and then remelted using a German high-temperature and high-pressure apparatus under GPa-level(4 GPa and 7 GPa).The precipitation behavior of the needle-like HCP-Zr_(5)Sn_(3)phase that precipitates discontinuously at the grain boundary was successfully controlled.The phase constitution,microstructure,and corrosion resistance of the alloy were studied.The results show that the needle-like HCP-Zr_(5)Sn_(3)phase is eliminated and the(Zr,Sn)-rich nano-precipitated phase is precipitated in the microstructure under high pressure,which leads to the narrowing of grain boundaries and consequently improves the corrosion resistance of the alloy.In addition,the formation mechanisms of(Zr,Sn)-rich nanoprecipitates in BHEAs were discussed.More Zr and Sn dissolve in the matrix due to the effect of high pressure,during the cooling process,they precipitate to form a(Zr,Sn)-rich nano-precipitated phase.

Enhanced corrosion resistance of epoxy resin coating via addition of CeO_(2) and benzotriazole

The use of fillers to enhance the corrosion protection of epoxy resins has been widely applied.In this work,cerium dioxide(CeO_(2))and benzotriazole(BTA)were introduced into an epoxy resin to enhance the corrosion resistance of Q235 carbon steel.Scanning electron microscopy results indicated that the CeO_(2) grains were rod-like and ellipsoidal in shape,and the distribution pattern of BTA was analyzed by energy dispersive spectroscope.The dynamic potential polarization curve proved the excellent corrosion resistance of the composite epoxy resin with CeO_(2) and BTA co-addition,and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test analysis indicated the significantly enhanced long-term corrosion protection performance of the composite coating.And the optimal protective performance was provided by the coating containing 0.3%(mass)CeO_(2) and 20%(mass)BTA,which was attributed to the barrier performance of CeO_(2) particles and the chemical barrier effect of BTA.The formation of corrosion products was analyzed using X-ray diffraction.In addition,the corrosion resistance mechanism of the coating was also discussed in detail.

Evolution of mechanical properties,localized corrosion resistance and microstructure of a high purity Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy during non-isothermal aging

The evolution of mechanical properties,localized corrosion resistance of a high purity Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy during non-isothermal aging(NIA)was investigated by hardness test,electrical conductivity test,tensile test,intergranular corrosion test,exfoliation corrosion test,slow strain rate tensile test and electrochemical test,and the mechanism has been discussed based on microstructure examination by optical microscopy,electron back scattered diffraction,scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy.The NIA treatment includes a heating stage from 40℃to 180℃with a rate of 20℃/h and a cooling stage from 180℃to 40℃with a rate of 10℃/h.The results show that the hardness and strength increase rapidly during the heating stage of NIA since the increasing temperature favors the nucleation and the growth of strengthening precipitates and promotes the transformation of Guinier-Preston(GPI)zones toη'phase.During the cooling stage,the sizes ofη'phase increase with a little change in the number density,leading to a further slight increase of the hardness and strength.As NIA proceeds,the corroded morphology in the alloy changes from a layering feature to a wavy feature,the maximum corrosion depth decreases,and the reason has been analyzed based on the microstructural and microchemical feature of precipitates at grain boundaries and subgrain boundaries.

Improvement of corrosion resistance of PEO coated dissimilar Ti/Mg0.6Ca couple

With the growing demand for weight reduction,the application of joint lightweight structural materials is increasing.Magnesium alloys feature low density,high specific strength and good formability,offering significant advantages for fuel efficiency and load capacity.Combined with Ti,a dissimilar Ti/Mg composite material provides great flexibility combining the properties of each material.However,because of the great differences in chemical and electrochemical properties between Mg and Ti,it is imperative to address the galvanic corrosion problem of such dissimilar Ti/Mg components.This work presents an investigation of the PEO processing of sintered Ti/Mg0.6Ca couples,aiming to improve the corrosion resistance of such dissimilar alloy combinations using a phosphate-aluminate electrolyte.The results show that uniform and continuous coatings can be formed on the dissimilar Ti/Mg0.6Ca couple.The coating mainly contains MgO and MgAl_(2)O_(4)on the Mg0.6Ca side,and Al_(2)TiO_(5)is the dominant phase on the Ti side.The work also took advantage of synchrotron X-ray computed tomography(CT)scanning to achieve 3D reconstruction of the coating morphology,which can be a fast method to assess the porosity and compactness of the coating and further predict the coating corrosion resistance.The coating effectively improved the corrosion resistance of the dissimilar Ti/Mg0.6Ca couple.

Effect of Mo substitution of Fe on strength and corrosion resistance of AlCoCrFe_(1−x)NiMo_(x) high-entropy alloys

A series of AlCoCrFe_(1−x)NiMo_(x)high-entropy alloys(HEAs)were fabricated and characterized by XRD,SEM,EDS mapping,compression test,hardness and electrochemistry measurements.The research results indicate that after Mo completely replaces Fe,the compressive strength of the alloys can reach 3181 MPa because the addition of Mo can formσphase beneficial to the grain refinement,thereby improving the strength of the alloys.However,the addition of Mo has a detrimental effect on corrosion resistance as a result of formation of galvanic cell between the substrate andσphases.Although most of AlCoCrFe_(1−x)NiMo_(x)have lower corrosion current densities than pristine alloy,a partial Mo substitution(x=0.25)widens the passivation region of HEAs.The inconsistency of mechanical properties with corrosion resistance is ascribed to different roles of Mo in phase formation and protection of passive film.

First Principles Calculations for Corrosion in Mg-Li-Al Alloys with Focus on Corrosion Resistance: A Comprehensive Review

This comprehensive review examines the structural,mechanical,electronic,and thermodynamic properties of Mg-Li-Al alloys,focusing on their corrosion resistance and mechanical performance enhancement.Utilizing first-principles calculations based on Density Functional Theory(DFT)and the quasi-harmonic approximation(QHA),the combined properties of the Mg-Li-Al phase are explored,revealing superior incompressibility,shear resistance,and stiffness compared to individual elements.The review highlights the brittleness of the alloy,supported by B/G ratios,Cauchy pressures,and Poisson’s ratios.Electronic structure analysis shows metallic behavior with varied covalent bonding characteristics,while Mulliken population analysis emphasizes significant electron transfer within the alloy.This paper also studied thermodynamic properties,including Debye temperature,heat capacity,enthalpy,free energy,and entropy,which are precisely examined,highlighting the Mg-Li-Al phase sensitive to thermal conductivity and thermal performance potential.Phonon density of states(PHDOS)confirms dynamic stability,while anisotropic sound velocities reveal elastic anisotropies.This comprehensive review not only consolidates the current understanding of the Mg-Li-Al alloy’s properties but also proposes innovative strategies for enhancing corrosion resistance.Among these strategies is the introduction of a corrosion barrier akin to the Mg-Li-Al network,which holds promise for advancing both the applications and performance of these alloys.This review serves as a crucial foundation for future research aimed at optimizing alloy design and processing methods.

Effect of low concentration electrolytes on the formation and corrosion resistance of PEO coatings on AM50 magnesium alloy

In this paper,the formation process,morphology,and electrochemical performance of PEO coatings on AM50 magnesium alloy prepared in low concentration phosphate,aluminate,and phosphate-aluminate electrolytes were systematically studied.The results show that the coatings prepared from the phosphate electrolytes have a higher thickness and better corrosion resistance properties compared to the other electrolytes.The coatings prepared from low concentration phosphate-aluminate mixed electrolytes have slightly thinner thickness,a similar coating structure and an order of magnitude lower value of electrochemical impedance compared with phosphate electrolyte coatings.The Coatings prepared from low concentration aluminate electrolytes have the lowest thickness and the worst corrosion resistance properties which gets close to corrosion behavior of the bare AM50 under the same test conditions.Considering application,coatings prepared from single low concentration phosphate electrolytes and low concentration phosphate-aluminate electrolytes have greater potential than single low concentration aluminate coatings.However,reducing the electrolyte concentrations of coating forming ions too much has negative influence on the coating growth rate.

Evaluation of capabilities of ultrasonic energy on failure load and corrosion resistance of friction stir lap welded Al-steel joints

The lap joints of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy/Q235 steel were prepared by conventional friction stir welding and ultrasonic vibration enhanced friction stir welding.Firstly,the effect of ultrasonic vibration on the microstructure and properties of joints was analyzed,and then the optimization mechanism of ultrasonic vibration on failure load and corrosion resistance of joints was elucidated.The results indicated that ultrasonic vibration could significantly improve the quality of weld formation,expand the width of interface zone,change the shape of the“hook”structure,form a macro mechanical interlock at the joint interface,and effectively refine the grain structure on the steel side.In terms of the microstructure of the joints,additional ultrasonic energy can change the microstructure characteristics at the interface,and can improve the distribution characteristics of precipitates in the weld nugget zone,significantly reducing the number of intermetallic compounds generated across the interface of the retreating side and forming micro mechanical interlock on the advancing side of the interface.After ultrasonic treatment,the failure load of the aluminum/steel lap joint increased by 20.4%,and the corrosion resistance improved by 1.304 times.

Enhanced corrosion resistance,antibacterial properties and osteogenesis by Cu ion optimized MgAl-layered double hydroxide on Mg alloy

Magnesium(Mg)and its alloys have similar densities and elastic moduli to natural bone,making them an excellent choice for orthopedic implants.However,Mg alloys are prone to electrochemical corrosion,which often leads to implant failure and hinders the further development of Mg alloys due to bacterial infection around the implant.This work aims to enhance the corrosion resistance of Mg alloys,and provide theoretical guidance for solving the problem that Mg-based orthopedic implants are susceptible to bacterial infection and,thus,implant failure.In order to solve the corrosion problem,the Mg alloy AZ91D was used as the substrate,and a compact and uniform MgAlCu-layered double hydroxide(Mg(Cu)-LDH)was prepared on its surface using a hydrothermal method.The Mg(Cu)-LDH provides a barrier between the AZ91D and corrosive liquid,which effectively protects the Mg substrate from being corroded.The Mg(Cu)-LDH shows great cell viability for MC3T3-E1 cells.The Cu2+and Mg2+in the coating also endow the Mg(Cu)-LDH/AZ91D with antibacterial properties,showing strong antibacterial effects on both E.coli and S.aureus with antibacterial rates over 85%.Finally,in vivo results indicated that a LDH-coated implant had no systemic effects on the hearts,livers,spleens,lungs or kidneys.It was shown that 4 weeks after surgery the ratio of bone volume to tissue volume(BV/TV)of the LDH implant was 24%,which was 1.7 times that observed for AZ91D.

Performance Assessment on Corrosion Resistance of Refractory Materials Based on High-temperature Machine Vision Technology

Refractory materials,as the crucial foundational materials in high-temperature industrial processes such as metallurgy and construction,are inevitably subjected to corrosion and penetration from high-temperature media during their service.Traditionally,observing the in-situ degradation process of refractory materials in complex high-temperature environments has presented challenges.Post-corrosion analysis are commonly employed to assess the slag resistance of refractory materials and understand the corrosion mechanisms.However,these methods often lack information on the process under the conditions of thermal-chemical-mechanical coupling,leading to potential biases in the analysis results.In this work,we developed a non-contact high-temperature machine vision technology by the integrating Digital Image Correlation(DIC)with a high-temperature visualization system to explore the corrosion behavior of Al2O3-SiO2 refractories against molten glass and Al2O3-MgO dry ramming refractories against molten slag at different temperatures.This technology enables realtime monitoring of the 2D or 3D overall strain and average strain curves of the refractory materials and provides continuous feedback on the progressive corrosion of the materials under the coupling conditions of thermal,chemical,and mechanical factors.Therefore,it is an innovative approach for evaluating the service behavior and performance of refractory materials,and is expected to promote the digitization and intelligence of the refractory industry,contributing to the optimization and upgrading of product performance.