BACKGROUND:Chlorfenapyr is used to kill insects that are resistant to organophosphorus insecticides.Chlorfenapyr poisoning has a high mortality rate and is difficult to treat.This article aims to review the mechanisms...BACKGROUND:Chlorfenapyr is used to kill insects that are resistant to organophosphorus insecticides.Chlorfenapyr poisoning has a high mortality rate and is difficult to treat.This article aims to review the mechanisms,clinical presentations,and treatment strategies for chlorfenapyr poisoning.DATA RESOURCES:We conducted a review of the literature using PubMed,Web of Science,and SpringerLink from their beginnings to the end of October 2023.The inclusion criteria were systematic reviews,clinical guidelines,retrospective studies,and case reports on chlorfenapyr poisoning that focused on its mechanisms,clinical presentations,and treatment strategies.The references in the included studies were also examined to identify additional sources.RESULTS:We included 57 studies in this review.Chlorfenapyr can be degraded into tralopyril,which is more toxic and reduces energy production by inhibiting the conversion of adenosine diphosphate to adenosine triphosphate.High fever and altered mental status are characteristic clinical presentations of chlorfenapyr poisoning.Once it occurs,respiratory failure occurs immediately,ultimately leading to cardiac arrest and death.Chlorfenapyr poisoning is diflcult to treat,and there is no specific antidote.CONCLUSION:Chlorfenapyr is a new pyrrole pesticide.Although it has been identified as a moderately toxic pesticide by the World Health Organization(WHO),the mortality rate of poisoned patients is extremely high.There is no specific antidote for chlorfenapyr poisoning.Therefore,based on the literature review,future efforts to explore rapid and effective detoxification methods,reconstitute intracellular oxidative phosphorylation couplings,identify early biomarkers of chlorfenapyr poisoning,and block the conversion of chlorfenapyr to tralopyril may be helpful for emergency physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.展开更多
Chlorfenapyr is a broad-spectrum halogenated pyrrole insecticide with a unique mode of action.Due to the misuse and overuse of this chemical,resistance has been reported in several arthropods,including Plutella xylost...Chlorfenapyr is a broad-spectrum halogenated pyrrole insecticide with a unique mode of action.Due to the misuse and overuse of this chemical,resistance has been reported in several arthropods,including Plutella xylostella,which is one of the most destructive insect pests afflicting crucifers worldwide.A better understanding of the cross-resistance and genetics of field-evolved chlorfenapyr resistance could effectively guide resistance management practices.Here,the chlorfenapyr resistance of a fieldderived population of P xylostella was introgressed into the susceptible IPP-S strain using a selection-assisted multigenerational backcrossing approach.The constructed nearisogenic strain,TH-BCsF2,shared 98.4%genetic background with the recurrent parent IPP-S strain.The TH-BCsF2 strain showed 275-fold resistance to chlorfenapyr,but no significant cross-resistance to spinosad,abamectin,chlorpyrifos,β-cypermethrin,indoxacarb,chlorantraniliprole,or broflanilide(no more than 4.2-fold).Genetic analysis revealed that resistance was autosomal,incompletely dominant,and conferred by 1 major gene or a few tightly linked loci.The synergism of metabolic inhibitors(PBO,DEM,and DEF)to chlorfenapyr was very weak(<1.7-fold),and the metabolic enzyme activities in the TH-BCsF2 strain were not significantly elevated compared with the IPP-S strain.The results enhances our understanding of the genetic traits of chlorfenapyr resistance,and provides essential information for improving resistance management strategies.展开更多
Commercial suspension emulsion(SE) of(8% chlorfenapyr + 20% clothianidin), as a pre-registered product in China, was firstly investigated under Chinese open-field conditions. A MWCNTs-based QuEChERS method for simulta...Commercial suspension emulsion(SE) of(8% chlorfenapyr + 20% clothianidin), as a pre-registered product in China, was firstly investigated under Chinese open-field conditions. A MWCNTs-based QuEChERS method for simultaneous determination of chlorfenapyr and clothianidin in leek was established and validated through rapid resolution liquid chromatography triples quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry(RRLC-QqQ-MS/MS). Based on this method, the dissipation behaviors, residue distributions and dietary risk probability of these fungicides in leek from two representative locations in China in 2016, which were previously treated with these insecticides at the doses of 420–630 g a.i./ha twice applications, were further investigated for food safety. Dissipation behavior of chlorfenapyr and clothianidin in leek followed first-order kinetics with the half-lives of 2.9–7.2 days, and the highest residues(HR) of these insecticides in leek were below 0.3811 mg/kg and 0.2989 mg/kg, respectively, at the pre-harvest interval(PHI, 7 days). For dietary risk assessments, the risk quotients(RQs) of chlorfenapyr and clothianidin in leek were evaluated by comparing the value of national estimated daily intake(NEDI) with acceptable daily intake(ADI), based on the trials data under good agricultural practices(GAP) conditions. The results indicated that RQs of chlorfenapyr and clothianidin in leek were21.5% and 0.29%, respectively, which exhibited an acceptably low health risk to leek consumption. The current study could not only guide reasonable usage of the formulation, but also facilitate the setting of maximum residue limits(MRLs) of chlorfenapyr and clothianidin in leek for Chinese展开更多
Chlorfenapyr, an insecticidal pyrrole, was applied to concrete arenas at concentrations of 1. 1, 0.825, 0.55, and 0.275 g of active ingredient [AI]/m^2. Adult Tribolium castaneum （Herbst）, the red flour beetle, were...Chlorfenapyr, an insecticidal pyrrole, was applied to concrete arenas at concentrations of 1. 1, 0.825, 0.55, and 0.275 g of active ingredient [AI]/m^2. Adult Tribolium castaneum （Herbst）, the red flour beetle, were exposed for 2, 4, or 8 h at each concentration, then removed and held either with or without food （wheat flour） for 7 days. Survival was assessed when the beetles were removed fi＇om the exposure arenas and daily during the post- exposure period. In the presence of food, survival was high regardless of concentration and the day on which post-treatment survival was assessed, but survival did decrease as the exposure period increased from 4 to 8 h. When the beetles were not given food after exposure, survival at each concentration and exposure period declined during the 1-week post- exposure assessments. This pattern of decrease could be described by linear and non-linear equations. Results show the presence of food material greatly compromised effectiveness of the insecticide, and emphasize the importance of cleaning and sanitation in conjunction with insecticide treatments.展开更多
A GC-NCI-MS method was developed for the determination of chlorfenapyr residues in eggplant and soil sample.The sample was extracted by the mixture solvent of acetone-dichloromethane(4 ∶3,by volume),and cleaned up by...A GC-NCI-MS method was developed for the determination of chlorfenapyr residues in eggplant and soil sample.The sample was extracted by the mixture solvent of acetone-dichloromethane(4 ∶3,by volume),and cleaned up by chromatographic column of aluminum oxide-graphitized carbon black.The analysis of extract was performed by gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry(GC-NCI-MS).The recoveries of chlorfenapyr at the spiked concentration levels of 0.1,1.0,10.0 mg/kg were 100%-116% for eggplant sample with RSD of 2.0%-6.2%,and 83%-116% for the soil sample with RSD of 1.1%-4.5%,respectively.展开更多
In this paper,a GC-MS method for the determination of chlorfenapyr in beef was described.The residue was extracted with acetonitrile,purified by alumina oxide neutral column,and cleaned up with auto solid phase.The ch...In this paper,a GC-MS method for the determination of chlorfenapyr in beef was described.The residue was extracted with acetonitrile,purified by alumina oxide neutral column,and cleaned up with auto solid phase.The chlorfenapyr residue was determined by GC-MS.The results indicated that the detection limit was 0.005 mg/kg,recoveries and RSDs of the method were 93%-100% and 3.4%-7.2%,respectively.The method showed high efficiency and sensitivity,as well as good stability and veracity.展开更多
基金supported by the Research Foundation of Ningbo No.2 Hospital (2023HMKY49)Ningbo Key Support Medical Discipline (2022-F16)。
文摘BACKGROUND:Chlorfenapyr is used to kill insects that are resistant to organophosphorus insecticides.Chlorfenapyr poisoning has a high mortality rate and is difficult to treat.This article aims to review the mechanisms,clinical presentations,and treatment strategies for chlorfenapyr poisoning.DATA RESOURCES:We conducted a review of the literature using PubMed,Web of Science,and SpringerLink from their beginnings to the end of October 2023.The inclusion criteria were systematic reviews,clinical guidelines,retrospective studies,and case reports on chlorfenapyr poisoning that focused on its mechanisms,clinical presentations,and treatment strategies.The references in the included studies were also examined to identify additional sources.RESULTS:We included 57 studies in this review.Chlorfenapyr can be degraded into tralopyril,which is more toxic and reduces energy production by inhibiting the conversion of adenosine diphosphate to adenosine triphosphate.High fever and altered mental status are characteristic clinical presentations of chlorfenapyr poisoning.Once it occurs,respiratory failure occurs immediately,ultimately leading to cardiac arrest and death.Chlorfenapyr poisoning is diflcult to treat,and there is no specific antidote.CONCLUSION:Chlorfenapyr is a new pyrrole pesticide.Although it has been identified as a moderately toxic pesticide by the World Health Organization(WHO),the mortality rate of poisoned patients is extremely high.There is no specific antidote for chlorfenapyr poisoning.Therefore,based on the literature review,future efforts to explore rapid and effective detoxification methods,reconstitute intracellular oxidative phosphorylation couplings,identify early biomarkers of chlorfenapyr poisoning,and block the conversion of chlorfenapyr to tralopyril may be helpful for emergency physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072454)the Guidance Foundation of Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University(NAUSY-MS09).
文摘Chlorfenapyr is a broad-spectrum halogenated pyrrole insecticide with a unique mode of action.Due to the misuse and overuse of this chemical,resistance has been reported in several arthropods,including Plutella xylostella,which is one of the most destructive insect pests afflicting crucifers worldwide.A better understanding of the cross-resistance and genetics of field-evolved chlorfenapyr resistance could effectively guide resistance management practices.Here,the chlorfenapyr resistance of a fieldderived population of P xylostella was introgressed into the susceptible IPP-S strain using a selection-assisted multigenerational backcrossing approach.The constructed nearisogenic strain,TH-BCsF2,shared 98.4%genetic background with the recurrent parent IPP-S strain.The TH-BCsF2 strain showed 275-fold resistance to chlorfenapyr,but no significant cross-resistance to spinosad,abamectin,chlorpyrifos,β-cypermethrin,indoxacarb,chlorantraniliprole,or broflanilide(no more than 4.2-fold).Genetic analysis revealed that resistance was autosomal,incompletely dominant,and conferred by 1 major gene or a few tightly linked loci.The synergism of metabolic inhibitors(PBO,DEM,and DEF)to chlorfenapyr was very weak(<1.7-fold),and the metabolic enzyme activities in the TH-BCsF2 strain were not significantly elevated compared with the IPP-S strain.The results enhances our understanding of the genetic traits of chlorfenapyr resistance,and provides essential information for improving resistance management strategies.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing (No. 8162029)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21677009)
文摘Commercial suspension emulsion(SE) of(8% chlorfenapyr + 20% clothianidin), as a pre-registered product in China, was firstly investigated under Chinese open-field conditions. A MWCNTs-based QuEChERS method for simultaneous determination of chlorfenapyr and clothianidin in leek was established and validated through rapid resolution liquid chromatography triples quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry(RRLC-QqQ-MS/MS). Based on this method, the dissipation behaviors, residue distributions and dietary risk probability of these fungicides in leek from two representative locations in China in 2016, which were previously treated with these insecticides at the doses of 420–630 g a.i./ha twice applications, were further investigated for food safety. Dissipation behavior of chlorfenapyr and clothianidin in leek followed first-order kinetics with the half-lives of 2.9–7.2 days, and the highest residues(HR) of these insecticides in leek were below 0.3811 mg/kg and 0.2989 mg/kg, respectively, at the pre-harvest interval(PHI, 7 days). For dietary risk assessments, the risk quotients(RQs) of chlorfenapyr and clothianidin in leek were evaluated by comparing the value of national estimated daily intake(NEDI) with acceptable daily intake(ADI), based on the trials data under good agricultural practices(GAP) conditions. The results indicated that RQs of chlorfenapyr and clothianidin in leek were21.5% and 0.29%, respectively, which exhibited an acceptably low health risk to leek consumption. The current study could not only guide reasonable usage of the formulation, but also facilitate the setting of maximum residue limits(MRLs) of chlorfenapyr and clothianidin in leek for Chinese
文摘Chlorfenapyr, an insecticidal pyrrole, was applied to concrete arenas at concentrations of 1. 1, 0.825, 0.55, and 0.275 g of active ingredient [AI]/m^2. Adult Tribolium castaneum （Herbst）, the red flour beetle, were exposed for 2, 4, or 8 h at each concentration, then removed and held either with or without food （wheat flour） for 7 days. Survival was assessed when the beetles were removed fi＇om the exposure arenas and daily during the post- exposure period. In the presence of food, survival was high regardless of concentration and the day on which post-treatment survival was assessed, but survival did decrease as the exposure period increased from 4 to 8 h. When the beetles were not given food after exposure, survival at each concentration and exposure period declined during the 1-week post- exposure assessments. This pattern of decrease could be described by linear and non-linear equations. Results show the presence of food material greatly compromised effectiveness of the insecticide, and emphasize the importance of cleaning and sanitation in conjunction with insecticide treatments.
文摘A GC-NCI-MS method was developed for the determination of chlorfenapyr residues in eggplant and soil sample.The sample was extracted by the mixture solvent of acetone-dichloromethane(4 ∶3,by volume),and cleaned up by chromatographic column of aluminum oxide-graphitized carbon black.The analysis of extract was performed by gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry(GC-NCI-MS).The recoveries of chlorfenapyr at the spiked concentration levels of 0.1,1.0,10.0 mg/kg were 100%-116% for eggplant sample with RSD of 2.0%-6.2%,and 83%-116% for the soil sample with RSD of 1.1%-4.5%,respectively.
文摘In this paper,a GC-MS method for the determination of chlorfenapyr in beef was described.The residue was extracted with acetonitrile,purified by alumina oxide neutral column,and cleaned up with auto solid phase.The chlorfenapyr residue was determined by GC-MS.The results indicated that the detection limit was 0.005 mg/kg,recoveries and RSDs of the method were 93%-100% and 3.4%-7.2%,respectively.The method showed high efficiency and sensitivity,as well as good stability and veracity.
