Chloride ion battery:A new emerged electrochemical system for next-generation energy storage

In the scope of developing new electrochemical concepts to build batteries with high energy density,chloride ion batteries(CIBs)have emerged as a candidate for the next generation of novel electrochemical energy storage technologies,which show the potential in matching or even surpassing the current lithium metal batteries in terms of energy density,dendrite-free safety,and elimination of the dependence on the strained lithium and cobalt resources.However,the development of CIBs is still at the initial stage with unsatisfactory performance and several challenges have hindered them from reaching commercialization.In this review,we examine the current advances of CIBs by considering the electrode material design to the electrolyte,thus outlining the new opportunities of aqueous CIBs especially combined with desalination,chloride redox battery,etc.With respect to the developing road of lithium ion and fluoride ion batteries,the possibility of using solid-state chloride ion conductors to replace liquid electrolytes is tentatively discussed.Going beyond,perspectives and clear suggestions are concluded by highlighting the major obstacles and by prescribing specific research topics to inspire more efforts for CIBs in large-scale energy storage applications.

Strategies of selective electroreduction of aqueous nitrate to N_(2) in chloride-free system:A critical review

Electroreduction of nitrate has been gaining wide attention in recent years owing to it's beneficial for converting nitrate into benign N_(2) from the perspective of electrocatalytic denitrification or into value-added ammonia from the perspective of electrocatalytic NH_(3) synthesis.By reason of the undesired formation of ammonia is dominant during electroreduction of nitrate-containing wastewater,chloride has been widely used to improve N_(2) selectivity.Nevertheless,selective electroreduction of nitrate to N2 gas in chloride-containing system poses several drawbacks.In this review,we focus on the key strategies for efficiently enhancing N_(2) selectivity of electroreduction of nitrate in chloride-free system,including optimal selection of elements,combining an active metal catalyst with another metal,manipulating the crystalline morphology and facet orientation,constructing core–shell structure catalysts,etc.Before summarizing the strategies,four possible reaction pathways of electro-reduction of nitrate to N_(2) are discussed.Overall,this review attempts to provide practical strategies for enhancing N2 selectivity without the aid of electrochlorination and highlight directions for future research for designing appropriate electrocatalyst for final electrocatalytic denitrifi-cation.

Reversed-Phase-HPLC Assay Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Sorbitol, Sodium Lactate, and Sodium Chlorides in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Drug Solution for Infusion

A rapid, straightforward, sensitive, efficient, and cost-effective reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was employed for the simultaneous determination of Sorbitol, Sodium Lactate, and Chlorides in a drug solution for infusion. Sorbitol, Sodium lactate, and Chloride are all officially recognized in the USP monograph. Assay methods are provided through various techniques, with titrations being ineffective for trace-level quantification. Alternatively, IC, AAS, and ICP-MS, though highly accurate, are costly and often unavailable to most testing facilities. When considering methods, it’s important to prioritize both quality control requirements and user-friendly techniques. A simple HPLC simultaneous method was developed for the quantification of Chlorides, Sorbitol, and Sodium Lactate with a shorter run time. The separation utilized a Shimpack SCR-102(H) ion exclusion analytical column (7.9 mm × 300 mm, 7 μm), with a flow rate of 0.6 mL per min. The column compartment temperature was maintained at 40°C, and the injection volume was set at 10 μL, with detection at 200 nm. All measurements were conducted in a 0.1% solution of phosphoric acid. The analytical curves demonstrated linearity (r > 0.9999) in the concentration range of 0.79 to 3.8 mg per mL for Sodium Lactate (SL), 0.16 to 0.79 mg per mL for Sodium Chloride (SC), and 1.5 to 7.2 mg per mL for Sorbitol. Validation of the developed method followed the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH Q2B) and USP. The method exhibited precision, robustness, accuracy, and selectivity. In accelerated stability testing over 6 months, no significant variations were observed in organoleptic analysis and pH. Consequently, the developed method is deemed suitable for routine quality control analyses, enabling the simultaneous determination of Sodium Lactate, Sodium Chloride, and Sorbitol in pharmaceutical formulations and infusions.

Effect of Modification Treatment on Chloride Ions Permeability and Microstructure of Recycled Brick-mixed Aggregate Concrete

The modification methods of pozzolan slurry combined with sodium silicate and silicon-based additive were respectively adopted to treat recycled coarse brick-mixed aggregate(RCBA)in this study.The compressive strength and chloride permeability resistance of recycled aggregate concrete(RAC)before and after modification treatment were tested,and the microstructure of RAC was analyzed by mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The results show that the physical properties of RCBA strengthened by modification treatment are improved,and the compressive strength and chloride permeability resistance of treated RAC are also significantly improved.The modification treatment optimizes the pore size distribution of RAC,which increases the number of gel pores and transition pores,and decreases the number of capillary pores and macro pores.The surface fractal dimension shows a significant correlation with chloride diffusion coefficient,indicating that the variation of chloride permeability of treated RAC is consistent with the microstructure evolution.

Influence of Polyaluminum Chloride Residue on the Strength andMicrostructure of Cement-Based Materials

In this paper,cement and dechlorinated Polyaluminum Chloride Residue(PACR)have been used to prepare a net slurry and mortar specimens.Two hydration activity indicators have been used to quantitatively analyze the dechlorinated PACR hydration activity.In particular,the effect of dechlorinated PACR content on the compressive strength of mortar has been assessed by means of compressive strength tests.Moreover,X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)have been employed to observe the microstructure of the considered hydration products.The following results have been obtained.The 28th day activity index of the dechlorinated PACR is 75%,and therefore it meets the criterion for the use of active admixture.The increase in the content of the dechlorinated PACR tends to reduce the compressive strength of mortar specimens,however,it is beneficial to its later strength growth.When the content is not greater than 10%,the strength remains unchanged,otherwise,it decreases.The PACR does not form a new crystalline phase in the cement slurry,and the dechlorinated PACR remains active until the age of the 28th day.The inclusion of the PACR mainly deteriorates the early strength of the cement slurry,but it promotes the production of hydration products in the cement slurry after the 7th day.

Experimental investigation of the inhibition of deep-sea mining sediment plumes by polyaluminum chloride

Deep-sea sediment disturbance may occur when collecting polymetallic nodules,resulting in the creation of plumes that could have a negative impact on the ecological environment.This study aims to investigate the potential solution of using polyaluminum chloride(PAC)in the water jet.The effects of PAC are examined through a self-designed simulation system for deep-sea polymetallic nodule collection and sediment samples from a potential deep-sea mining area.The experimental results showed that the optimal PAC dose was found to be 0.75 g/L.Compared with the test conditions without the addition of PAC,the presence of PAC leads to a reduction in volume,lower characteristic turbidity,smaller diffusion velocity,and shorter settling time of the plume.This indicates that PAC inhibits the entire development process of the plume.The addition of PAC leads to the flocculation of mm-sized particles,resulting in the formation of cm-sized flocs.The flocculation of particles decreases the rate of erosion on the seabed by around 30%.This reduction in erosion helps to decrease the formation of plumes.Additionally,when the size of suspended particles increases,it reduces the scale at which they diffuse.Furthermore,the settling velocity of flocs(around 10^(-2) m/s)is much higher that of compared to sediment particles(around 10^(-5) m/s),which effectively reduces the amount of time the plume remains in suspension.

Coupling Effect of Cryogenic Freeze-Thaw Cycles and Chloride Ion Erosion Effect in Pre-Cracked Reinforced Concrete

Chloride (Cl−) ion erosion effects can seriously impact the safety and service life of marine liquefied natural gas(LNG) storage tanks and other polar offshore structures. This study investigates the impact of different low-temperaturecycles (20°C, –80°C, and −160°C) and concrete specimen crack widths (0, 0.3, and 0.6 mm) on the Cl−ion diffusion performance through rapid erosion tests conducted on pre-cracked concrete. The results show thatthe minimum temperature and crack width of freeze-thaw cycles enhance the erosive effect of chloride ions. TheCl− ion concentration and growth rate increased with the increasing crack width. Based on the experimental modeland in accordance with Fick’s second law of diffusion, the Cl− ion diffusion equation was modified by introducingcorrection factors in consideration of the freeze-thaw temperature, crack width, and their coupling effect.The experimental and fitting results obtained from this model can provide excellent reference for practical engineeringapplications.

Effectiveness of Sodium Silicate on the Corrosion Protection of AA7075-T6 Aluminium Alloy in Sodium Chloride Solution

The influence of sodium silicate on the corrosion behaviour of aluminium alloy 7075-T6 in 0.1 M sodium chloride solution was studied by open circuit potential (OCP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the AA7075-T6 surface. Silicate can significantly reduce corrosion deterioration and the inhibition efficiency increases with the concentration of Na2SiO3. The corrosion inhibition mechanism involves the formation of a protective film over the alloy surface by adsorption of aluminosilicate anions from solution, as has also been suggested by others in literature.

超高分子质量PVC树脂合成及性能研究

介绍了超高分子质量PVC树脂的合成工艺。以合成的平均聚合度为5000的超高分子质量PVC树脂为研究对象,对其常规质量性能、粒度、颗粒形貌、加工性能等进行表征和分析研究。结果表明:超高分子质量PVC树脂具有较好的孔隙结构和塑化性能,具有较好的柔韧性、耐磨性等力学性能,适用于弹性体制品生产。

微悬浮法消光PVC糊树脂膨润度的测定方法

确定了微悬浮消光PVC糊树脂膨润度的测试方法:采用10 mL刻度试管,样品量为0.2440 g,加入四氢呋喃溶剂量为8 mL,水浴溶胀温度为60℃,水浴溶胀时间为2 h,室温放置溶胀时间为48 h。

十二烷基硫酸钠表面改性水滑石对PVC热稳定性能的影响

采用十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)对镁铝镧碳酸根型水滑石(LDHs)表面进行湿法改性,讨论了不同改性条件对聚氯乙烯(PVC)静态热稳定性能的影响,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和红外光谱仪(FTIR)进行表征。采用刚果红试纸法、烘箱变色法、转矩流变法、热重分析法等测定了SDS改性前后PVC/LDHs样品的热稳定性能。结果表明,恒定pH=7,SDS为LDHs质量的10%,水浴80℃下搅拌3 h,改性效果最佳;SDS并未破坏LDHs的晶体结构,仅吸附在表面,增强了与PVC的相容性;改性后的PVC/LDHs样品静态及动态热稳定时间达65、28.5 min,改善了后期着色,更易塑化成型;最大质量损失速率对应温度为346℃,较未添加前增加55℃,能较好地抑制PVC的热降解。

油酸锌/脲嘧啶复合热稳定剂对PVC性能的影响

为了改善软质聚氯乙烯(PVC)的初始白度和长期热稳定性,制备由具有不饱和链的油酸锌和含氨基的脲嘧啶(6-氨基-1,3-二甲基脲嘧啶,DAU)组成的复合热稳定剂,添加合适的辅助稳定剂和增塑剂,进行聚氯乙烯热加工。采用刚果红试验法和干燥箱热老化试验法分析复合稳定剂对PVC静态热稳定性的影响;采用转矩流变测试评价其对PVC动态热稳定性的影响;利用红外光谱法研究复合稳定剂的热稳定机理。结果表明,油酸锌与脲嘧啶复合后,稳定剂与PVC的相容性提高,初始白度得到改善;复合稳定剂中DAU与油酸锌(DAU/Zn)的最佳比例为4∶1,长期热稳定性可达100 min;另外,加入辅助稳定剂和增塑剂使PVC的热稳定效果得到进一步改善。

纺膜参数对PVC中空纤维膜结构与性能的影响

以聚氯乙烯(PVC)和醋酸纤维素(CA)为膜材料,采用非溶剂致相分离(NIPS)法,通过改变纺膜参数制备了PVC中空纤维膜.结果表明:所制得的中空纤维膜具有致密皮层,断面为海绵孔与指状孔共存结构,纯水通量可达314 L/(m^(2)·h),BSA截留率可达95.0%,断裂强度22 MPa.此外,细中空纤维膜可在0.6 MPa压力以下稳定运行,并可对自来水中的有机物深度脱除49.30%.

裂纹-孔洞缺陷下PVC涂层织物类膜材的撕裂行为

膜结构节点和边界处往往需要通过膜面开孔来实现关键部位的连接,孔洞边缘的应力集中会影响膜面的撕裂行为。为探究聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride,PVC)涂层织物类膜材中孔洞对裂纹扩展行为的影响,开展了含有裂纹-孔洞缺陷的PVC涂层织物类膜材的单轴拉伸试验,分析了裂纹扩展全过程和撕裂机理,提出了适用于含裂纹-孔洞多缺陷PVC涂层织物类膜材撕裂强度的预测模型,并验证了模型的适用性。研究结果表明:含裂纹-孔洞缺陷的PVC涂层织物类膜材在中心撕裂过程中存在裂纹端扩展和孔端再扩展两阶段;定义了裂纹端临界撕裂荷载、裂纹端峰值撕裂荷载、孔端临界撕裂荷载和孔端峰值撕裂荷载4项撕裂特征指标,以衡量含裂纹-孔洞缺陷膜材的抗撕裂性能;孔洞的存在导致试样在孔端再扩展阶段的承载力提升,但随着孔洞尺寸增大,孔端的承载力提升效应减弱,裂纹端峰值撕裂荷载逐渐变为控制试样破坏的极限荷载;所提出的二次函数-指数函数应力场模型能有效地预测膜材的裂纹端临界撕裂应力和孔端临界撕裂应力。

Phase Regulation and Defect Passivation Enabled by Phosphoryl Chloride Molecules for Efficient Quasi‑2D Perovskite Light‑Emitting Diodes

Quasi-2D perovskites have attracted tremendous interest for application as lightemission layers in light-emitting diodes(LEDs).However,the heterogeneous n phase and non-uniform distribution still severely limit the further development of quasi-2D perovskite LEDs(Pero-LEDs).Meanwhile,the increased defect density caused by the reduced dimension and grain size induces non-radiative recombination and further deteriorates the device performance.Here,we found that a series of molecules containing phosphoryl chloride functional groups have noticeable enhancement effects on the device performance of quasi-2D Pero-LEDs.Then,we studied the modification mechanism by focusing on the bis(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)phosphinic chloride(BOPCl).It is concluded that the BOPCl can not only regulate the phase distribution by decreasing the crystallization rate but also remain in the grain boundaries and passivate the defects.As a result,the corresponding quasi-2D Pero-LEDs obtained a maximum external quantum efficiency(EQE_(max))of 20.82%and an average EQE(EQE_(ave))of around 20%on the optimal 50 devices,proving excellent reproducibility.Our work provides a new selection of molecular types for regulating the crystallization and passivating the defects of quasi-2D perovskite films.

掺配废PVC对水煤浆成浆性能及燃烧性能的影响

为缓解废PVC处理压力,回收碳氢资源,将废PVC与煤粉混合制备废PVC-煤浆,分析掺配废PVC后浆体的定黏质量分数、流变特性及稳定性。利用SEM-EDX和分形理论对掺配废PVC的浆体表观形貌和分形维数进行分析,探讨掺配废PVC对煤浆性能的影响机理。利用热重分析法和Coats-Redfern积分法计算原煤浆及废PVC-煤浆的燃烧特性指数和动力学参数,对不同废PVC掺配量浆体的燃烧性能进行评价。结果表明:掺配废PVC可以提高浆体的成浆性但析水率升高、稳定性有所下降;废PVC的掺配量越多,浆体的分形维数越小,成浆浓度越高;掺配废PVC对煤浆燃烧会产生协同作用,当废PVC的添加量为3%和5%时,煤浆的燃尽率和综合燃烧性能变好,促进燃烧反应,添加量为8%和10%时抑制燃烧反应;在选取Coats-Redfern近似时,水煤浆燃烧在选取反应级数n=1时线性相关性最高,掺配5%的废PVC后的浆体表观活化能和频率因子最大。

低溶出PVC塑料的制备及性能

采用环己烷-1,2-二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHCH)与目前增塑效果相似的环己烷-1,2-二甲酸二异壬酯(DINCH)和邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)增塑得到的PVC制品在力学性能、光学性能、热稳定性能、耐溶剂抽出性能及耐低温性能等方面进行对比。结果表明,与DINCH增塑剂相比,DEHCH增塑的PVC吸收速度较快,断裂伸长率、雾度、耐迁移性能及耐低温性能方面均较好,而热稳定性、透光率和拉伸强度等均较差。与DEHP增塑剂相比,DEHCH增塑剂的力学性能、热稳定性能及耐低温性能均较好,而其光学性能、耐迁移性能均较差。其中,DEHCH增塑PVC制品的力学性能最佳,断裂伸长率可达401.79%,热稳定性能、低溶出性能及耐低温性能均较好。

Mo-MOF对软质PVC材料的阻燃及抑烟性能

采用熔融共混的方法将含钼离子的有机框架材料(Mo-MOF)添加到软质聚氯乙烯(PVC)材料中,利用极限氧指数(LOI)测试仪、NBS烟箱、锥形量热仪、拉伸强度测试仪等研究了材料的阻燃、抑烟及力学性能。测试结果表明,与软质PVC相比,当Mo-MOF的添加量为3%时,材料的LOI值由26.8%提高至30.3%,最大烟密度由918.5降低至471.2,总烟释放量(TSP)由25.23 m^(2)降低至12.02 m^(2),分别降低了48.7%及52.3%。此外,与PVC/MoO_(3)对比可知,当钼离子含量相同时,PVC/3%Mo-MOF材料的最大烟密度由774.0降低至471.2,TSP值由17.55 m^(2)降低至12.02 m^(2),分别降低了39.1%与31.5%。与MoO_(3)相比,Mo-MOF在PVC中的相容性及分散性更佳,在燃烧过程中形成了具有高比表面积的纳米级氧化钼,对PVC材料的阻燃及抑烟性能更佳。同时,随着Mo-MOF含量的增加,PVC材料的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率均得到了一定程度的提高。

基于离散元的颗粒肥料与PVC板之间的仿真参数的标定

针对颗粒肥料在排肥管道内运动的离散元仿真缺乏准确仿真参数的问题,提出了一种基于颗粒物料与接触板材之间仿真参数的标定方法。将台架试验结果与EDEM仿真试验结果相结合,以尿素颗粒和软质PVC板为研究对象,得到尿素颗粒与软质PVC板之间碰撞恢复系数为0.302,静摩擦因数为0.525,滚动摩擦因数为0.158。经堆积角试验验证,台架试验与仿真试验相对误差为4.3%,证明了所标定参数的有效性。

Estimating Evapotranspiration Using Chloride Mass Balance in a New Mexico Paired Basin Study 2009-2019

A paired basin study in the upper Santa Fe River watershed following forest thinning and prescribed burns successfully measured water budget components in a treated and an untreated (control) basin. The paired basin study was established to investigate questions that have arisen regarding changes in water yield from forest treatments. Precipitation, stream flow, soil moisture, and chloride concentrations in precipitation and stream flow were measured to quantify the water budget components. The results from eleven years of data collection and analysis have a high degree of confidence with respect to measuring the water budget components based on the mass balance of water and chloride. The differences in the geologic structure and topography between the two paired basins appeared to impact the water budgets more than the forest treatments, except during periods when winter precipitation and snowmelt represented a significant component of inflow. Although this paired basin study was not able to portray a simple relationship between forest thinning and water yield, the chloride concentration methodology used to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) was successful. These detailed observations of chloride deposition and transport characteristics may be relevant for other researchers working in forested basins with substantial ET. ET rates were estimated by examining the cycle of chloride entering and exiting each basin over six integration periods. ET was estimated to be about 90% to 94% of precipitation in the treated basin and 77% to 86% in the control basin. The higher ET in the treated basin both before and after forest treatments may be due to the much greater area of west-facing hillslopes in the treated basin, which receive warm afternoon sun, and the greater area of rock cover in the control basin. Variation in the chloride concentration of collected precipitation samples from different sites indicates that horizontal precipitation of chloride in the tree canopy is an important consideration when using the chloride mass balance approach to calculate water budget components.