The Frost-resisting Durability of High Strength Self-Compacting Pervious Concrete in Deicing Salt Environment

A high strength self-compacting pervious concrete(SCPC) with top-bottom interconnected pores was prepared in this paper. The frost-resisting durability of such SCPC in different deicing salt concentrations(0%, 3%, 5%, 10%, and 20%) was investigated. The mass-loss rate, relative dynamic modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, flexural strength and hydraulic conductivity of SCPC after 300 freeze-thaw cycles were measured to evaluate the frost-resisting durability. In addition, the microstructures of SCPC near the top-bottom interconnected pores after 300 freeze-thaw cycles were observed by SEM. The results show that the high strength SCPC possesses much better frost-resisting durability than traditional pervious concrete(TPC) after 300 freeze-thaw cycles, which can be used in heavy loading roads. The most serious freeze-thaw damage emerges in the SCPC immersed in the 3% of Na Cl solution, while there is no obvious damage in 20% of Na Cl solution. Furthermore, it can be deduced that the high strength SCPC can be used for 100 years in a cold environment.

Sulfate Attack on Concrete in an Inland Salt Lake Environment

Several cracks were found on the surface of the concrete foundations that support the steel towers of the Luohe （漯河）-Huaiyung （淮阳） high-voltage electricity transmission line that is 20 years old and situated in an inland salt lake environment in North China. To analyze the deterioration mechanism that led to this condition, field investigations were carried out and several tests were conducted on the soil and the affected concrete, including XRD （X-ray diffraction）, electric probe analysis, and chemical analysis. The results show that the concentration of sulfates is very high （0. 39% wt. -0.67% wt. ） in both the surrounding soil and the material around the coarse aggregates inside the concrete. Hence, sulfate attack could be one of the main causes of concrete deterioration. The percentage of sulfates in the surface layer of the concrete was higher than that in the inner layers of the concrete. The sulfates penetrate into the concrete and react with the hydrates of cement to form ettringite （AFt）, which leads to increase in the volume and cracking of the concrete.

Freeze-thaw Damage Laws and Model of Hydraulic Fully Graded Concrete

On the basis of previous research results, the frost resistance of fully graded concrete and small wet sieving concrete specimens was compared and analyzed, and the characteristics and rules of freeze-thaw damage of hydraulic fully graded concrete after freeze-thaw cycles were analyzed through freeze-thaw test, impact-echo test, mechanical test and so on. Meanwhile, the damage characteristics of concrete in the salt and water freezing environment were compared. Through the mechanical test, it is found that the mechanical properties of both fully graded concrete and wet sieving concrete decreased to varying degrees after freeze-thaw cycles. The laws of uniaxial compression and tensile strength of concrete varying with the number of freeze-thaw cycles were obtained. The life of concrete after freeze-thaw cycles was predicted, and it is concluded that the life of concrete in the salt freezing environment was only 0.8 times that in the water freezing environment, proving once again that the damage of concrete in the salt freezing environment was more serious than that in the water freezing environment. Therefore, the grade of frost resistance should be improved appropriately for concrete engineering with salt solution. Finally, based on the damage theory and Lemaitre strain equivalence principle, the freeze-thaw damage evolution equation suitable for fully graded concrete was obtained.

Experimental Study on the Degradation of Hydraulic Fully Graded Concrete under Freeze-thaw Cycles

In recent years,the winter temperature in southern China decreases year by year,and the phenomenon of freeze-thaw damage is also wide-spread in hydraulic buildings.In this paper,the freezing-thawing cycle tests of fully graded concrete specimens and corresponding wet sieving suitable for climate conditions in southern China were carried out,and the effects of freezing-thaw cycles on the appearance,mass loss,relative dynamic elastic modulus,internal temperature and strain of fully graded concrete and wet sieving concrete were studied.The splitting tensile strength test of concrete specimens with specified salt freezing cycles was carried out,and the relationship between the strength reduction of fully graded concrete and wet sieving concrete specimens and the number of freeze-thaw cycles was analyzed.The results show that with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles,the properties of fully graded concrete and wet sieving concrete degraded,and the degradation of compressive strength was the most significant,followed by the splitting tensile strength.In the initial stage of the freeze-thaw cycles,the degradation of each property was not obvious,and the deterioration rate of each property increased significantly after 100 freeze-thaw cycles.Besides,the relationship between the splitting tensile strength of fully graded concrete and wet sieving concrete and the internal wave velocity after freeze-thaw cycles was established.The test results can provide theoretical basis for the design,repair,maintenance and life prediction of dams and offshore platforms in southern China.

Performance of Concrete Subjected to Severe Multiple Actions of Composite Salts Solution under Wet-Dry Cycles and Flexural Loading in Lab

Several action regimes were employed, namely, those exposed to solutions containing single and/or composite chloride and sulfate salts, and under wet-dry cycles and/or flexural loading. The variations in dynamic modulus of elasticity（Erd values） were monitored, as well as the key factor impacting on the chloride ingress when concrete subjected to multiple action regimes was identified by the method of Grey Relation Analysis（GRA）. The changes in micro-structures and mineral products of interior concrete after different action regimes were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction（XRD）, mercury intrusion technique（MIP）, and scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. The test results showed that the cyclic wet-dry accelerated the deterioration of OPC concrete more than the action of 35% flexural loading based on the results of Erd values and the GEA. The analyses from micro-structures could give certain explanations to the change in Erd values under different action regimes.

Macroscopic and microscopic fracture features of concrete used in coal mine under chlorine salt erosion

The microscopic morphology and pore structure characteristics of concrete with composite admixtures(fly ash and mineral powder) after chlorine salt erosion were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and mercury injection porosimetry(MIP), providing the basis for the design and maintenance of concrete shafts in coal mines. The above-mentioned characteristics were compared with the macroscopic characteristic of concrete fractures under uniaxial compression. The results show that the macroscopic fracture characteristics of concrete under uniaxial compression change from longitudinal split fracture and oblique section shear fracture to conjugate cant fracture, and the degree of breakage increases.Interface cracks, cement paste cracks, spherical surface cracks, and aggregate cracks appear in concrete under uniaxial compression. In the early stages of corrosion, the original cracks which are obvious are repaired. When the corrosion becomes more serious, cement paste cracks appear, and the number of harmful holes increases while the number of harmless holes decreases. This study also reveals the relationship between the macroscopic properties and microscopic structure of concrete under chloride salt erosion. Finally, the paper preliminarily discussed the relationship between the macroscopic properties and mesoscopic characteristics of concrete under chlorine salt erosion.

Evaluation of properties of concrete using fluosilicate salts and metal (Ni,W) compounds

To improve watertightness and antibiosis of sewage structure concrete, the antimicrobial watertight admixture was made with fluosilicate salts and antimicrobial compounds. And fresh properties, watertightness, harmlessness and antibiosis of concrete were investigated experimentally. As a result, the fresh properties of concrete were similar to those of an ordinary concrete, without setting time delay. Compressive strength and carbonation resistance of concrete were better than those of an ordinary concrete. Finally it was confirmed that the antimicrobial watertight admixture of concrete had an antibiosis inhibiting SOB growth.

Concrete durability under different circumstances based on multi-factor effects

Concrete durability has become a hot research field in civil engineering. Concrete structures suffer salt-erosion damage to different degrees in the semi-arid region of North China. The environmental condition is one of the important factors affecting the durability of concrete constructions. To realize fully the interaction between various environmental factors, this paper researched concrete durability in the salt environment under combined actions(immersing, freeze–thaw cycles, and wet–dry cycles). According to the laboratory test data, the concrete-durability degradation law under coupling-effect factors was investigated. The results show that concrete's compressive strength decreases with the increase of salt concentration and immersion time. No matter what the environmental conditions were, the compressive strength-loss ratio increased with the test time. The compressive strength-test results indicate that sodium sulfate has the strongest corrosive effect on concrete durability, followed by calcium chloride, with sodium chloride having the weakest corrosion. Compared with the other two environmental factors, the wet–dry cycle is the key factor affecting concrete durability. Therefore, in engineering practice, the influence of environment conditions on the strength and durability of concrete should be taken into full consideration, especially in the wet–dry environment with salt conditions.

Deterioration of concrete in railway tunnel suffering from sulfate attack

For the sake of understanding the deterioration behavior of concrete in actual railway tunnel structures subjected to aggressive sulfate medium in practice,detailed field investigations and tested analysis on sprayed concrete linings of approximately 40-year-old railway tunnels in environments containing sulfate ion were carried out,respectively.The results show that the deterioration of concretes in the investigated area is serious,which involves complicated physicochemical process between the sulfate salt and concrete.Among them,the secondary sulfateminerals such as gypsum formation under very high concentration sulfate ion condition by accumulating and evaporation process dominate,followed by the crystallization of sulfate salt and formation of thaumasite.

Effect of Reinforcement Corrosion Sediment Distribution Characteristics on Concrete Damage Behavior

Reinforcement corrosion directly affects the mechanical behavior of reinforced concrete structures.An electric corrosion test was conducted on a reinforced concrete test specimen,and a finite element model of the reinforcement corrosion damage was established.In addition,the damage behavior of reinforced concrete under different corrosion sediment distribution characteristics and different corrosion rates was studied.It was noted that when corrosion sediments are in a“semiellipse+semicircle”distribution,the results of numerical calculation are consistent with those obtained experimentally,reflecting the damage characteristics of reinforced concrete test specimens.Further,the results showed that the distribution characteristics of corrosion sediments greatly influence the damage behavior of reinforced concrete.In particular,when the corrosion sediments demonstrate a“semiellipse”distribution,reinforced concrete members may easily suffer from reinforcement damages.In the case of“semiellipse+semicircle”and“circle”distributions,the cohesive force between the reinforcements and concrete decreases:With the same corrosion rate,the damaged area expands with the increase in the number of reinforcements,which indicates a reduction in the cohesive force and thus,a reduction in the damage in the reinforcement area.This paper analyzes in-depth the effects of reinforcement corrosion expansion on the concrete damage behavior,provides references for practical engineering.

盐浸-干湿-冻融耦合作用下混凝土坝强震开裂机理

为探究混凝土坝在盐浸侵蚀、干湿循环、冻融循环因素影响下的强震破坏规律,通过材料劣化试验和数值模拟方法开展大坝强震开裂机理研究。针对坝体不同位置开展盐溶液侵蚀、干湿循环以及冻融循环劣化试验,基于材料试验结果,构建混凝土重力坝扩展有限元模型,模拟混凝土材料劣化前及劣化后混凝土坝强震开裂破坏情况。结果表明:多因素耦合作用导致混凝土材料劣化,强震作用下会降低大坝承载能力,增加大坝倒塌破坏风险。考虑混凝土多种劣化因素影响,所得结论可用于高寒地区混凝土坝的抗震设计。

盐冻循环下粉煤灰再生混凝土性能劣化规律及寿命预测

为研究粉煤灰再生混凝土在高寒、盐渍土地区的耐久性问题,以质量分数为3%的NaCl和5%的Na_(2)SO_(4)混合溶液为冻融介质,采用快冻法对不同粉煤灰掺量的再生混凝土进行冻融循环试验,测定各组试件的质量损失、抗压强度以及相对动弹性模量的数据,研究粉煤灰再生混凝土在盐冻耦合作用下的性能劣化规律,并通过抛物线损伤模型预测再生混凝土的耐久性寿命。研究结果表明:在盐冻侵蚀作用下,不同掺量粉煤灰再生混凝土的相对动弹性模量和抗压强度变化均呈现前期平缓下降,后期快速下降的趋势,而质量损失率则前期缓慢增长,后期快速增加;抛物线模型能较好表征粉煤灰再生混凝土在复合盐环境下的冻融损伤,其模型拟合曲线与试验结果符合较好,具有较高的精度;当粉煤灰掺量为20%时,再生混凝土的抗冻耐久性寿命最长。

盐胀作用下埋地钢筋混凝土板受力性能试验研究

基于青海盐渍土地区埋地钢筋混凝土板现场模型试验,研究了考虑温度影响的盐渍土盐胀作用下钢筋混凝土板内及其表面的应力变化规律,并将其定义为“盐胀应力”。利用钢筋混凝土板内外应变监测结果,通过理论分析得出盐胀应力计算公式。基于Sum of sine函数模型将1年周期内盐胀应力的变化过程以及相对应的盐胀作用划分为发展阶段、稳定阶段、下降阶段3个阶段。其中发展阶段为每年10月至次年2月,温度变化范围为0~10℃,在该温度范围内,随着温度降低,盐胀应力不断增加,说明盐胀现象愈为强烈。对青海盐渍土地区的埋地结构物设计提出了建议,以期最大程度地减少盐渍土对埋地结构物的破坏。

部分浸泡再生混凝土Mg^(2+)-SO_(4)^(2-)-Cl^(-)复合盐侵蚀耐久性损伤特征与机制

为系统研究与揭示西北地区部分掩埋再生混凝土(RAC)结构耐久性损伤特征与机制,以浓度为20%的复合盐溶液为侵蚀介质,开展了14种掺辅助胶凝材料RAC部分浸泡于复合盐溶液的耐久性试验,综合分析RAC动弹性模量、宏观与微观形貌、侵蚀产物物相组成与相对含量的经时变化规律。部分浸泡RAC沿纵向高度分为饱和区、气-液两相界面区、水分传输区及干燥区。侵蚀初期气-液两相界面区损伤程度高于饱和区;侵蚀中后期饱和区的损伤持平或超过气-液两相界面区,水分传输区损伤初现。饱和区侵蚀状态由初期的化学侵蚀转变为中后期的化学-物理双重侵蚀,气-液两相界面区在侵蚀期间均呈现出化学-物理双重侵蚀。化学侵蚀产物为水镁石、硬石膏/石膏、钙矾石、Friedel盐及碱式氯化镁;物理结晶盐包含氯镁石、白钠镁矾、氯化钠、水合硫酸镁、Na_(2)SO_(4)及芒硝,各侵蚀产物与结晶盐的相对含量均随浸泡时间延长而改变。侵蚀后期,Na_(2)SO_(4)和芒硝相互转化使RAC物理力学性能急速退化。粉煤灰-矿渣复掺RAC抗侵蚀性能整体较好,粉煤灰-硅灰复掺最差,后者在浸泡时间180 d时抗压强度损失率高于60%。矿渣-硅灰-偏高岭土三掺RAC耐久性显著高于粉煤灰-矿渣-偏高岭土三掺,后者在侵蚀180 d时已经溃散。四掺辅助胶凝材料RAC性能衰减速度均匀,但抗侵蚀性能仍处于较低水平,相同浸泡时间下,其耐久性指标均与粉煤灰-矿渣复掺RAC差距较大。

除冰盐冻融作用下混凝土界面粘结强度与界面过渡区细观力学性能的关系

界面过渡区(Interfacial transition zone, ITZ)是混凝土内部结构的薄弱环节,也是外界侵蚀性离子向内扩散渗透的通道。通过除冰盐快速冻融实验研究了在除冰盐冻融环境下混凝土界面宏观和细观力学性能的变化规律。结果表明,混凝土粗骨料与砂浆的界面粘结强度和ITZ显微硬度在盐冻过程中均呈现出典型的两段式线性变化,即随着盐冻循环次数增加而增强的初始强化阶段和随着盐冻循环次数增加而降低的后期劣化阶段;初始界面粘结强度或ITZ显微硬度随着水胶比的增大而减小,初始强化速率减慢,后期劣化速率加快,且低水胶比的混凝土有着较好的抗盐冻性能;盐冻过程中混凝土粗骨料和砂浆的界面粘结强度与ITZ显微硬度之间具有较明显的相关性。此研究结果为盐冻环境下混凝土细观力学分析提供了基础数据。

浅析混凝土的冻融破坏机理

混凝土耐久性决定了建筑结构的安全性与稳定性,并在长期服役过程中起到重要作用,影响其使用寿命。耐久性与混凝土所处的环境密切相关,寒冷地区正负温交变引起的混凝土冻融破坏是导致混凝土耐久性不足的重要原因之一。介绍了混凝土冻融耐久性的两种典型破坏形式,即内部冻胀开裂和表面盐冻剥蚀,包括冻融破坏的特征、常用表征手段以及劣化机理。同时针对非引气混凝土和引气混凝土,普通混凝土和高性能混凝土的冻融破坏机理进行了比较和分析,并针对性介绍了高性能混凝土的冻融破坏特性。

海水珊瑚混凝土水分传输性能研究进展

海水珊瑚混凝土是符合国家“双碳”政策的绿色、环保、低碳建筑材料,在南海岛礁建设中具有非常好的应用价值。水分传输性能是研究海水珊瑚混凝土耐久性性能必须要面对的科学问题。通过调研发现海水珊瑚混凝土水分传输性能研究亟需解决的三个问题:传输通道及传输影响机理,内部盐侵蚀作用影响,以及水分传输理论模型建立。

硫酸盐作用下掺纳米SiO_(2)/CuO混凝土强度及质量变化研究

为了研究硫酸盐侵蚀下掺纳米材料混凝土的强度及质量变化问题,开展2种纳米材料(纳米CuO和纳米SiO_(2))及质量百分浓度分别为纳米材料1.0%、5.0%、10.0%的硫酸盐溶液侵蚀下的混凝土盐侵蚀试验。结果表明:随侵蚀时间增加,混凝土试件表面逐渐剥落,抗压强度先升高后下降。混凝土中掺入一定量纳米材料能有效提高其抗压强度,但随着纳米材料掺量的增大,纳米材料会团聚而降低活性,进而导致混凝土抗压强度降低。此外,硫酸盐浓度也会影响混凝土的抗压强度。硫酸盐浓度为10.0%时,掺入0.1%的纳米CuO或0.1%的纳米SiO_(2)均能提高混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能;相较于纳米CuO,纳米SiO_(2)对于提高混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能更佳。

盐冻循环作用下水工混凝土开裂特征与抗渗性能演化规律

为探究盐冻循环作用对水工混凝土造成的损伤效应,开展CT扫描获取细观裂隙的二维和三维模型,结合渗流模拟探究抗渗性能的劣化规律。结果表明,盐冻循环作用导致混凝土质量损失率和孔隙率大幅增加,孔隙分布离散程度随之提高;三维裂隙模型展现了混凝土动态开裂过程,连通裂隙在盐冻循环过程中发生快速扩张和连通,最终贯穿试块;盐冻耦合效应引起的混凝土开裂对其抗渗性影响严重,在工程中须采取注浆封孔措施以提升水工结构安全与稳定性。

冻融条件下纤维混凝土的力学性能及损伤模型研究

以聚丙烯纤维(PP)为增韧材料,通过硝酸和超声协同处理对纤维表面进行了氧化处理,制备出了纤维混凝土,在氯化钠盐渍溶液中进行了快速冻融试验,研究了纤维表面处理时间对混凝土力学性能和抗冻性能的影响,建立了混凝土冻融损伤模型。结果表明,硝酸和超声协同处理后在纤维表面引入了更多的含氧基团,提高了纤维表面的化学活性,纤维表面出现了较多的凸起,表面粗糙度增加,纤维和混凝土基质的粘结性增强,混凝土的强度和韧性提高。纤维表面处理3 h的混凝土的抗压强度和抗折强度达到最大值,分别为40.9和5.16 MPa。以纤维混凝土的相对动弹性模量、质量损失率分别与冻融次数进行了拟合并建立了冻融损伤模型,结果发现混凝土质量损失率与冻融次数的模型更为敏感,纤维表面处理3 h的混凝土的使用寿命最长为17.83年,所有模型的拟合优度均超过0.95,损伤模型能够较准确地反映出观测数据的变化,可用于预测混凝土在冻融循环下的寿命。