Analysis of Effluent Outfall Problems and Their Classification and Regulation Countermeasures

Effluent outfalls are an important exit for pollutants discharged from the source flowing into environmental water bodies,as well as an important guarantee for the ecological environment of natural water bodies.In response to main problems of large and diverse effluent outfalls,as well as their monitoring analysis,tracing and regulation in China,classification and regulation countermeasures were proposed based on the characteristics of effluent outfalls.It is suggested that a comprehensive management and control system should be built by improving the management and control system,upgrading monitoring techniques and strengthening social supervision and public education,so as to provide a scientific basis for the supervision and management of effluent outfalls in China and help promote the improvement of water quality and the sustainable development and utilization of water resources.

Graphene oxide/hydrotalcite modified polyethersulfone nanohybrid membrane for the treatment of lead ion from battery industrial effluent

In the present study, polyethersulfone based nanohybrid membranes were effectively fabricated by incorporating graphene oxide(GO) and hydrotalcite(HT) nanosheets into the membrane structure. HT was prepared to overcome the irreversible agglomeration behavior of GO at a high concentration which affects the performance of the membranes. In particular, the shedding of HT in formamide provides a two-dimensional nanosheet with a higher positive charge density to prevent the restacking of GO nanosheets. Here, exfoliated GO and HT with different combinations(1:1, 1:2 and 1:3) were infused in the membrane matrix to treat lead-acid battery effluent effectively. Finally, the hybrid membranes were characterized for hydrophilicity, mechanical strength and pure water flux. In combination with the superior properties of GO and HT, the prepared hybrid membranes can be used as effectively to improve the separation and permeation performance. The phase inversion process eliminated the leaching of nanoparticles from the membrane matrix. The reusability of the hybrid membrane was achieved using0.1 mol·L^(-1)NaOH solution and reused without significant reduction in lead removal efficiency. The cost analysis of the membrane was also estimated from the lab study. Therefore, the present study suggested the selective and sustainable treatment of lead from a real-life effluent.

Systematic Biological Upgrade of a Urea Fertilizer Effluent Treatment Plant Using GPS

The use of modeling and simulation has developed into a critical tool for the sustainable management of wastewater, especially when it comes to replicating the complex biochemical procedures required for fertilizer effluent treatment, which calls for a significant amount of wastewater-related data. The biological improvement of a urea fertilizer effluent via GPS* simulation was carried out in this work using a methodical process. Using established analytical techniques, temperature, total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total phosphorus (T/), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total nitrate (NO3), electric conductivity (EC), turbidity, residual chlorine, urea, NH3, and heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Fe) were assessed. The research revealed that the measured values from the fertilizer factory outfall effluent had high concentrations of all the physicochemical water quality indicators, with the exception of TSS, PO4-, SO4-, and NO3-. These concentrations are higher compared to the authorized limits or suggested values by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). To improve the therapy biologically, however, a modeling and simulation program (GPS-X, version 8.0) was used with the physicochemical information gathered from the studied sample. The results of the treated water simulation showed that the concentrations of BOD5 and COD had been significantly reduced by 35% and 44%, respectively. Additionally, it was discovered that total phosphorus (TP), nitrate (N), and total nitrogen (TN) were all within the permitted FEPA limit. The results revealed good treatment performance of the wastewater with increasing concentration of acetic acid and sodium hydroxide. Hence, the results of this research work identify the need for proper treatment of fertilizer industry effluents prior to their release into the environment.

Effects of Electroplating Effluents on Growth, Heavy Metals Accumulation and Concentrations in Amaranthus viridis Lin.

Pollution in recent times has become prevalent due to industrial expansion,hence,releasing pollutants into the environ-ment.Thus,this study aimed at investigating the effects of effluents from electroplating companies on growth,heavy metals accumulation and concentrations in Amaranthus viridis.Seeds of A.viridis were obtained from the National Institute of Hor-ticulture,Ibadan.Loam soils were collected from Lagos State University and two samples of electroplating effluents were obtained from Oregun,Lagos.Seeds were sown,nursed,and transplanted in a uniform bucket filled with 5 kg loam soil and transplanted seedlings were treated with Effluent A(5 and 10%conc.)and Effluent B(5 and 10%conc.)and control respec-tively.Growth parameters such as plant height and so on were measured and plant samples harvested were analyzed for heavy metal concentrations using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.Data collected were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance.Results revealed that Effluents A and B are highly acidic and above discharge limits.Also,the result revealed that 5%conc.of Effluents A and B had more effects on growth(p<0.05)of A.viridis across the harvests than 10%conc.in relation to control.This result showed that the effluent samples affect the growth rhythms of plants.Results further revealed vigorous–1–1 accumulation of the heavy metals:Zn(241.66µg kg±0.10 at third harvest in Effluent A:10%),Cu(68.25µg kg±0.23 at–1–1 first harvest in Effluent B:5%),Cr(500µg kg±0.90 in harvests at all concentrations.)and Ni(500µg kg±0.90 at third harvest in Effluent B:5%)and all these metals are far above the control and permissible limits of WHO/FAO recommenda-tions.From this study,it could be concluded that electroplating effluents had adverse effects on growth and increased metals’bioaccumulation in A.viridis.Therefore,the treatment of effluents to enhance an eco-friendly environment should be done.

餐厨沼液滴灌水盐调控对土壤环境和西兰花产量的影响

为探究和评价餐厨沼液滴灌对土壤环境和作物生长的影响,通过盆栽试验研究氮磷钾等浓度施用条件下,滴灌水盐调控不同土壤水基质势水平[-20 kPa(W)和-30 kPa(P)]和餐厨沼液比例[0%(0)、10%(1)、16.7%(2)、25%(3)和33.3%(4)]对土壤盐分、无机氮含量和西兰花生长的影响。结果表明:土壤水基质势水平对土壤盐分有显著的影响,与P相比,W降低表层土壤饱和泥浆提取液电导率(ECe)13.0%;土壤ECe随沼液比例的增加而升高,33.3%沼液处理比其他处理高23.1%~46.8%。沼液比例对土壤铵态氮含量影响显著,0%沼液处理表层铵态氮是其他处理的2.2~3.0倍;餐厨沼液灌溉会降低西兰花产量,P_(2)、P_(3)和P_(4)处理下降显著。综合评价结果表明:W与P差异不显著,沼液比例越高影响越大,P_(0)处理与W_(1)、W_(2)和P_(1)处理差异不显著,但显著高于W_(3)、W_(4)、P_(2)、P_(3)和P_(4)处理。在等浓度施用氮磷钾条件下,餐厨沼液滴灌水盐调控仍会增加土壤盐分,降低土壤铵态氮含量和西兰花产量,但在控制土壤盐分和增加餐厨沼液可施用比例方面,-20 kPa明显优于-30 kPa。

滨海核电厂液态流出物间歇排放数值模拟分析

应用非结构化网格MIKE 21水动力模型及对流扩散模块,针对某滨海核电厂工程海域建立液态流出物排放数学模型,对核电厂运营期间液态流出物中核素在等浓度排放条件下4种不同典型潮时(涨憩、落急、落憩、涨急)起始的间歇排放进行数值模拟,并与连续排放进行比较,给出了不同工况下液态流出物在环境水域中全潮平均相对浓度分布及影响范围、不同半径海域内核素的平均相对浓度以及取水相对浓度特征值。对比分析显示,滨海核电液态流出物在受纳水体中的输移、扩散主要受潮流影响。落急时刻起始的间歇排放方式总体上在环境影响和取水浓度方面均具有显著优势。计算结果可为核电厂液态流出物排放方式的优化及海洋环境影响评价提供了依据。

石墨烯生产废液中双球状碳酸锰的提取及其电化学储锂性能

根据“双碳”目标和循环经济的要求,废弃物务必应收尽收。鉴于此,以Na2CO_(3)为沉淀剂,通过一步化学沉淀反应从石墨烯生产废液中提取了淡黄色MnCO_(3)粉末,并研究其电化学储锂性能。结果表明,废液中Mn离子的去除率为99.9%,MnCO_(3)粉末的回收率为92.6%。MnCO_(3)粉末由0.5~1.5μm的双球状颗粒组成,属于六方晶系;MnCO_(3)负极在0.5 A/g和1.0 A/g分别循环300圈后,其可逆放电容量分别为570 mAh/g和418 mAh/g。本文的研究结果为回收石墨烯工业废水提供了新思路,有助于降低环境污染排放。

碘量法和BOD快速测定仪测定医疗出水BOD浓度的研究

通过碘量法和BOD快速测定仪测定雅安职业技术学院医疗出水BOD浓度,探究这2种方法的差异。采取碘量法测定6份平行样品的溶解氧BOD依次为6.89、6.67、6.73、6.62、7.03、6.76 mg·L^(-1),平均值AV为6.78 mg·L^(-1),标准偏差为0.15,相对标准偏差为0.02,具有统计学意义。采取快速测定法测定6份平行样品的溶解氧BOD依次为6.55、6.45、6.72、6.66、6.54、6.78 mg·L^(-1),平均值AV为6.62 mg·L^(-1),标准偏差为0.12,相对标准偏差为0.02,具有统计学意义。结合国家《医疗机构水污染物排放标准》(GB18466—2005)的排放标准,分别采用国标GB7489—87制定的碘量法和快速检测仪对医疗排放水进行BOD检测,符合污水排放标准。从标准差数据来看,碘量法的标准差为0.151,快速测定法的标准差为0.124,2种方法相比较,快速测定法比碘量法更精确。与快速测定仪的测定步骤相比较,碘量法在测定过程中容易受到环境温度、气压、压力、实验操作误差等因素的影响,相对来说,数据波动比较大。

智慧水厂能耗监测评价与异常诊断管理平台研究

为提升污水处理厂水处理过程的运行能效,加速推进智慧水厂向节能化、数字化方向转型,设计了一种面向污水处理厂的能耗监测评价与异常诊断管理平台。平台基于建筑信息模型和能耗管理系统,通过采集污水处理厂运行数据与气象数据等信息,建立基于机器学习算法的动态监督能耗预测模型,实现厂区运行状况实时监测与评价。运维管理人员可依据平台生成的状态评价指数,进行厂区能源结构调整与异常用能识别与诊断。最后,以实际案例数据验证了平台各功能模块的可行性与有效性。分析结果表明,平台预警模块可以监测反馈96%的异常用能情况。

臭氧氧化在乙醇SBR出水资源化中的应用研究

为节约水资源,降低生产成本,该研究提出将序批式活性污泥法(sequencing batch reactor activated sludge process,SBR)出水回用于乙醇生产拌料工序。实验结果表明,SBR出水直接回用将导致乙醇发酵被抑制,对SBR出水进行臭氧氧化处理20 min后,SBR出水回用乙醇发酵的抑制性完全解除。研究证明NO_(2)-是SBR出水中的主要抑制物,当NO_(2)-质量浓度达到5 mg/L时就会对发酵产生抑制,表现为酵母细胞数减少且死亡率升高,细胞形态被破坏,对葡萄糖的利用率降低。转录组学研究结果表明,酵母细胞经NO_(2)-胁迫处理后,三羧酸循环与磷酸戊糖途径通量减小,使细胞代谢被抑制,生命活动减弱,因而抑制乙醇发酵。

基于两级强化化学混凝沉淀法的低浓度含氟工业废水深度除氟研究

针对低浓度含氟工业废水处理厂深度除氟至1.5 mg/L的需求,充分利用CaCl_(2)和废水处理厂内PAC、PAM等常规混凝剂及投加设施,考察在废水处理工艺流程的前端与尾端分别采用化学沉淀法除氟、一级/两级化学絮凝沉淀法除氟的效能。结果表明:化学沉淀法不适合处理低浓度含氟废水,投加200 mg/LCaCl_(2)仅能将[F-]由10 mg/L降至6.8 mg/L;一级化学混凝沉淀法采用120 mg/LCaCl_(2)+600 mg/L PAC+3 mg/L PAM组合投加,能将[F-]由10 mg/L降至3.8 mg/L;两级化学混凝沉淀工艺的除氟效率明显优于一级,将120 mg/L CaCl_(2)+600 mg/L PAC+3 mg/L PAM按1:1分两段投加时,能将[F-]由10 mg/L降至1.38 mg/L,可达到深度除氟的目标浓度1.5 mg/L。研究可为含氟工业废水处理项目提供深度除氟工艺设计参考。

臭氧基高级氧化法深度处理餐厨沼液的研究

采用臭氧基高级氧化法处理难生化降解的餐厨沼液生化段出水。考察了废水处理的pH、氧气流量、反应器气压和H_(2)O_(2)投加量等对餐厨沼液降解效果的影响。结果表明,随着pH的升高、反应器气压和H_(2)O_(2)投加量的增加,出水COD降低;在pH为7.8、氧气流量为1 L/min、H_(2)O_(2)投加量为2 mL时餐厨沼液降解效果最好,出水COD可降低到19.7 mg/L,其COD去除率为84.31%,达到《城镇污水处理厂水污染物排放标准》(DB 11/890—2012)一级A标准(COD≤50 mg/L)。

医疗废水出水余氯含量的测定及相应因素研究

通过N,N-二乙基-1,4-苯二胺分光光度法测定雅安职业技术学院附属医院医疗出水余氯含量,分析不同温度下医疗出水的余氯含量的差异,并对比医疗出水与其他3种不同水样余氯测定结果。确定余氯校准曲线方程为y=0.209 9x+0.007 9,医疗出水余氯的测定结果依次为5.336、5.241、5.479 mg·L^(-1),均值为5.352 mg·L^(-1),STD为0.120,RSD为0.22,实验结果符合《医疗机构水污染物排放标准》(GB18466—2005)的余氯排放标准。

电化学氧化法处理污水厂二级出水研究

为了确定电化学氧化法对城镇污水处理厂二级出水的处理效果,采用间歇式反应器,以COD、氨氮、总氮为主要考察指标,对比了钌铱-石墨、钌钛-石墨两种电极板的去除性能;分析了氨氮、COD的去除机理.结果表明:以氨氮为去除目标时,利用正交实验得到了去除氨氮的优化运行条件为pH=6.0,电流密度为10 mA/cm^(2),极板间距=1.0 cm,氯化物浓度为2000 mg/L,反应时间为50 min,90%以上的氨氮以氮气的形式被去除;以COD去除率为考察目标时,优化运行条件为pH=7.0,电流密度为10 mA/cm^(2),极板间距为1.0 cm,氯化物浓度为1500 mg/L,反应时间为50 min;优化条件下运行时,氨氮去除率可达99.0%以上,COD去除率为41.1%;三维荧光分析发现,水中有机物荧光强度有明显下降.

基于CNN-LSTM的工业出水水质预测模型

工业废水含有多种污染物,提前预测工业废水水质从而快速对其进行相应处理具有重要意义。为此,研究提出了一种新的卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)和长短期记忆网络(long short-term memory,LSTM)融合的工业废水水质污染物指标预测模型(CNN-LSTM)。为了更好地捕捉工业废水数据的时序性和动态性,模型设置了多个滑动窗口。使用CNN算法将时间序列数据进行高维特征提取,利用LSTM模型学习时间序列数据的时序特征,建立CNN-LSTM工业废水预测模型,并对废水水质中的化学需氧量(COD_(Cr))、氨氮、总磷(TP)3项指标进行预测分析。结果表明,与CNN和LSTM两个基准模型相比,CNN-LSTM预测模型的平均绝对值误差率(MAE)和均方误差率(MSE)均较小,预测效果较优。该模型能较好地实现对工业废水出水水质的准确预测,可为工业废水水质的在线监测和精准控制提供有效的、可行的技术支持和决策依据。

两种不同基质的垂直潜流人工湿地对尾水的处理效果研究

为提高人工湿地对污水处理厂尾水的处理效率,采用以黄铁矿和砾石为基质的两种垂直潜流人工湿地处理武汉某污水处理厂尾水,研究了不同水力负荷下人工湿地去除污染物的效果,并分析了基质的微生物群落结构。结果表明,在低水力负荷(0.4~0.7 m^(3)/(m^(2)·d))下,两种人工湿地对尾水化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、NO_(3)^(-)和总磷(TP)具有较好的去除效果;在高水力负荷(1.0~1.3 m^(3)/(m^(2)·d))下,对氨氮去除效果较好。黄铁矿人工湿地对尾水COD、TN、NO_(3)^(-)和TP的去除效果好于砾石,分析基质微生物发现,黄铁矿人工湿地中反硝化脱氮菌属主要为硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)和硫氧化菌属(Sulfurifustis),相对丰度分别为16.68%和4.62%,且硫杆菌属具有提高磷去除能力的功能;而砾石人工湿地中反硝化脱氮菌属主要为类固醇杆菌属(Steroidobacter),相对丰度为4.56%,采用黄铁矿为基质后,人工湿地中的脱氮除磷菌丰度和多样性升高,有利于人工湿地对尾水的脱氮除磷。黄铁矿人工湿地出水存在SO_(4)^(2-)含量偏高的现象,建议工程应用中在人工湿地底部填充黄铁矿以达到出水SO_(4)^(2-)含量降低的目的。

重庆某污水处理厂出水发黄原因及应对措施研究

污水处理厂出水的色度是排水水质的重要考察指标。重庆市某污水处理厂出水间歇性发黄,通过调查和实验分析得出,该厂出水发黄的原因是出水中锰离子浓度偏高,说明现有处理工艺无法实现对锰离子的有效去除。基于此,通过实验探究了出了在初沉池中添加适当的碳酸氢钠作为混凝剂,可以有效降低污水中锰离子的浓度。在锰离子浓度较高时,将源头水引入备用的初沉池,添加碳酸氢钠进行混凝处理,可有效降低了出水的色度。

基于天然黄铁矿的类Fenton体系处理焦化废水生化出水的研究

焦化废水经过生化处理后仍含有大量难降解成分,直接外排会导致自然界水体污染。针对经典Fenton反应存在产生含铁污泥、适用pH范围较窄致使其在实际应用中局限性较大的问题,采用天然黄铁矿作为非均相Fenton反应催化剂对焦化废水生化出水进行处理,并以废水中苯酚作为模型污染物探究其氧化机理。结果表明,该工艺可以在较为宽泛的初始pH条件下对废水COD进行有效去除;废水COD的去除速率与黄铁矿的添加量呈正比,高浓度H_(2)O_(2)条件下COD去除速率略有增加,但增加的速度变慢;体系中存在均相和非均相两种催化条件,加入·OH捕获剂后,体系降解效率大幅度降低,证明体系中的主要氧化物种为·OH;苯酚是焦化废水中主要的有机污染物,检测了使用黄铁矿的类Fenton工艺降解苯酚过程中的中间产物,苯酚首先被氧化成对苯酚,随后很快转化为对苯醌,最终被氧化成小分子酸。

超滤系统工程清洗方法研究与运行优化

针对工程中遇到超滤膜污堵、严重影响运行的问题,通过拆膜并结合实际水质条件初步分析污染物,并根据污染物特性对比分析了多组清洗方法。研究对比了酸洗种类、碱洗浓度、碱洗时间、碱洗曝气对超滤清洗效果的影响,并以清洗后膜通量保持率、清洗后运行周期压差增长速率、清洗时间为清洗效果评价指标。结果表明,40 000 mg/L NaOH+4 000 mg/L NaClO碱洗4 h+碱洗曝气+1.5%柠檬酸酸洗的清洗方案更适合工程清洗,清洗后超滤标准化膜通量恢复至99%,清洗后保持率较常规清洗方法提高了近30%。工程实施后,超滤系统供水量由20 000 m~3/d水平提升至25 000 m~3/d水平,提高了25%,且每天保留了近5 h闲置时间,可为运行维护提供时间保障,需要时可进一步增大产水量,有效确保生产。

高含酚废水处理技术的研究进展

高含酚废水的来源广泛,其中酚是一类具有毒性的化学物质,对环境、生态、人体都有非常大的的危害,且难以自然降解,但含酚类物质可以收集后作为重要的化工材料,再被应用于化工生产中。高含酚废水的处理技术通常被分为物理法、化学法及生物法,也可按照是否回收酚类物质,分为资源化处理及无害化处理。在处理过程中每种方法都各有利弊。在资源化处理中如何高效回收酚,无害化处理中如何降低成本等,都是近年来科研人员的主要研究方向。本文综述了近年来国内外处理高含酚废水的研究进展,比较了各处理方法的优缺点。