Long-term effects of gravel-sand mulch thickness on soil microbes and enzyme activities in semi-arid Loess Plateau,Northwest China

In semi-arid areas of China,gravel and sand mulch is a farming technique with a long history.In this study,a sample survey was conducted on long term gravel sand mulch observational fields in the Northwest Loess Plateau to determine the effects of long term mulch on soil microbial and soil enzyme activities.We found that after long term gravel-sand mulch,compared with bare ground,soil organic matter,alkali nitrogen,conductivity decreased,while pH and soil moisture increased.Urease,saccharase and catalase decreased with increased mulch thickness,while alkaline phosphatase was reversed.The results of Illumina MiSeq sequencing shows that after gravel-sand mulch,the bacterial and fungal community structure was different from bare land,and the diversity was reduced.Compared with bare land,the bacteria Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria abundance increased with increased thickness,and Actinobacteria was opposite.Also,at the fungal genus level,Fusarium abundance was significantly reduced,and Remersonia was significantly increased,compared with bare land.Redundancy analysis(RDA)revealed that soil environmental factors were important drivers of bacterial community changes.Overall,this study revealed some of the reasons for soil degradation after long term gravel-sand mulch.Therefore,it is recommended that the addition of exogenous soil nutrients after long term gravel-sand can help improve soil quality.

Field released transgenic papaya effect on soil microbial communities and enzyme activities

Soil properties, microbial communities and enzyme activities were studied in soil amended with replicase （RP）-transgenic or non-transgenic papaya under field conditions. Compared with non-transgenic papaya, significant differences （P〈0.05） were observed in total nitrogen in soils grown with transgenic papaya. There were also significant differences （P〈0.05） in the total number of colony forming units （CFUs） of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi between soils amended with RP-transgenic plants and non-transgenic plants. Compared with non-transgenic papaya, the total CFUs of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in soil with transgenic papaya increased by 0.43-1.1, 0.21-0.80 and 0.46-0.73 times respectively. Significantly higher （P〈0.05） CFUs of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi resistant to kanamycin （Km） were obtained in soils with RP-transgenic papaya than those with non-transgenic papaya in all concentrations of Km. Higher resistance quotients for Km＇ （kanamycin resistant） bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi were found in soil planted with RP-transgenic papaya, and the resistance quotients for Km＇ bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in soils with transgenic papaya increased 1.6-4.46, 0.63-2.5 and 0.75-2.30 times. RP-transgenic papaya and non-transgenic papaya produced significantly different enzyme activities in arylsulfatase （5.4-5.9x）, polyphenol oxidase （0.7-1.4x）, invertase （0.5-0.79x）, cellulase （0.23-0.35x） and phosphodiesterase （0.16-0.2x）. The former three soil enzymes appeared to be more sensitive to the transgenic papaya than the others, and could be useful parameters in assessing the effects of transgenic papaya. Transgenic papaya could alter soil chemical properties, enzyme activities and microbial communities.

Preliminary Study on Biological Characteristics of Degraded Soil Ecosystems in Dry Hot Valley of the Jinsha River

Distribution characteristics of soil animals, microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River, China. Results showed that Hymenoptera, Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the plots studied. The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series, and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation. Bacteria dominated microbiocoenosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols. Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series, and decreased with the degree of soil degradation. The activities of catalase, invertase, urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols, but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols. It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals, microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols. Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.

Effect of Pesticides on soil microbial and enzyme activity

Objective Pesticides has gain an increasing awareness because of it is becoming a serious environmental problem and come to threaten the health of humanbeing.The effect of five pesticides(zineb,copforce,the mixture of carbendazim and mancozeb,hymexazol)on soil bacteria,fungi,actinomyces,and Five specific enzymes were chosen for investigation(urease,dehydrogenase,invertase,acid phosphates and protease).Methods The enumeration of the soil micro flora was done by the dilution plate method;The enzyme activity was determined by traditional methods.Shannon-Wiener index as well as 16S rRNA-PCR amplification and DGGE fingerprinting was used for detection of shift in microbial community diversity in pesticides contaminated agricultural soil.Results The outcome showed that the microbial diversity was significantly changed after the application of pesticides,the effect of pesticides on microbe had a order from top to bottom:bacteria-actinomyces-fungi.Conclusions Our results indicate that the use of the pesticides hymexazol resulted in an altered soil community structure,in particular for the actinomyces.Invertase was markedly inhibited by hymexazol,zineb,carbendazim and mancozeb and the inhibiting rates were varied between 30.30% and 21.21%;Urease activity was also inhibited significantly by hymexazol,the inhibiting rate was 37.67%;Protease activity was markedly inhibited by zineb and hymexazol,the inhibiting rates were 27.27% and 18.18% respectively;Phosphates activity was inhibited significantly by hymexazol,zineb,carbendazim and mancozeb,the inhibiting rates were range from 22.12%-3.54%;Dehydrogenase activity was not significantly affected by pesticides.Meanwhile,the correlation of all indexes were analyzed,the data suggested that all indexes existed certain correlation.

Soil microbes-mediated enzymes promoted the secondary succession in post-mining plantations on the Loess Plateau,China

The diversity of vegetation configuration is the key to ecological restoration in open-pit coal mine dump.However,the recovery outcomes of different areas with the same vegetation assemblage pattern are completely different after long-term evolution.Therefore,understanding the causes of differential vegetation recovery and the mechanism of plant succession is of great significance to the ecological restoration of mines.Three Pinus tabulaeformis plantations with similar initial site conditions and restoration measures but with different secondary succession processes were selected from the open-pit coal mine dump that has been restored for 30 years.Soil physicochemical properties,enzyme activities,vegetation and microbial features were investigated,while the structural equation models were established to explore the interactions between plants,soil and microbes.The results showed that original vegetation configuration and soil nutrient conditions were altered due to secondary succession.With the advancement of the secondary succession process,the coverage of plants increased from 34.8%to 95.5%(P<0.05),soil organic matter increased from 9.30 g kg^(-1)to 21.13 g kg^(-1)(P<0.05),and total nitrogen increased from 0.38 g kg^(-1)to 1.01 g kg^(-1)(P<0.05).The activities of soil urease and p-glucosidase were increased by 1.7-fold and 53.26%,respectively.Besides,the secondary succession also changed the soil microbial community structure and function.The relative abundance of Nitrospira genus which dominates the nitrification increased 5.2-fold.The results showed that urease andβ-glucosidase promoted the increase of vegetation diversity and biomass by promoting the accumulation of soil organic matter and nitrate nitrogen,which promoted the ecological restoration of mine dumps.

2种林分类型土壤有机碳矿化及生物活性

以南京紫金山近80年生的朴树糙叶树阔叶混交林(阔叶混交林)和马尾松枫香针阔混交林(针阔混交林)为研究对象,测定了2种林分土层(h)0<h≤20 cm(上层)和20 cm<h≤40 cm(下层)土壤有机碳的累积矿化量和矿化速率,解析了土壤有机碳累积矿化量和潜在可矿化有机碳的影响因素。结果表明:①阔叶混交林的土壤有机碳累积矿化量和矿化速率均显著高于针阔混交林(P<0.05),阔叶混交林和针阔混交林的土壤累积矿化量范围分别为2705.06~4535.46和2122.66~3995.73 mg·kg^(-1),2种林分矿化速率范围分别为13.71~169.6和13.12~139.73 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)。②冗余分析表明,对阔叶混交林土壤有机碳矿化解释率较高的因子依次为土壤酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、脲酶(UE)、过氧化物酶(POD)、土壤密度和土壤碳氮质量分数比(w(C)∶w(N));对针阔混交林土壤有机碳矿化解释率较高的因子依次为ACP、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、土壤密度和w(C)∶w(N)。结构方程模型表明,2种林分通过土壤微生物极显著影响土壤有机碳累积矿化量(P<0.01),通过土壤酶、土壤密度、MBC和w(C)∶w(N)显著影响土壤有机碳累积矿化量(P<0.05)。③阔叶混交林的土壤惰性有机碳占土壤有机碳百分比显著高于针阔混交林(P<0.05)。同时,阔叶混交林土壤有机碳累积矿化量与土壤有机碳质量分数比低于针阔混交林,2种林分土壤有机碳累积矿化量占土壤有机碳百分比范围分别为6.11%~9.21%和6.66%~9.43%。综上,阔叶混交林土壤有机碳矿化对土壤碳库的影响较小,且具有更好的有机碳稳定性,建议在北亚热带森林植被恢复时营造以乡土树种为主的阔叶混交林。

须根自然腐解对滇重楼根际土壤理化性质的影响

目的:研究滇重楼须根在自然腐解条件下对其根际土壤养分、微生物数量和土壤酶活性的影响。方法:以四年生和五年生滇重楼幼苗为试验材料,在供试土壤中加入不同剂量的滇重楼须根,研究它们腐解对根际土壤理化性质、微生物数量和土壤酶活性的影响。结果:滇重楼须根自然腐解会抑制根系活力、丛枝菌根真菌侵染强度以及总提取球囊霉素和易提取球囊霉素含量,降低根际土壤pH值、速效氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)和有机质(OM)含量以及磷酸酶和脲酶活性,减少细菌、放线菌和总微生物数量,增加真菌数量和蔗糖酶活性,随着须根施用量的增加,上述指标的减少或增加幅度逐渐增加。相关分析发现,脲酶活性与土壤pH、AN、AP和OM含量之间均呈显著正相关,这说明其活性可作为表征滇重楼连作土壤理化性质变化的重要指标。结论:人工种植滇重楼过程中遗留须根自然腐解显著改变滇重楼根际土壤理化性质可能是造成连作障碍的重要因素之一,实际生产中避免须根遗留是保障滇重楼生长发育及品质形成的有效措施。

京郊日光温室土壤微生物状况和酶活性

对京郊8个蔬菜主产区县,25个有代表性的日光温室的土壤进行分层取样,用相应的培养基培养,测定分析其土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性。结果表明,0～20cm表土层受人为因素的影响土壤微生物数量与土壤酶活性明显高于20～40cm亚表层土;表层的土壤微生物的数量和大部分土壤酶活性表现为1月份大于5月份;随着种植年限增加,多数土壤微生物的数量和土壤酶活性呈增加趋势,但3～4年增势变缓。土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌之间呈显著正相关关系,碱性、中性、酸性磷酸酶和脲酶之间也呈显著正相关关系,土壤真菌数量和上述酶(除过氧化氢酶)活性呈显著正相关。讨论和分析了影响土壤微生物和相关酶活性的相关因素。

杨树人工林连作效应的研究

通过对莒县沭河流域杨树人工林多代连作条件下林地土壤物理结构、养分特征、土壤酶活性、土壤微生物数量以及林分生长状况的系统研究,发现随着杨树连续栽植代数的增加,其林木的树高、胸径、材积呈明显的下降趋势。多重比较结果表明各代之间的树高、胸径、材积差异均达到了极显著的水平。连作后土壤的物理性状的变化不大,随林地代数的增加,土壤容重略有增大,毛管持水量、毛管孔隙度没有一定规律性。土壤pH值随连作代数的增加而减小。土壤养分随栽植代数的增加,总体呈逐代下降趋势。3代、4代林地与2代林地相比,林地表层土壤有机质及各层速效N、速效P、速效K及微量元素Cu,Zn大幅度下降,而Mn和Fe含量有增加的趋势。在0 2 0cm土层范围内,随连作代数增加,林地土壤脲酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶活性逐渐降低,其变化规律与土壤有机质和速效N ,P ,K含量变化规律相似。过氧化氢酶活性则有随着栽植代数的增加而增加的趋势。连作对杨树人工林土壤微生物数量有显著影响,随着连作代数的增加,土壤细菌、真菌。

衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同植被恢复阶段土壤酶活性特征研究

本文以典型的衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同植被恢复阶段为研究对象,采用空间代替时间序列方法,选用立地条件基本相似的草坡阶段(Grassplot,GT)、灌草阶段(Frutex and grassplot,FG)、灌丛阶段(Frutex,FX)和乔灌阶段(Arbor and frutex,AF),通过调查取样和实验分析,对不同植被恢复阶段的土壤酶、养分与微生物及其相关性进行了研究。结果表明,1)随着恢复阶段的演替,脲酶、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶与过氧化氢酶的活性显著增加,在每个恢复阶段,脲酶、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶与过氧化氢酶活性随着土层的加深而逐渐减弱,脲酶与多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著正相关关系,蔗糖酶与脲酶和多酚氧化酶呈极显著正相关。2)随着恢复阶段的演替,土壤养分的时空变化与土壤酶活性的变化趋势基本一致,土壤有机碳、全氮与碱解氮含量呈上升趋势,土壤pH随植被恢复和演替而降低,随土壤深度的增加而上升,与土壤酶活性的变化趋势相反;脲酶与有机碳、全氮、碱解氮呈极显著正相关,与pH呈显著负相关,多酚氧化酶与有机碳、碱解氮呈极显著正相关,与全氮、速效磷、速效钾呈显著正相关,与pH呈显著负相关,蔗糖酶活性与有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾呈显著正相关。3)不同恢复阶段土壤细菌数量最多,真菌数量和放线菌数量与细菌数量的变化趋势各不相同;细菌平均数量为AF>FX>FG>GT,真菌数量为FG>GT>FX>AF,放线菌数量为GT>FX>FG>AF。4)主成分分析揭示脲酶与多酚氧化酶可作为衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地土壤质量评价的指标。研究结果将丰富该地区植物生态学与恢复生态学的内容,为衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地生态系统的恢复与重建提供了重要依据。

种植转双价抗真菌基因水稻对根际微生物群落及酶活性的影响

对转几丁质酶和葡聚糖酶双价抗真菌基因抗病水稻七转39种植后的根际土壤微生物群落和酶活性进行了分析。研究结果表明,七转39根内生真菌和细菌数量显著低于非转基因阴性对照七丝软粘和常规水稻竹籼B,根际土壤中真菌和细菌数量也少于七丝软粘,与竹籼B数量接近。在水稻抽穗期测定,转基因水稻根际土壤过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性以及可溶性有机质、氮、磷含量均与对照无显著差异。转基因水稻残体腐解过程中土壤腐殖酸含量变化与七丝软粘一致。与对照相比, 种植七转39未对下茬水稻的生长产生显著影响。

化感水稻根际微生物类群及酶活性变化

以化感水稻PI312777（PI）和非化感水稻Lemont（LE）为材料,分别测定不同水稻叶龄期（3～7叶期）根际微生物区系变化及根际土壤酶活性.结果表明,化感水稻明显影响土壤根际微生物类群及相关酶活性.化感水稻PI根际细菌、放线菌、固氮菌的数量高于非化感水稻LE,增幅分别在11.2%～28.3%、40%～78.6%和111.5%～173.9%之间,而真菌数量低于非化感水稻LE,最高仅为其值的25.5%,说明化感水稻PI对绝大多数细菌、放线菌、固氮菌生长有促进作用,对一些真菌生长有抑制作用.进一步分析表明,化感水稻PI对氨化细菌、亚硝酸细菌、硝酸细菌、好气性固氮菌、好气性纤维素分解菌、硫化细菌的生长具有促进作用,其中以氨化细菌、好气性固氮菌的更为明显,最低增幅分别为53.7%和57.6%;而对反硫化细菌、反硝化细菌生长有抑制作用,其值最高分别为非化感水稻的54.2%和50.6%.此外,化感水稻PI根系分泌物对脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶的活性具有促进作用,而对过氧化氢酶则呈抑制作用.

再生水灌溉对土壤性能和土壤微生物的影响研究

土壤性能和土壤微生物是再生水灌溉对环境安全效应评价的重要指标。通过模拟试验,以北京高碑店污水处理厂生产的再生水浇灌大豆为例,分析了收获期土壤理化特性及微生物类群变化。结果表明,再生水灌溉能够在一定程度上提高土壤肥力,表现为有机质和有效磷显著增加;土壤重金属铅、镉含量相对清水和土壤本底无明显增加,但土壤溶液电导值(EC)增加显著,在一定程度上造成盐度累积。在土壤微生物方面,再生水灌溉使土壤细菌数量相对清水灌溉处理增加;二级再生水和三级再生水灌溉处理间的放线菌数量差异显著,且明显高于清水对照;再生水灌溉对真菌数量影响不大。再生水灌溉使大豆根际土壤脲酶活性增加,碱性磷酸酶活性最高。土壤微生物数量、酶活性与土壤养分含量之间呈显著相关关系,可作为评价土壤肥力和土壤环境质量的指标。

外来植物火炬树水浸液对土壤微生态系统的化感作用

引种自北美的外来植物火炬树(Rhus typhina L.)是中国北方主要造林树种之一。然而,近年来分布区的不断扩大暗示着该树种的潜在入侵性。以火炬树为对象,研究火炬树不同浓度(0、0.005、0.025、0.1g/mL)的鲜枝叶水浸液对土壤微生物群落结构、酶活性、土壤养分含量及土壤矿化的影响。研究结果表明:随着水浸液浓度的提高,火炬树增加了细菌和真菌的数量;火炬树对所测土壤酶活性产生了不同程度的影响,脲酶和磷酸酶均有随着水浸液浓度的提高而增大的趋势,而蔗糖酶活性受影响不明显;随水浸液浓度升高,火炬树显著提高了土壤全碳、全钾、速效氮、有效磷、速效钾的含量,对土壤含水量、pH值、全氮与全磷没有显著影响;同时,火炬树通过促进微生物的矿化速率,提高了土壤无机氮的供给。以上结果表明,火炬树可以改变土壤的微生物组成和土壤酶活性并影响土壤相关营养元素循环,从而为自身的入侵创造有利条件。本研究揭示外来植物火炬树水浸液对土壤微生态系统的影响,从化感间接作用角度为火炬树的潜在入侵性提供进一步的数据支持。

黄河三角洲滩地不同造林模式的土壤酶活性

该文对东营市垦利县柽柳(Tamarixchinensis)林、枣(Ziziphusjujuba)园、旱柳(Salixmatsudana)林、刺槐(Robiniapseudoacacia)林、白蜡(Fraxinuschinensis)林、桑(Morusalba)园土壤酶活性及其与土壤化学性质和土壤微生物的关系进行了分析。结果表明在土壤空间上,脲酶和过氧化物酶活性随土层的增加而减小,多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性在土层之间变化不明显。过氧化氢酶与脲酶和多酚氧化酶显著相关,脲酶与多酚氧化酶呈负相关。不同造林模式对土壤过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶影响不大,对脲酶和多酚氧化活性有显著的影响。各种造林模式增加了脲酶的活性,均高于柽柳林;减小了多酚氧化酶的活性,除刺槐林外,均显著低于柽柳林;而造林模式对过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶的影响较小。土壤酶活性与土壤养分有一定的相关,其中脲酶与全氮、有机质显著正相关,与速效氮正相关;多酚氧化酶与速效钾正相关,而过氧化氢酶与全氮、速效磷和有机质呈负相关,与土壤pH值相关性不显著;与微生物的相关系数不大,其中脲酶与固氮菌、纤维素分解菌显著正相关,与细菌正相关;多酚氧化酶与固氮菌和细菌负相关;过氧化氢酶与固氮菌显著负相关,与纤维素分解菌负相关。脲酶和多酚氧化酶可以作为滩地土壤质量评价的指标。

滨海盐碱地枣园土壤酶活性与土壤养分、微生物的关系

对垦利县黄河口镇枣园的土壤酶活性进行研究。结果表明:随土层深度的增加,土壤酶活性下降。脲酶与过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.996、0.943;脲酶与多酚氧化酶相关性不大,相关系数为0.377;过氧化氢酶与过氧化物酶呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.911;多酚氧化酶与其他3种酶的相关性不大。土壤酶与土壤养分、pH值、土壤微生物有较强的相关性,其中脲酶与土壤养分、pH值和固氮菌、真菌、细菌的相关性显著,相关系数在0.444以上;多酚氧化酶与土壤养分和微生物的相关系数较小;过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶与土壤养分、pH值、纤维素分解菌和真菌的相关性显著,相关系数在0.451以上。

高寒草甸群落地表植被特征与土壤理化性状、土壤微生物之间的相关性研究

以青藏高原高寒草甸4种主要草地类型为研究对象，分析了不同植被类型土壤的理化性质、土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性与生态系统功能间的相互关系。结果表明，不同植被类型群落的土壤特性存在明显差异。藏嵩草沼泽化草甸0～40 cm 土层土壤容重、土壤含水量、土壤有机质、土壤全氮和土壤速效氮含量明显不同于矮嵩草草甸、小嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛草甸，土壤物理特性的改变（土壤养分、土壤容重、土壤湿度等）会引起植被组成、物种多样性变化；细菌数量和真菌数量与植物群落地上生物量之间存在显著正相关关系（P＜0.05）、放线菌数量与生物量之间的相关性不显著，不同植被类型的群落生物量影响着土壤微生物数量和组成；不同草地类型植物群落地上生物量与土壤酶活性（磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶、脲酶等）之间存在显著的正相关关系（P＜0.05），土壤酶活性对土壤有机质、腐殖质等的合成起到了积极作用。土壤酶活性的高低不仅影响了群落生物量，同时也影响群落物种多样性（物种丰富度），土壤酶活性的高低通过影响土壤微生物种类和数量、土壤养分含量，从而间接影响群落物种多样性。

保护性耕作对旱作玉米土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

研究了玉米关键生育时期不同保护性耕作措施对旱作玉米田土壤微生物和酶活性的影响。结果表明:随着玉米生育时期的推进,免耕留低茬、免耕留低茬+秸秆覆盖、免耕留高茬+秸秆覆盖、免耕留高茬4个处理土壤微生物细菌、放线菌、真菌和纤维素分解菌数量均显著增加,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶的活性增强。在全生育期,保护性耕作处理土壤微生物细菌、放线菌、真菌和纤维素分解菌数量比传统耕作分别提高41.9%、470.1%、67.9%和65.7%,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶的活性分别提高15.0%、18.5%和57.3%,且此效应受玉米生长发育进程的影响。表明保护性耕作有利于增加土壤有机质的累积,提高土壤肥力。

加气灌溉对大棚甜瓜土壤酶活性与微生物数量的影响

利用空气压缩机为大棚甜瓜根系供气,采用正交试验设计,研究滴灌带埋深(10、25、40 cm)、加气频率(每天加气1次、每2 d加气1次、每4 d加气1次、不加气)、灌水上限(灌水至田间持水量的70%、80%、90%)对大棚甜瓜种植下土壤酶活性及微生物数量的影响。研究结果表明:1加气灌溉对土壤酶活性、土壤微生物数量均有显著影响。其中对细菌、放线菌数量影响由大到小依次为加气频率、滴灌带埋深和灌水上限;对过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性、真菌数量影响由大到小依次为滴灌带埋深、加气频率和灌水上限。2最适宜的滴灌带埋深为25 cm。3每天加气1次土壤脲酶活性最高,细菌数量也最多;每2 d加气1次土壤过氧化氢酶活性最高,真菌数量最多。4灌水至田间持水量的80%过氧化氢酶活性最高,放线菌数量最多,灌水至田间持水量的90%脲酶活性最高,细菌及真菌数量最多。

西宁南山4种灌木根际和非根际土壤微生物、酶活性和养分特征

西宁南山区植被退化情况严重,人工造林植被恢复被看作是最有效的恢复手段,其中选择合适造林树种尤为关键。选择人工种植的唐古特白刺Nitraria tangutorum、柠条Caragana korshinskii、西北小蘗Berberis vernae和短叶锦鸡儿Caragana brevifolia共4种灌木树种造林试验区为研究对象,通过测定根际和非根际土壤微生物数量、酶活性及养分含量,综合比较种植4种灌木树种根际和非根际土壤肥力差异,科学评价其对土壤的改善效果。研究表明:(1)土壤微生物数量和酶活性总体呈现出根际高于非根际的规律,仅放线菌数量和脲酶活性出现了根际低于非根际现象。(2)土壤养分方面,4种灌木根际土壤和非根际土壤p H值、全N、全P、全K含量差异不显著,有机质、有效P、速效K含量均呈现出根际>非根际,而碱解N则是根际<非根际。(3)土壤酶活性与土壤微生物数量相关性不显著,土壤有机质含量与土壤细菌、真菌数量呈极显著正相关,有效P含量与土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量呈极显著正相关,速效K含量与过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶活性呈显著正相关,全N、碱解N含量均与脲酶活性呈显著正相关。(4)从土壤肥力综合水平来看,根际>非根际,其中根际土壤中西北小蘗>柠条>短叶锦鸡儿>唐古特白刺,研究结果表明西北小蘗和柠条能大幅提高土壤肥力,改良土壤效果较好。