Aerodynamic Features of High-Speed Maglev Trains with Different Marshaling Lengths Running on a Viaduct under Crosswinds

The safety and stability of high-speed maglev trains traveling on viaducts in crosswinds critically depend on their aerodynamic characteristics.Therefore,this paper uses an improved delayed detached eddy simulation(IDDES)method to investigate the aerodynamic features of high-speed maglev trains with different marshaling lengths under crosswinds.The effects of marshaling lengths(varying from 3-car to 8-car groups)on the train’s aerodynamic performance,surface pressure,and the flow field surrounding the train were investigated using the three-dimensional unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes(N-S)equations.The results showed that the marshaling lengths had minimal influence on the aerodynamic performance of the head and middle cars.Conversely,the marshaling lengths are negatively correlated with the time-average side force coefficient(CS)and time-average lift force coefficient(Cl)of the tail car.Compared to the tail car of the 3-car groups,the CS and Cl fell by 27.77%and 18.29%,respectively,for the tail car of the 8-car groups.It is essential to pay more attention to the operational safety of the head car,as it exhibits the highest time average CS.Additionally,the mean pressure difference between the two sides of the tail car body increased with the marshaling lengths,and the side force direction on the tail car was opposite to that of the head and middle cars.Furthermore,the turbulent kinetic energy of the wake structure on the windward side quickly decreased as marshaling lengths increased.

A novel refined dynamic model of high-speed maglev train-bridge coupled system for random vibration and running safety assessment

Running safety assessment and tracking irregularity parametric sensitivity analysis of high-speed maglev train-bridge system are of great concern,especially need perfect refinement models in which all properties can be well characterized based on various stochastic excitations.A three-dimensional refined spatial random vibration analysis model of high-speed maglev train-bridge coupled system is established in this paper,in which multi-source uncertainty excitation can be considered simultaneously,and the probability density evolution method(PDEM)is adopted to reveal the system-specific uncertainty dynamic characteristic.The motion equation of the maglev vehicle model is composed of multi-rigid bodies with a total 210-degrees of freedom for each vehicle,and a refined electromagnetic force-air gap model is used to account for the interaction and coupling effect between the moving train and track beam bridges,which are directly established by using finite element method.The model is proven to be applicable by comparing with Monte Carlo simulation.By applying the proposed stochastic framework to the high maglev line,the random dynamic responses of maglev vehicles running on the bridges are studied for running safety and stability assessment.Moreover,the effects of track irregularity wavelength range under different amplitude and running speeds on the coupled system are investigated.The results show that the augmentation of train speed will move backward the sensitive wavelength interval,and track irregularity amplitude influences the response remarkably in the sensitive interval.

Disturbance rejection tube model predictive levitation control of maglev trains

Magnetic levitation control technology plays a significant role in maglev trains.Designing a controller for the levitation system is challenging due to the strong nonlinearity,open-loop instability,and the need for fast response and security.In this paper,we propose a Disturbance-Observe-based Tube Model Predictive Levitation Control(DO-TMPLC)scheme combined with a feedback linearization strategy for the levitation system.The proposed strategy incorporates state constraints and control input constraints,i.e.,the air gap,the vertical velocity,and the current applied to the coil.A feedback linearization strategy is used to cancel the nonlinearity of the tracking error system.Then,a disturbance observer is implemented to actively compensate for disturbances while a TMPLC controller is employed to alleviate the remaining disturbances.Furthermore,we analyze the recursive feasibility and input-to-state stability of the closed-loop system.The simulation results indicate the efficacy of the proposed control strategy.

Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Superconducting Electrodynamic Maglev Train

This study considers a superconducting electrodynamic maglev train of MLX01 type.The characteristics of the electromagnetic spring coefficient of a single bogie under different magnetomotive force(MF) of the superconducting coil and standard air gap(Sag) were explored.In view of the small electromagnetic damping,a passive damping control strategy and an active damping control strategy were designed to increase the electromagnetic damping force between the superconducting coil and ground coil.Combined with the coupling numerical model of a single bogie,the vibration characteristics of the bogie in different directions with different damping control strategies were studied when the Sag and MF were fixed.The results can provide important theoretical support for stable operation control of maglev trains.

考虑Chopper保护的双馈电机短路电流计算

直流母线串入直流卸荷电路(Chopper)保护是双馈风力发电机(double fed induction generators,DFIG)常用的保护措施。Chopper保护动作对DFIG的暂态过程及其暂态短路电流有着重要影响,为此,该文针对Chopper启动后的双馈风力发电系统暂态过程建立含Chopper保护元件的暂态等值电路,通过分析Chopper保护投入后DFIG磁链、电压的变化,推导出DFIG三相短路电流最大值以及周期分量有效值的计算模型。最后对比PSCAD/EMTDC的仿真结果,验证了文中建立的三相短路电流计算模型的准确性。

综合Crowbar和Chopper保护的双馈风机低电压穿越仿真研究

为了优化双馈风电机组的低电压穿越(LVRT)性能,在现有LVRT技术的基础上,充分借鉴和参考了撬棒(Crowbar)保护、直流卸荷回路(Chopper)保护和定、转子变流器控制(RSC)在LVRT过程中的突出优点,提出了利用Crowbar保护抑制转子回路过流,发挥Chopper电路稳定直流母线电压的作用,及时退出Crowbar电阻并重新激发RSC,使之及时向电网提供无功支持,并结合仿真对综合保护控制策略的状态特性进行了分析。

基于混合型Chopper电路的MMC-UPFC故障渡越方案

当交流系统发生短路时,基于模块化多电平控制器的统一潮流控制器(MMC-UPFC)串、并联侧MMC均会受到故障冲击,存在两侧换流器过流闭锁,MMC-UPFC完全退出运行的风险。对此,以交流系统发生最严重的三相短路故障为例,分析了MMC-UPFC串、并联侧MMC故障特性;在此基础上,借鉴风电场交流故障渡越的Chopper电路,并结合MMC-UPFC不同运行方式对故障特性的影响,提出了基于混合型Chopper电路的MMC-UPFC故障渡越方案。该方案能够在交流系统发生故障后隔离并联侧MMC与串联侧MMC之间的联系,从而抑制串联侧馈入并联侧MMC的故障电流。仿真结果表明在MMC-UPFC的不同运行方式下,所提方案均能避免故障后并联侧MMC闭锁,MMC-UPFC将切换至静止同步补偿器(STATCOM)工作模式,为交流系统提供无功功率支撑。

基于Matlab的Boost-Buck Chopper的建模与仿真

对Matlab进行了简单介绍,建立了IGBT的仿真模型,运用Matlab/Simulink和PowerSystem工具对Boost-Buck Chopper进行建模、参数选择和仿真分析。与常规电路分析方法相比,该方法具有很大的优越性。

Crowbar和Chopper保护对双馈风机低电压穿越的影响分析

针对在电网低电压故障期间,双馈风力发电机因硬件保护出现离网问题,研究基于Crowbar阻值和增加Chopper保护电路对DFIG的影响。首先,在转子交流侧采用主动型Crowbar电路,可保护转子侧变流器减少暂态冲击电流的影响,直流侧配备卸荷(Chopper)电路,可在暂态过程中维持直流侧电压稳定;其次,在分析电网电压跌落过程中双馈风机的暂态特性基础上,采用基于定子电网电压定向的控制策略,合理的选取Crowbar阻值范围,并分析Crowbar和Chopper投切时刻对双馈风力发电机安全低穿的影响,在MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台中建立1.5 MW双馈风力发电机组模型,验证了Crowbar和Chopper保护电路的有效性。

Vibration analysis of maglev three-span rigid frame bridge considering magnetic force

The dynamic interaction between the maglev vehicle and the three-span rigid frame bridge is discussed. With the consideration of magnetic force, the interaction model is developed. Numerical simulations are performed to study the dynamic characteristics of the bridge during vehicle movement along the bridge. The results show that a reasonable value of the linear stiffness ratio of columns to beams is between 2. 0 and 3.0. The dynamic responses of the bridge are aggravated with the decrease in bending rigidity and the increase in vehicle speed and the span ratio of the bridge. It is suggested that a definite way is to control impact coefficients and acceleration in the dynamic design of the bridge. It is unsuitable to adopt the moving load model and the moving mass model in the design. The proposed results can serve in the design of high-speed maglev three-span rigid frame bridges.

大功率Chopper整流系统的应用研究

文章首先介绍了大功率IGBT模块的构成及chopper电路的基本原理;然后介绍了Chopper整流系统的并联均流的方法;最后研究了Chopper整流的几种结构,如6脉波整流多输出、12脉波整流多输出、24脉波整流高压输出及大电流低电压输出,并给出Chopper整流系统的优点:输出电流纹波低、动态响应快、电压闪变小、整个功率范围内功率因数高、整个系统电效率高、体积小、成本低.

电网电压不对称暂降下考虑Chopper动作的双馈风机转子电流分析

针对电网电压不对称暂降下双馈感应发电机直流侧卸荷Chopper电路的投入,分析了其动作后双馈感应发电机的转子三相不对称电流,双馈感应发电机在机端电压不对称故障时表现出极为复杂的电磁暂态特性。首先建立了正反向旋转坐标系下双馈感应发电机的正序、负序模型,然后基于序分量叠加法把不对称故障时复杂电磁暂态过程中出现的暂态量等效分解为正序、负序和自由分量,推导了不对称故障下Chopper投入后转子暂态短路电流精确解析表达式。利用Matlab/Simulink仿真软件对所提方法进行验证,仿真结果验证了机端电压不对称跌落过程中双馈感应发电机转子不对称短路电流变化特性。

短定子磁浮列车基于悬浮间隙实现测速和定位的算法仿真及应用

短定子磁浮列车测速和定位技术实现方式与传统轮轨不同,目前有多种技术实现方式,但都需要在磁浮列车上设置测速和定位设备或系统,且与悬浮控制系统相互独立,但悬浮控制系统对速度信号和位置信号又有一定的依赖性。因此,设计了一种基于悬浮间隙实现测速和定位的算法,并通过仿真达到算法设计预期目的,最后通过编程将算法嵌入磁浮列车的悬浮控制系统硬件平台,实现测速和定位的算法应用,测速和定位信号完全集成于悬浮控制系统中,摆脱悬浮控制系统对外置测速定位系统的依赖,提升磁浮列车在轨道交通市场的竞争力。

A 16bit 96kHz Chopper-Stabilized Sigma-Delta ADC

A 16bit sigma-delta audio analog-to-digital converter is developed.It consists of an analog modulator and a digital decimator.A standard 2-order single-loop architecture is employed in the modulator.Chopper stabilization is applied to the first integrator to eliminate the 1/f noise.A low-power,area-efficient decimator is used,which includes a poly-phase comb-filter and a wave-digital-filter.The converter achieves a 92dB dynamic range over the 96kHz audio band.This single chip occupies 2.68mm2 in a 0.18μm six-metal CMOS process and dissipates only 15.5mW power.

半/全桥混合型DC Chopper拓扑及其控制策略

DC Chopper能在海上风电柔性直流输电系统主网侧发生短路故障时耗散系统的盈余功率,并实现故障穿越。针对全桥型集中式模块化DC Chopper使用IGBT和二极管数目多的问题,提出了一种半桥/全桥混合型集中式模块化DC Chopper拓扑。该拓扑采用半桥子模块替换桥臂中一部分仅起到电压支撑作用的全桥子模块,并根据桥臂电流单向性的特点,省略掉子模块中部分IGBT,仅保留其反并联二极管,大幅降低了设备的成本。在此基础上,针对现有的集中式模块化拓扑控制策略精确度低的问题,进而提出了一种利用方波正半波幅值调节耗散功率、利用占空比平衡桥臂能量的控制策略,实现了对耗散功率和桥臂能量的精确控制。在Matlab/Simulink中开展了海上风电柔性直流输电系统故障穿越的仿真研究,验证了所提出的DC Chopper拓扑及控制方案具有良好的故障穿越效果。

一种风电变流器Chopper装置的测试方法

为保证电网低电压穿越故障下风电机组能正常运行,需要在风电变流器直流母线接入Chopper装置进行短暂能量控制。本文提出一种利用现有功率测试平台和软件模拟电网低电压穿越故障的方法来测试Chopper装置的电气性能。测试方法经济实用,具有很好的应用前景。实验结果验证了此方法的可行性。

Motion stability of high-speed maglev systems in consideration of aerodynamic effects: a study of a single magnetic suspension system

In this study, the intrinsic mechanism of aerodynamic effects on the motion stability of a high-speed maglev system was investigated. The concept of a critical speed for maglev vehicles considering the aerodynamic effect is proposed. The study was carried out based on a single magnetic suspension system, which is convenient for proposing relevant concepts and obtaining explicit expressions. This study shows that the motion stability of the suspension system is closely related to the vehicle speed when aerodynamic effects are considered. With increases of the vehicle speed, the stability behavior of the system changes. At a certain vehicle speed,the stability of the system reaches a critical state, followed by instability. The speed corresponding to the critical state is the critical speed. Analysis reveals that when the system reaches the critical state, it takes two forms, with two critical speeds, and thus two expressions for the critical speed are obtained. The conditions of the existence of the critical speed were determined, and the effects of the control parameters and the lift coefficient on the critical speed were analyzed by numerical analysis. The results show that the first critical speed appears when the aerodynamic force is upward,and the second critical speed appears when the aerodynamic force is downward. Moreover, both critical speeds decrease with the increase of the lift coefficient.

考虑Chopper动作的双馈风电机组三相短路电流分析

直流母线并接直流卸荷电路(Chopper)以保护转子侧变频器(RSC)是一种较常用的双馈风电机组低电压穿越改造方案。目前对称故障下双馈风电机组短路电流特性研究以故障后投入撬棒(Crowbar)电阻为主,Chopper动作下双馈风电机组短路电流特性研究几乎没有,故而难以分析其作用下双馈风电机组短路电流特性对系统中保护动作可靠性和设备安全的影响。类比双馈风电机组故障后投入Crowbar电阻的分析思路——转子回路串入电阻,通过分析对称故障后Chopper动作下的转子电流回路,将被闭锁的RSC和Chopper等效为可变电阻,分析了该等效电阻阻值随电压跌落程度和故障前转差率的变化规律。根据故障后双馈感应发电机的磁链、电压关系,通过数学解析得到Chopper动作下对称短路电流解析表达式。在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建配置Chopper的双馈风电机组模型,仿真验证了该表达式的有效性。

Coupling vibration analysis of high-speed maglev train-viaduct systems with control loop failure

The risk of failure of the control loop can occur when a high-speed maglev train runs on viaduct.Meanwhile,the failure of the levitation magnets which balances the gravity of the maglev train could cause the train collision with track.To study the dynamic response of the train and the viaduct when the levitation magnet control loop failure occurs,a high-speed maglev train-viaduct coupling model,which includes a maglev controller fitted by measured force-gap data and considers the actual structure of train and viaduct,is established.Then the accuracy and effectiveness of the established approach are validated by comparing the computed dynamic responses and frequencies with the measurement results.After that,the dynamic responses of maglev train and viaduct are discussed under normal operation and control loop failures,and the most disadvantageous combination of control loop failures is obtained.The results show that when a single control loop fails,it only has a great influence on the failed electromagnet,and the maglev response of adjacent electromagnets has no obvious change and no collision occurs.But there is a risk of rail collisions when the dual control loop fails.

A practical robust nonlinear controller for maglev levitation system

In order to explore the precise dynamic response of the maglev train and verify the validity of proposed controller,a maglev guideway-electromagnet-air spring-cabin coupled model is developed in the first step.Based on the coupled model,the stresses of the modules are analyzed,and it is pointed out that the inherent nonlinearity,the inner coupling,misalignments between the sensors and actuators,and external disturbances are the main issues that should be considered for the maglev engineering.Furthermore,a feedback linearization controller based on the mathematical model of a maglev module is derived,in which the nonlinearity,coupling and misalignments are taken into account.Then,to attenuate the effect of external disturbances,a disturbance observer is proposed and the dynamics of the estimation error is analyzed using the input-to-state stability theory.It shows that the error is negligible under a low-frequency disturbance.However,at the high-frequency range,the error is unacceptable and the disturbances can not be compensated in time,which lead to over designed fluctuations of levitation gap,even a clash between the upper surface of electromagnet and lower surface of guideway.To solve this problem,a novel nonlinear acceleration feedback is put forward to enhancing the attenuation ability of fast varying disturbances.Finally,numerical comparisons show that the proposed controller outperforms the traditional feedback linearization controller and maintains good robustness under disturbances.