Fas/FasL and Complement Activation are Associated with Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus Hepatitis

Background and Aims:Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus hepatitis(CAEBVH)is a rare and highly lethal disease char-acterized by hepatitis and hepatomegaly.This study aimed to investigate the clinicopathological features and pathogenic mechanisms of CAEBVH.Methods:Ten patients with con-firmed Epstein-Barr virus hepatitis infection were enrolled.The clinicopathological characteristics of these patients were summarized and analyzed.Flow cytometry was utilized to detect peripheral blood immune cell phenotypes and whole exome sequencing was used to explore pathogenic genetic mechanisms.Lastly,immunohistochemical staining was em-ployed to verify pathogenic mechanisms.Results:Clinical features observed in all Epstein-Barr virus hepatitis patients included fever(7/10),splenomegaly(10/10),hepatomeg-aly(9/10),abnormal liver function(8/10),and CD8+T cell lymphopenia(6/7).Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed lymphocytic infiltration in the liver.Positive Epstein-Barr vi-rus-encoded small RNA in-situ hybridization(EBER-ISH)of lymphocytes of liver tissues was noted.Whole exome se-quencing indicated that cytotoxic T lymphocytes and the complement system were involved.The expression of CD8,Fas,FasL,and Caspase-8 expression as well as apoptotic markers was enhanced in the Epstein-Barr virus hepatitis group relative to the controls(p<0.05).Lastly,Complement 1q and complement 3d expression,were higher in CAEBVH patients relative to controls(p<0.05).Conclusions:CAE-BVH patients developed fever,hepatosplenomegaly,and lymphadenopathy.Histopathological changes were a diffuse lymphocytic sinusoidal infiltrate with EBER-ISH positivity.Fas/FasL and complement activation were involved in CAE-BVH patients.

Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection treated with PEGaspargase: A case report

BACKGROUND Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection(EBV)is a systemic EBV-positive lymphoproliferative disease,which may lead to fatal illness.There is currently no standard treatment regimen for chronic active EBV(CAEBV),and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only effective treatment.We here report a CAEBV patient treated with PEG-aspargase,who achieved negative EBV-DNA.CASE SUMMARY A 33-year-old female Chinese patient who had fever for approximately 3 mo was admitted to our hospital in December 2017.EBV-DNA was positive with a high copy number.She was diagnosed with chronic active EB virus infection.PEGaspargase was administered at a dose of 1500 U/m2 at a 14-d interval,resulting in eradication of EBV for more than 6 mo.The effect of PEG-aspargase in this patient was excellent.CONCLUSION A chemotherapy regimen containing PEG-aspargase for CAEBV may be further considered.

Mutations in hepatitis B virus core regions correlate with hepatocellular injury in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B

AIM: To elucidate the relationship between the frequency of core mutations and the clinical activity of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related liver disease and to characterize the amino acid changes in the core region of HBV.METHODS: We studied 17 Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B according to their clinical courses and patterns of the entire core region of HBV.RESULTS: Amino acid changes often appeared in the HBV core region of the HBV gene in patients with high values of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or with the seroconversion from HbeAg to anti-HBe. The HBV core region with amino acid changes had high frequency sites that corresponded to HLA Ⅰ/Ⅱ restricted recognition epitopes reported by some investigators.CONCLUSION: The core amino acid changes of this study occur due to influence of host immune system. The presence of mutations in the HBV core region seems to be important for predicting the clinical activity of hepatitis B in Chinese patients.

Epstein-Barr virus:Silent companion or causative agent of chronic liver disease?

The Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)has an important and multifaceted role in liver pathology.As a member of the herpes virus family,EBV establishes a persistent infection in more than 90%of adults.Besides acute hepatitis during primary infection,many clinical syndromes of interest for the hepatologist are associated with EBV infection.The role of EBV in the evolution of chronic hepatitis from hepatotropic viruses is considered.Chronic EBVassociated hepatitis is suspected in immunocompetent adults with compatible serology,suggestive histology and detection of the viral genome in the liver and/or increase of specific circulating cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.EBV is the main cause of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders which occur in up to 30%of cases.EBV-driven lymphoproliferative diseases are also recognized in non-immunocompromised patients and liver is involved in up to a third of the cases.Directly implicated in the pathogenesis of different tumors,EBV has a disputable role in hepatocellular carcinoma carcinogenesis.Further research is required in order to establish or reject the role of EBV in human liver cancer.This paper attempts to discuss the range of EBV-associated chronic liver diseases in immunocompetent patients,from mild,self-limiting mononuclear hepatitis to liver cancer.

Natural killer/T-cell lymphoma with intracranial infiltration and Epstein-Barr virus infection: A case report

BACKGROUND Because of atypical clinical symptoms,lymphoma is easily confused with infectious diseases.Extranodal nasal-type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma(NKTL)is more common,and there are few cases of eyelid site onset and intracranial infiltration,which increases the difficulty of diagnosis.This disease usually has a very poor prognosis and there are few reports of recovery.CASE SUMMARY A 3-year-old boy was admitted to our hospital due to an initial misdiagnosis of"eyelid cellulitis"and failed antibiotic treatment.He was characterized by fever,right eyeball bulging,convulsions,and abnormal liver function.His blood Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)DNA was positive(8.798×10^4 copies/mL),and remained positive for about half a year.The cranial imaging examination suggested a space-occupying lesion in the right eyelid,with the right temporal lobe and meninges involved.The boy underwent ocular mass resection.The pathological diagnosis was NKTL.He was diagnosed as having NKTL with intracranial infiltration,combined with chronic active EBV infection(CAEBV).Then he underwent systemic chemotherapy and intrathecal injection.The boy suffered from abnormal blood coagulation,oral mucositis,diarrhea,liver damage,and severe bone marrow suppression but survived.Finally,the tumor was completely relieved and his blood EBV-DNA level turned negative.The current follow-up has been more than 2 years and his condition is stable.CONCLUSION This case suggests that chemotherapy combined with intrathecal injection may have a good effect on intracranial infiltrating lymphoma and CAEBV,which deserves further study and discussion.

Clinical analysis and follow-up study of chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection in 53 pediatric cases

Background Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection （CAEBV） has been previously reported to be sometimes associated with an aggressive clinical course. The characteristics of CAEBV in Mainland Chinese pediatric patients are largely unreported. The main aims of this survey were to recognize the clinical features of CAEBV in children and to explore its diagnostic criteria and risk factors. Methods A retrospective study was performed on 53 pediatric patients （36 boys and 17 girls） with CAEBV who were admitted to Beijing Children＇s Hospital between 2003 and 2007. All their medical records were reviewed and analyzed. For each patient, demographic, clinical, laboratory data and outcome were collected. Independent-samples t test was used for statistical analysis. Results The age at onset of CAEBV was from 2 months to 14.6 years （mean （5.3_＋3.3） years）. At the time of onset, 43.4% patients had an infectious mononucleosis-like symptom. Most patients exhibited intermittent fever （92.5%, 49/53）, hepatomegaly （81.1%, 43/53） and splenomegaly （77.4%, 41/53）. Life-threatening complications including hemophagocytic syndrome （24.5%,13/53）, interstitial pneumonia （24.5%, 13/53）, hepatic failure （15.1%, 8/53） and malignant lymphoma （11.3%, 6/53） were also observed. The serum EBV DNA level in 23 patients with CAEBV was in the range of 5.05×10^2-4.60×10^6 copies/ml with a mean value of 103.7 copies/ml. Many patients with CAEBV generally had continuous symptoms during the observational period. Eleven out of 42 patients （26.2%） died 7 months to 3 years after onset. Deceased patients were more likely to have had lower platelet counts and albumin levels than the living patients （P 〈0.05 for all comparisons）. Conclusions The study reveals that CAEBV in Chinese pediatric patients has a severe clinical course and prognosis is poor. Thrombocytopenia and decreases in albumin might potentially be risk factors for a poor prognosis. EBV loads should be measured and tissue should be stained on hybridization probes for EBV-encoded small RNA （EBER） if a patient presents with the known symptoms of CAEBV.

Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for pediatric patients with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection:a retrospective analysis of a single center

Background This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and clinical effect of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(haplo-HSCT)for the treatment of pediatric patients with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection(CAEBV).Methods Children with CAEBV who did not have matched donors and underwent haplo-HSCT in Beijing Children's Hospital,Capital Medical University,from October 2016 to June 2020 were analyzed retrospectively.Data relating to the clinical manifestations,engraftment,and prognosis of the children were extracted from medical records.Results Twenty-five patients,including 16 males and 9 females,with an onset age of 5.0±2.6 years and a transplantation age of 6.9±2.9 years,were enrolled irnhis study.The mean time from diagnosis to transplantation was 3.8(2.0-40.2)months.The mean observation time was 19.0±12.0 months.Three patients received the reduced intensity conditioning regimen,and the remaining patients all received the modified myeloablative conditioning regimen.By the end of the follow-up,23 patients were characterized by disease-free survival(DFS),22 were characterized by event-free survival(EFS).and two died.One of the patients died of thrombotic microangiopathy(TMA),and another died of graft versus host disease(GVHD);this patient discontinued the treatment for economic reasons.The 3-year overall survival(OS)rate was estimated to be 92.0%±5.4%,and the 3-year EFS rate was estimated to be 87.4%±6.8%.All active patients survived after HSCT event-free.Acute GVHD degrees 1-3 were observed in ten patients(40.0%),and degree IV was observed in six(24.0%),who were all cured except for one patient.Chronic GVHD was observed in nine(36.0%),and most of these cases were mild.The incidence of TMA and veno-occlusive disease(VOD)was 28.0%and 4.0%.Conclusions Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is safe and effective in the treatment of pediatric CAEBV and can be used as an alternative therapy without matched donors or emergency transplantation.Patients with active disease before HSCT also benefited from haplo-HSCT.Haplo-HSCT requires careful monitoring for complications,such as GVHD and TMA.Early detection of TMA and timely treatment can reduce mortality and can improve the survival rate.

血清preS1水平与慢性乙型肝炎患者肝纤维化的关系及对癌变的诊断价值

目的分析血清乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)前S1蛋白(precursor S1 protein,preS1)与慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B,CHB)肝纤维化及癌变进展的相关性。方法对2019年10月—2021年10月期间在青海红十字医院接受检查的228例乙肝表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen,HBsAg)阳性慢性HBV感染者进行回顾性分析,其中CHB患者75例、肝硬化(liver cirrhosis,LC)患者93例(LC组)、肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)患者60例(HCC组)。根据LC和HCC组肝组织活检分析肝脏炎症活动及肝纤维化程度。结果HCC组血清preS1水平[496.32(457.63,988.0)ng/mL]和LC组[338.72(247.93,554.61)ng/mL]血清preS1水平均显著高于CHB组[113.69(87.09,177.40)ng/mL],且差异具有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。HCC组血清preS1水平亦高于LC组(P=0.002)。经受试者工作特征曲线分析,血清preS1水平鉴别诊断CHB与LC的曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)是0.881(95%CI:0.830~0.932),鉴别诊断CHB/LC与HCC的AUC是0.861(95%CI:0.815~0.908)。3组患者的血清preS1水平与HBsAg(rs=0.799,P<0.001)呈强正相关和Log HBV DNA(rs=0.262,P<0.001)呈弱正相关。此外LC组和HCC组血清preS1水平与肝脏炎症活动分级(rs=0.201,P=0.009)及肝纤维化分期也呈弱正相关性(rs=0.295,P<0.001)。结论血清preS1水平与血清HBsAg、HBV DNA水平和肝脏炎症和纤维化进展呈正相关,有可能成为鉴别诊断HBV相关慢性肝病肝硬化或癌变的候选标志物。

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with the modified myeloablative conditioning regimen for children with chronic active Epstein–Barr virus infection

Importance:Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(alloHSCT)is considered the only effective treatment for chronic active Epstein–Barr virus infection(CAEBV).The clinical efficacy and safety of allo-HSCT with different conditioning regimens in children with CAEBV remain unclear.Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of allo-HSCT with the modified myeloablative conditioning(MAC)regimen for children with CAEBV and also the factors affecting the outcomes.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed children with CAEBV who underwent allo-HSCT with the modified MAC regimen at Beijing Children’s Hospital,Capital Medical University from October 2016 to June 2021.Data related to the clinical manifestations,engraftment,and outcome were extracted from the medical records.Results:The cohort comprised 41 patients(24 males,17 females)with a median transplantation age of 92.6(60.4,120.7)months and a median follow-up time of 28.2(15.3,40.2)months.Four patients(9.8%)died,among which three died from primary disease relapse,and one died from grade IV acute graft-versus-host diseases(aGVHD)after stopping treatment.The 3-year overall survival(OS)and 3-year event-free survival(EFS)rates were 88.8%±5.4%and 85.0%±5.7%,respectively.The 3-year OS and EFS did not significantly differ between the patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis(HLH)and the patient without HLH(87.7%±6.8%vs.91.7%±8.0%,P=0.790;85.0%±6.9%vs.84.6%±10.0%,P=0.921),or among the patients with complete remission,partial remission,and activity disease before HSCT(all P>0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that grade III–IV aGVHD was a risk factor for mortality(Hazards ratio:11.65,95%confidence interval:1.00,136.06;P=0.050).Interpretation:Allo-HSCT with the modified MAC regimen is safe and effective for pediatric CAEBV.This treatment benefits patients with HLH or active disease.Patients with Grade III–IV aGVHD may be associated with worse outcomes.

基于Watson关怀理论的个性化护理在慢性乙型肝炎患者中的应用效果

目的 探讨基于Watson关怀理论的个性化护理在慢性乙型肝炎患者中的应用效果,以期为临床护理决策的制定提供参考。方法 选取河南省商丘市立医院2020年3月—2022年3月收治的96例慢性乙型肝炎患者作为研究对象,按照随机数字表分为观察组和对照组,每组48例。观察组患者实施基于Watson关怀理论的个性化护理干预,对照组实施常规护理干预。比较2组患者干预后的治疗依从性,以及干预前后的生活质量及焦虑、抑郁情况。结果 观察组患者治疗依从性为93.75%,高于对照组的77.09%,且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预前,2组患者世界卫生组织生存质量测定量表各维度得分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预后,2组患者世界卫生组织生存质量测定量表各维度得分均高于干预前,且观察组高于同期对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预前,2组患者抑郁自评量表(SDS)和焦虑自评量表(SAS)评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预后,2组患者SAS、SDS评分均低于干预前,且观察组低于同期对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 基于Watson关怀理论的个性化护理能显著提高患者治疗依从性,改善焦虑、抑郁等不良情绪,提高患者生活质量,值得临床推广使用。

活血化瘀法为主治疗慢性丙型肝炎的临床研究

临床比较观察活血化瘀为主的中药组(15例)与干扰素组(15例)治疗慢性丙型病毒性肝炎的疗效。结果发现中药组与干扰素组对HCVRNA的转阴率均为20.00%,抗HCV的转阴率分别为33.33%和26.66%;在症状、肝功能的改善方面,中药组明显优于干扰素组,干扰素组存在不同程度的不良反应。中药组抗病毒远期疗效与干扰素组比较更为稳定持久,具有统计学意义。病理检测结果证实中药组有改善肝细胞充血水肿、汇管区的炎症细胞浸润和肝细胞坏死的作用。

慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染患者外周血CD8^+ T淋巴细胞表面淋巴细胞活化基因3水平升高

目的观察慢性乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染处于不同自然史患者外周血T淋巴细胞表面淋巴细胞活化基因3(LAG-3)表达的变化,探讨抑制性受体LAG-3在T细胞的表达变化与处于不同自然史慢性HBV感染者血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)e抗原(HBe Ag)和HBV DNA水平的关系。方法选取处于慢性HBV感染自然史为免疫耐受期(IT)患者24例、免疫清除期(IC)32例和非活动或低复制期(LR)患者31例,健康体检者30例为正常对照(HC)。应用流式细胞术检测外周血CD8+T细胞和CD4+T细胞表达LAG-3的比例;免疫分析法、生化分析法和PCR分别检测患者肝脏功能、HBV血清学标志物和HBV DNA水平。采用Mann-Whitney U检验分析各组间T细胞LAG-3表达率的差异;Spearman等级相关性分析各期慢性HBV感染患者外周血T细胞LAG-3表达阳性率与血清ALT、HBV DNA和HBe Ag水平的相关性。结果慢性HBV感染者外周血LAG-3+CD8+T细胞的比例较HC组显著增高,且处于IT期的患者外周血LAG-3+CD8+T细胞的比例明显高于IC期或LR期患者及HC组。处于IC期患者外周血LAG-3+CD8+T细胞和LAG-3+CD4+T细胞比例与患者血清中ALT水平呈显著负相关;IT组患者外周血LAG-3+CD8+T细胞和LAG-3+CD4+T细胞比例与血清中HBe Ag呈正相关。然而,不同自然史慢性HBV感染患者外周血LAG-3+CD4+T细胞比例和LAG-3+CD8+T细胞比例与血清HBV DNA水平无相关性。结论 LAG-3在慢性HBV感染患者外周血CD8+T细胞高表达,尤其是IT期患者CD8+T细胞高表达,可能是造成CD8+T细胞功能低下、HBV在肝脏长期复制的重要因素之一。

成纤维细胞激活蛋白与慢性乙型肝炎相关性肝病的关系

目的通过比较乙型肝炎(乙肝)相关性肝癌、乙肝肝硬化以及慢性乙肝患者肝组织中成纤维细胞激活蛋白(FAP)水平,探讨FAP在乙肝相关性慢性肝脏疾病的表达差异及其意义。方法收集47例乙肝相关性肝癌、29例乙肝肝硬化(S4期)、22例慢性乙肝(S1~S3期)及17例因良性病变行肝切除术的肝组织,采用反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)分别检测其中FAP的表达情况;采用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)方法检测组织及血清中FAP蛋白表达水平。结果在肝癌、肝硬化、肝炎以及对照组肝组织中,FAP mRNA表达的差异倍数值分别是4.73±1.60、1.86±1.04、0.98±0.80及1.00±0.00,四者比较差异有统计学意义(F=7.156,P=0.000);ELISA结果显示FAP蛋白在肝癌患者组织中1μg总蛋白平均含量为(1 288.28±695.82)pg/mL,而肝硬化组织为(1 176.11±677.43)pg/mL,肝炎组织为(1 044.58±389.48)pg/mL,对照组为(848.70±540.74)pg/mL,差异有统计学意义(F=3.004,P=0.034)。结论 FAP在肝炎、肝硬化、肝癌以及对照组的mRNA及蛋白表达水平存在差异,随着疾病的进展,FAP呈渐进性表达。

248例慢性乙型肝炎患者血清HBV DNA水平与肝组织HBsAg/HBcAg表达的相关性研究

目的探讨慢性乙型肝炎患者血清HBV DNA水平与肝组织病理学损害和HBsAg/HBcAg表达的关系。方法对248例慢性乙型肝炎患者进行肝穿刺活检,采用免疫组织化学法检测HBsAg和HBcAg,同时检测患者血清HBV DNA水平。结果在肝脏炎症程度G1～G4四组患者之间血清HBV DNA水平无显著性差异(P>0.05),肝纤维化程度S1～S4四组患者之间血清HBV DNA水平也无显著性差异(P>0.05);在肝组织HBsAg表达强度-～+++四组患者之间血清HBV DNA水平无显著性差异(P>0.05),而肝组织HBcAg随血清HBV DNA水平的增高而表达增强。结论慢性乙型肝炎患者肝组织炎症活动度和纤维化程度与血清HBV DNA水平无相关性。

益气活血汤合苦参素注射液杭乙型肝炎病毒临床观察

观察益气活血汤联合苦参素注射液抗乙型肝炎病毒的作用。设治疗组30例 ,以益气活血汤合苦参素注射液治疗 ,对照组 30例单纯用苦参素注射液治疗 ,疗程 6个月。结果 :治疗组HBeAg、HBV DNA的阴转率分别为 5 0 .0 0 %、5 6 .0 0 %。与对照组 40 .0 0 %、40 .91%相比有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。症状体征改善、好转亦较对照组明显 (P <0 .0 5～P <0 .0 1)。提示益气活血汤联合苦参素注射液有明显的抗乙型肝炎病毒作用。

肝病患者肝组织内HBxAg表达的研究

本文应用PAP免疫组织化学技术对109例肝病患者肝组织中HBxAg的表达进行了检测。31例慢性活动性肝炎有29例阳性,其中22例(占75.9％)胞浆和胞核均阳性;6例只分布在胞浆中,一例仅在胞核中。40例肝炎后肝硬化及38例肝癌组全部阳性,均在胞浆中表达,仅有少数病例同时在胞核中显示(分别占12.5％和13.2％)。表明X蛋白既可存在于胞核中又可存在于胞浆中,以胞浆表达更为普遍,而在核中的定位与肝细胞的变性有关。HBxAg对免疫组化敏感性很强,较HBV其他抗原易检测,可作为检测HBV感染的标志之一。

重型慢性活动性肝炎患者急性加重的病因探讨

为探讨慢性活动性肝炎患者急性加重的病因,对15例患者进行肝细胞内HBV DNA(乙肝病毒脱氧核糖核酸)原位杂交研究,同时检查血清与肝内HBV标志及肝内HDAg。发现:①60.0％(9/15)患者存在HBV活动性复制或HBV复制重新激活,观察到表达浆膜型HBcAg肝细胞多紧紧毗邻肝细胞坏死灶;②20.0％(3/15)患者肝内HBsAg或(和)HBVDNA阳性,虽无HBcAg表达,但见到浆膜型HBsAg表达或含HBV DNA肝细胞与肝细胞坏死灶关系密切的表现:③13.3％(2/15)患者有HDV二重感染;④1例患者缺乏HBV感染标志。表明慢性活动型肝炎急性加重主要与HBV活动性复制、HBV复制重新激活或HBV感染持续存在有关,其次是HDV二重感染,少数病例可能存在HAV或HCV的重叠感染。

肝细胞癌和其它慢性肝病HCV HBV感染比较分析

对１２８例有病理诊断依据的肝细胞场（ＨＣＣ）、４７例慢迁肝（ＣＰＨ）、１０５例慢活肝（ＣＡＨ）、４６例肝硬化（ＬＣ）．采用嵌套式ＰＣＲ技术检测其血标本中的丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣｖ）ＲＮＡ和乙型肝炎病毒（ＨＢＶ）ＤＩＩＡ，对这两种病毒的血清学标志也进行了研究。结果：在ＨＣＣ组。ＨＣＶＲＮＡ１４．１％阳性，ＨＢＶＤＮＡ７ｉ．３％阳性。ＣＰＨ，ＣＡＨ，ＬＣ和ＨＣＣ的ＨＢＶ感染率均在９０％左右，而ＨＣＶ感染率则分别为８．５％、９．５％、１７．４％和１９．５％，显示ＨＣＶ感染率随肝病严重程度的增加而有增加的趋势；晚期肝病组的ＨＣＶ感染率（１９．０％）显著高于慢性肝炎组（９．２％，Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示ＨＣＶ感染后经过慢性肝炎、肝硬化发展为ＨＣＣ可能是一个逐渐演进的病理过程。ＨＣＶ，ＨＢＶ重叠感染率。ＨＣＣ组高于ＣＰＨ，ＣＡＨ，而与ＬＣ相近，显示ＨＣＶ重叠感染在原有ＨＢＶ感染的基础上促进病变向着迁延化、慢性化，进而向着肝硬化、ＨＣＣ方向发展。

应用超声多普勒系统检测慢性活动型肝炎门静脉血流量的初步研究

应用超声多普勒系统研究慢性活动型肝炎患者门静脉血流的分布,结果表明,患者门静脉截面积增宽,血流速度加快,血流量增加。慢性活动型肝炎的活动期和稳定期门静脉均增宽,血流量均增加。活动期血流速度增加,而稳定期正常;血流速度和血流量在两期之间有显著差异。本文提示慢性活动型肝炎活动期门静脉血流量增加是由门静脉增宽和血流速度加快二个因素引起的。可以期望把门静脉血流速度和血流量同时增加作为慢性活动型肝炎活动的一个新指标。

乙型肝炎病毒感染慢性化研究进展

In recent years, people have maked a great deal of investigation on and gained remarkable insight into the mechanism of chronicity of HBV infection, including: ①HBV antigenspecific cytotoxic T cells (CTL)undergo "activation-induced cell death (AICD)"more severely than usual,so they can’t eradicate HBV infected target cells; ②these CTL can also damage other immune active cells and contribute to forming wide immunosupression in hosts；③the balance between Th1 and Th2 cells’ response may be disturbed； ④ gene mutation and/or expression deficiency of antiviral cytokines and their receptors have occurred；⑤antigen presenting cells(APC) process and present vira antigens deficiently; ⑥some circulating immune complexes (CIC) may contribute to chronicity of HBV infection； ⑦hepatocytes can’t execute fully their cooperative function in immune response and regulation； ⑧HBV-specific T cells have suffered clonal deletion during the ontogeny period;⑨ HBxAg can trans-activate the human multidrug resistance (MDR)-1 gene and associated genes;and ⑩mutation of viral genome and antigen have emerged under host’s immune pressure. In this review,we have discussed all these items and pointed out that there still have many other questions to be researched and clarified.