Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis:An intensivist’s perspective

Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis(UEDVT)is less common than lower extremity DVT but is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in intensive care unit patients.Increasing cancer incidence,prolonged life expectancy and increasing use of intravascular catheters and devices has led to an increased incidence of UEDVT.It is also associated with high rates of complications like pulmonary embolism,post-thrombotic syndrome and recurrent thrombosis.Clinical prediction scores and D-dimer may not be as useful in identifying UEDVT;hence,a high suspicion index is required for diagnosis.Doppler ultrasound is commonly employed for diagnosis,but other tests like computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging venography may also be required in some patients.Contrast venography is rarely used in patients with clinical and ultrasound findings discrepancies.Anticoagulant therapy alone is sufficient in most patients,and thrombolysis and surgical decompression is seldom indicated.The outcome depends on the cause and underlying comorbidities.

Pitfalls and sources of error of color duplex ultrasonography in detecting deep vein thrombosis of proximal lower extremities

Purpose To analyze the sources of errors and discuss the techniques to eliminate pitfalls in detecting deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the proximal lower extremities with color duplex ultrasonography (CDUS). Methods Sixty-eight cases with initial and repeat venous CDUS of the proximal lower extremities were retrospectively reviewed. The repeat was done within 24 hours after initial CDUS scanning. Comparing repeated images to initial ones, the pitfalls and sources of error in CDUS of the proximal lower extremities were discussed. Results In total 68 repeat studies, there were 62 results as same as initials and 4 cases of false negative DVT and 2 cases of false positive DVT. Conclusion Venous CDUS in detecting DVT is observer dependent. Some pitfalls and errors can be eliminated and corrected with proper scan techniques. CDUS is the most valuable imaging modality for assessing suspected DVT in the proximal lower extremities.

Preventing Lower Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis After Hip Fracture Surgery in Elderly Patients by Acupoint Application Combined with Pneumatic Compression Therapy

Objective:To investigate and analyze the long-term clinical effects of acupoint application combined with pneumatic compression therapy in the prevention of deep venous thrombosis after hip fracture surgery among the elderly.Methods:Sixty elderly patients who had undergone hip fracture surgery from February 2021 to February 2022 were selected as the research subjects.The patients were divided into two groups via drawing lots.Both the groups received nursing care,but the patients in the observation group were treated with TCM acupoint application combined with pneumatic compression therapy,whereas the control group received pneumatic compression therapy.The evaluation indicators included the patients’quality of life and complications.Results:The incidence of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis in the observation group was more than twice(0.3%),whereas the incidence of lower extremity complications in the control group was more than 6 times(20%).There was a significant difference between the two groups(p<0.05).Conclusion:Traditional Chinese medicine acupoint application combined with pneumatic compression therapy is beneficial for the prevention of postoperative lower extremity deep vein thrombosis among elderly patients.In addition,the patients’overall quality-of-life scores in both physiological and psychological aspects improved significantly,which carries significant clinical reference value.

Analysis thrombolysis with anticoagulation treatment for early stage of deep vein thrombosis in the lower extremities

Objective: To explore the effect of thrombolysis with anticoagulation treatment for early stage of deep vein thrombosis of lower extremity. Methods: The clinical data of 106 patients at the early stage of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the lower extremities treated by thrombolysis with anticoagulation and dispersion drugs were analyzed retrospectively. Results: The thrombolytic effect was significant. After treatment, the deep veins were recanalized without regurgitation in 75.3% of the patients. The total effective rate was 100%. Only three patients had hemorrhagic complication, but none of the patients died. Conclusion: Thrombolysis with anticoagulation treatment is an effective and safe method for DVT at the early stage.

Clinical Application of Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty and Stent Implantation in Acute Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis

Purpose: To analyze the application of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting in acute deep venous thrombosis of lower extremities. Methods: 70 patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting. Results: The mean circumferential diameter difference between the affected limbs and the healthy limbs and the knees at 15 cm was statistically significant. The cure rate and effective rate of the research group were higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting are of high value in acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis.

Discussion on Prevention and Treatment of Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis in Orthopedic Perioperative Period from Spleen and Stomach Meridians

Deep venous thrombosis of lower extremity is one of the common complications in orthopedic perioperative period.It is caused by many factors,such as peripheral vein dilation,slow blood flow;long-term immobilization,bed rest and so on.On the one hand,it affects the early postoperative functional exercise and functional recovery,on the other hand,it increases the length of hospital stay and economic burden,increases the pain of patients and even endangers their lives.Effective treatment of traditional Chinese medicine combined with western medicine can play a better role in the prevention and treatment of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis.This study expounds the concept of spleen and stomach meridians in the prevention and treatment of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis,and puts forward some opinions on the dialectical treatment and daily conditioning of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis,hoping to provide ideas for the clinical prevention and treatment of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis in traditional Chinese medicine.

Prevention and Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis of the Lower Limbs in Patients with Complications after Orthopedic Trauma Surgery

Objective:To explore and analyze on how to prevent and treat deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs in patients with complications after orthopedic trauma surgery.Methods:The research patients were selected from the cases of surgical treatment of orthopedic trauma in the hospital during the past two years,and a total of 58 patients were selected.The patients were randomly divided into two groups,with 29 patients in the control group treated with conventional clinical methods;and the other 29 patients were assigned to the experimental group,where targeted preventive and therapeutic measures were administered.During the research,the number of complications of postoperative deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs and the corresponding treatment efficacy were compared between the two groups of patients.Results:According to the results of clinical experiments,the probability of patients in the experimental group suffering from deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs after surgery was significantly lower than that of the control group(P<0.05);in addition,when complications of deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs occurred,the treatment efficacy of the patients in the experimental group was 96.55%,and the treatment efficacy of the patients in the control group was 82.76%.There was a significant difference between the two groups(P<0.05).Conclusion:Through clinical experiments to study and analyze the prevention and treatment measures of deep vein thrombosis in patients with complications after orthopedic trauma surgery,this research proves that active and comprehensive preventive and treatment measures can effectively reduce the number of complications and improve surgery treatment efficacy.

Two-point compression ultrasonography: Enough to rule out lower extremity deep venous thrombosis?

BACKGROUND: Deep venous thrombosis(DVT) is a major cause of morbidity and is a common presenting complaint to the emergency department(ED). Point-of-care two-point compression ultrasonography has evolved as a quick and effective way of diagnosing DVT. The purpose of this study is to validate the prevalence and distribution of venous thrombi isolated to proximal lower extremity veins, other than common femoral and popliteal veins in patients with DVT.METHODS: This is a single-center retrospective study that looked at patients presenting to the ED of a tertiary care hospital between January 2014 and August 2018. The clinical presentation and laboratory and imaging results were obtained using the hospital's electronic medical record.RESULTS: A total of 2,507 patients underwent a lower extremity duplex ultrasound during the study period. Among them, 379(15%) were included in the study. The percentages of isolated thrombi to the femoral vein and deep femoral vein were 7.92% and 0.53%, respectively. When the patients were stratified into the two groups of isolated DVT and two-point compression DVT, there were no statistically significant differences in the laboratory results between both groups. However, immobilized patients and patients with recent surgeries were more likely to have an isolated DVT.CONCLUSIONS: Thrombi isolated to proximal lower extremity veins other than the common femoral and popliteal veins make up 8.45% of DVTs. Given this significant number of missed DVTs, the authors recommend the addition of the femoral and deep femoral veins to the two-point compression exam.

Comparison of four clinical scores for the predicting lower limb deep venous thrombosis in Chinese patients

Objective：To evaluate Wells, Kahn, St.Andr 6 and Constans scores for the prediction of deep venous thrombosis in Chinese patients. Methods：One hundred and seventy-two patients, prospectively, blinded referred for evaluation with four clinical-score systems for suspected deep venous thrombosis, were examined by ultrasonography. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and receiver operation curves were calculated for four clinical scores. The difference between areas of the ROC curve for each of the scores was compared with others and reference line. Results：Forty-six of 172 patients had deep venous thrombosis proven by sonography. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for Wells score was 91.3%, 57.1%, 43.8% and 94.7%, respectively, for Kahn score; 65.2%, 71.4%, 45.5% and 84.9%, respectively, for St.Andr 6 score; 63%, 38.9%, 27.4% and 74.2% respectively, for Constans score; 95.7%, 34.9%, 34.9% and 95.7% respectively. Area under ROV curve of Constans score was 0.814, which was similar to that of Wells score, then followed by Kahn score and that of St.Andr 6 score was no difference with the reference line. Conclusion：Based on the results of our study, the sensitivity, negative prediction value and area under ROC curve are larger for Constans score and Wells score in Chinese hospitalized patients than that of Kahn score or St.Andr 6 score. Considering the aim of the clinical assessment, Constans score and Wells score are more efficient for Chinese hospitalized patients.

Combined effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine decoction and low-molecular-weight heparin calcium on the postoperative deep venous thrombosis in patients with lower limb fracture

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the combined effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) decoction and low-molecular-weight heparin calcium on deep vein thrombosis(DVT) induced by surgery in patients with lower limb fracture.METHODS: Totally 86 hospitalized patients with DVT after surgery of lower limb fracture between September 2012 and January 2015 were recruited and randomly divided into control group and observation group, 43 cases in each group. The patients in the control group were treated with subcutaneous injection of low-molecular-weight heparin calcium, and those in the observation group were additionally given Danshen Injection and TCM decoction. The differences between two groups in occurrence rate, medication time, therapeutic effects,recurrence rate of thrombosis, activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT), and prothrombin time(PT) were compared.RESULTS: The occurrence rate of DVT in observation group(4.65%, 2/43) was lower than that in control group(27.91%,12/43)(P<0.05). The medication time of observation group was(6.15±2.94) d, shorter than(9.76±3.12) d in the control group(P<0.05). In observation group, 2 cases of DVT were cured(2/2); in the control group, 9 cases presented therapeutic effects and the total effective rate was 75.00%(9/12). The improvement of APTT and PT in the observation group was better than that in the control group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Integrative TCM decoction plus low-molecularweight heparin calcium is superior to applicaton of low-molecularweight heparin calcium alone in reducing and treating DVT in the postoperative patients with lower limb fracture.

Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in cirrhotic patients:Systematic review

Patients with liver cirrhosis were traditionally believed to be protected against development of blood clots.Lately,studies have shown that these patients may probably be at an increased risk of venous thrombotic complications.Although the hemostatic changes in the chronic liver disease patients and the factors that may predict bleeding vs thrombotic complications remains an area of active research,it is believed that the coagulation cascade is delicately balanced in these patients because of parallel reduced hepatic synthesis of pro and anticoagulant factors.Thrombotic state in cirrhotic patients is responsible for not only portal or non-portal thrombosis[deep vein thrombosis(DVT)and pulmonary embolism(PE)];it has also been associated with progression of liver fibrosis.The use of anticoagulants in cirrhosis patients is a challenging,and often a scary situation.This review summarizes the current literature on the prevalence of venous thrombosis(DVT and PE),risk factors and safety of prophylactic and therapeutic anticoagulation in patients with chronic liver disease.

重症患者下肢深静脉血栓物理治疗的研究进展

重症患者病情较为复杂,治疗期间常出现下肢深静脉血栓(DVT),不利于其病情的恢复,虽常规药物防治效果较好,但极易引起患者出血。物理治疗可弥补药物治疗的不足,基于此,本研究针对重症患者下肢DVT的物理治疗展开综述,旨在为重症患者早期进行物理治疗预防下肢DVT提供参考依据。

多元化健康教育模式在预防下肢骨折患者深静脉血栓中的应用

目的探讨多元化健康教育模式在预防下肢骨折患者深静脉血栓中的应用效果。方法采用便利抽样法,选取2021年1~12月收治的下肢骨折患者300例,按照住院时间将2021年1~6月收治的患者作为对照组,将2021年7~12月收治的患者作为观察组,每组150例。对照组采用常规健康教育模式,观察组采用多元化健康教育模式。比较2组患者对深静脉血栓的认知水平、基本预防措施依从性、深静脉血栓的发生率,以及患者对护理工作满意度。结果观察组患者对深静脉血栓的认知水平、对基本预防措施的依从性、护理满意度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组患者深静脉血栓发生率为16.00%低于对照组的25.33%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论将多元化健康教育模式应用于下肢骨折患者,可提高护理效果,降低深静脉血栓的发生率,值得推广应用。

基于诺莫图构建髋部骨折患者发生下肢深静脉血栓的预测模型

目的探讨髋部骨折患者发生下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)的独立危险因素,并构建和验证列线图模型。方法选择2020年1月至2023年6月佛山市中医院骨科收治的髋部骨折患者227例为研究对象,按照7∶3比例将患者分为建模组(n=159)和验证组(n=68)。收集患者的临床资料,采用LASSO回归和Logistic回归筛选髋部骨折患者发生DVT的独立危险因素,建立风险预测模型和列线图。采用一致性指数(C-index)、校准曲线、受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线进行评价。结果建模组159例髋部骨折中发生DVT 33例,发生率为20.89%。LASSO回归结合多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥70岁、糖尿病、受伤至手术时间≥5 d、低蛋白血症、D-二聚体>0.5是髋部骨折患者发生DVT的独立危险因素。基于上述危险因素绘制列线图模型,将上述5个危险因素构建列线图模型,模型区分度良好(C-index=0.932);Hosmer-Lemeshow检验显示,列线图的拟合优度良好(χ^(2)=57.625,P=0.732)。建模组和验证组发生DVT的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.932、0.821,模型准确度高。结论年龄≥70岁、糖尿病、受伤至手术时间≥5 d、低蛋白血症、D-二聚体>0.5是髋部骨折患者发生DVT的独立危险因素,基于上述因子构建的列线图模型可有效预测髋部骨折患者发生DVT的风险。

利伐沙班和低分子肝素在老年粗隆间骨折患者围手术期的应用效果分析

目的分析利伐沙班和低分子肝素在老年粗隆间骨折患者围手术期的应用效果。方法选取2020年6月至2021年10月于厦门大学附属中山医院就诊的老年粗隆间骨折围手术期患者130例为研究对象。按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组65例。对照组采用低分子肝素皮下注射预防血栓,观察组采用利伐沙班口服预防血栓。比较2组患者术前及术后2周的凝血指标,术后2周内下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)和肺栓塞的发生率,术中出血量、术后引流量及住院时间,术后1 d炎症相关指标。结果2组患者术前、术后2周组间和组内凝血相关指标差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。术后观察组下肢DVT发生率显著低于对照组[4.6%(3/65)比15.4%(10/65)],差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.188,P=0.041)。观察组与对照组术中出血量、术后引流量及住院时间差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。术后1 d观察组降钙素原和C反应蛋白水平显著低于对照组[(0.17±0.02)μg/L比(0.22±0.01)μg/L、(20.2±2.3)mg/L比(23.9±3.6)mg/L],差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。结论利伐沙班与低分子肝素在老年粗隆间骨折患者围手术期均有良好的抗凝效果及安全性,但利伐沙班预防术后下肢DVT发生的效果更显著且口服用药更方便。

集束化护理对防治脑出血术后下肢深静脉血栓及缓解负性情绪的应用效果分析

目的:探讨集束化护理在预防脑出血术后患者下肢深静脉栓塞及缓解负性情绪方面的应用效果,为临床护理提供依据。方法:选取2018年11月—2020年3月广西医科大学第一附属医院收治的118例脑出血患者作为研究对象,根据入院的先后顺序将其分为对照组和实验组,每组各59例。对照组患者采用常规护理,实验组患者在常规护理基础上实施集束化护理干预。比较两组患者下肢深静脉血栓发生率、心理状态[焦虑自评量表(SAS)评分、抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分]、D-二聚体水平及护理满意度情况。结果:实验组患者下肢深静脉血栓发生率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.867,P<0.05)。干预后,实验组患者SAS评分、SDS评分均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=4.985、5.012,P<0.05)。干预后,实验组患者D-二聚体水平明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=4.586,P<0.05)。实验组患者护理满意度明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=8.768,P<0.05)。结论:对脑出血术后患者实施集束化护理干预,可预防患者下肢深静脉血栓,改善患者负性情绪,降低D-二聚体浓度,提高患者护理满意度。

股骨粗隆间骨折术后下肢深静脉血栓并发症影响因素分析及Nomogram模型建立

目的探讨股骨粗隆间骨折手术后早期发生下肢深静脉血栓的危险因素,并进行Nomogram模型构建。方法选取2018年1月—2020年12月于华北石油管理局总医院行股骨粗隆间骨折手术的120例患者,术后早期发生下肢深静脉血栓13例。按照术后住院期间是否发生下肢深静脉血栓分为并发症组和无并发症组。采用多因素Logistics分析术后发生并发症的风险并构建Nomogram模型。结果并发症组患者住院时长、术后住院时间、治疗总费用均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。单因素分析显示,骨折类型、合并慢性病种类、贫血输血、骨折发病时长是术后下肢深静脉血栓的潜在影响因素,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。将单因素有统计学差异的变量进行Logistics多因素分析,合并慢性病种类、贫血输血、骨折发病时长是股骨粗隆间骨折术后下肢深静脉血栓的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。采用内部数据进行验证,C-index为0.746(95%CI:0.596~0.935),该Nomogram模型预测与实际观测结果吻合度较好。结论术前合并慢性病≥3种、贫血输血、骨折发病时长>1 d是股骨粗隆间骨折术后下肢深静脉血栓的独立危险因素。本研究构建的Nomogram模型有助于指导医师完善个性化围手术期治疗方案。

急性缺血性脑卒中伴发下肢深静脉血栓应用低分子肝素钙治疗的效果评估

目的 讨论在急性缺血性脑卒中伴发下肢深静脉血栓患者中使用低分子肝素钙治疗的效果,并评估其安全性。方法 选取50例急性缺血性脑卒中伴发下肢深静脉血栓患者,按随机数字表法分为对照组与治疗组,每组25例。对照组给予脑卒中常规治疗,治疗组给予脑卒中常规治疗联合低分子肝素钙治疗。比较两组临床疗效、临床预后[美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分]、静脉血栓栓塞(VTE)风险[无手术患者静脉血栓栓塞风险评分表(Padua)评分]、不良反应(血小板减少、注射部位皮肤变化、肝肾功能异常、出血)发生率。结果 治疗组总有效率为80%,对照组总有效率为52%,治疗组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,治疗组NIHSS评分(7.08±1.29)分低于对照组的(11.24±1.20)分,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,治疗组Padua评分(2.28±1.02)分低于对照组的(4.40±1.35)分,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组不良反应发生率为28%(7/25),对照组不良反应发生率为32%(8/25),两组比较无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 低分子肝素钙可以促进急性缺血性脑卒中伴发下肢深静脉血栓患者肢体功能恢复,减少不良反应发生,在急性缺血性脑卒中伴发下肢深静脉血栓的治疗中取得理想效果。

改良冰肌散联合气压疗法预防股骨骨折下肢深静脉血栓临床观察

目的探究改良冰肌散联合气压疗法预防股骨骨折下肢深静脉血栓(LDVT)的临床疗效。方法采用回顾性观察性研究,选取2019年1月—2020年6月江西中医药大学附属医院骨科收治的股骨骨折患者60例。其中对照组30例行冰肌散涂药治疗,研究组30例行冰肌散涂药联合气压治疗。比较两组患者LDVT的发生率、疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分、下肢肿胀的变化及不良反应发生率。结果与对照组比较,研究组患者LDVT的发生率、下肢肿胀发生率及VAS评分均显著降低(P<0.05)。研究组治疗总有效率为93.33%(28/30),高于对照组的80.00%(24/30)(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗期间均未出现不良反应。结论改良冰肌散联合气压疗法预防股骨骨折LDVT的临床显著。

高龄产妇剖宫产术后住院期间下肢深静脉血栓形成预测模型构建

目的:分析高龄产妇剖宫产术后住院期间下肢深静脉血栓形成(LEDVT)的影响因素,并构建Nomogram。方法:选择2021年1月-2023年10月到本院接受剖宫产术的202例高龄产妇临床资料,依据其术后住院期间有无发生LEDVT分为发生组(n=51)与未发生组(n=151),logistic回归分析筛选高龄产妇剖宫产术后住院期间LEDVT的危险因素;用R软件绘制预测高龄产妇剖宫产术后住院期间LEDVT的Nomogram,且用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线、校准曲线、Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验评估。结果:202例发生LEDVT51例,占25.3%。logistic回归分析显示,口服避孕药史(95%CI1.847~9.183,P=0.001)、血栓史(95%CI1.336~5.512,P=0.006)、妊娠高血压疾病(95%CI1.391~7.302,P=0.006)、妊娠期糖尿病(95%CI1.059~5.257,P=0.036)是高龄产妇剖宫产术后住院期间LEDVT的独立危险因素。ROC曲线下面积0.763(95%CI0.693~0.833)。校准曲线斜率接近1,且Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验χ^(2)=5.911,P=0.315。结论:高龄产妇剖宫产术后住院期间LEDVT发生受口服避孕药史、血栓史、妊娠高血压疾病及妊娠期糖尿病的影响,依此构建的Nomogram可预测高龄产妇剖宫产术后住院期间LEDVT发生风险,为LEDVT的早期预警、及早预防、临床诊疗提供依据。