Interaction between seed size and NaCl on germination and early seedling growth of some Turkish cultivars of chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.)

Chickpea is an important food legume crop of Turkey and is largely grown for human consumption on low moisture or salt-affected soils. The objective of the study was to find the effects of NaCl stress at electrical conductivities of 4.5, 8.6, 12.7 and 16.3 dS/m and seed sizes （7, 8 and 9 mm） on germination and early seedling growth of three popular chickpea cultivars （AKN-97, Gokce and Uzunlu-99）. Mean frequency of germination, germination time, germination index, root length, shoot length and seedling fresh weight showed seed size-dependent responses ofcultivars to salt stress. In general, small seeds germinated and grew more rapidly compared to medium and large seeds of the same cultivars against all levels of salt stress, with the best results in cultivar Uzunlu-99. No effect of NaCl treatments was observed on frequency of germination; however, a drastic decrease in early seedling growth was recorded at increased NaC1 concentrations. Regression analysis results showed a significantly positive relationship （P〈0.01） between seed size and mean germination time, whereas a significantly negative relationship was recorded between seed size and germination index, root length, shoot length. Moreover, linear regression values apparently confirmed that increased seed size in each cultivar affected decreased germination index, root and shoot lengths with enhanced mean germination time. Thus, it was concluded that the use of small seeds could considerably reduce the production costs of chickpea in salt-affected soils.

Effect of Cooking on Amylose Contents of Mungbean （Phaseolus aureus） and Chickpea （Cicer arietinum L.） Varieties

Keeping in view the importance of amylose for various food industries as well as its importance on domestic level, the current study was conducted to analyze the amylose content of pulses of common use e.g. mungbean （NM-92, NM-98 and Ramazan） and kabuli type chickpea （CMNKI0-99, CMNK452-2 and Hassan 2k） varieties and quantifying the influence of cooking （boiling） on the amylose contents of pulses. The data revealed that moisture and arnylose content of uncooked mungbean varieties ranged 9.01-9.47% and 20.06-22.26% respectively. The moisture and amylose content of Kabuli type chickpea varieties varied 8.52-8.79% and 20.25-22.83% respectively. Moisture content of mungbean （64.16-66.08%） as well as chickpea （55.56-61.52%） varieties increased after cooking. For all the three varieties of mungbean the observed cooking time was 11 minutes. The maximum value of amylose content was assayed for NM-98 （20.74%） followed by Ramzan （20.24%）. The cooking time of Kabuli type chickpea varieties CMNK-452-2 and CMNK-10-99 was 60 min. Hassan 2K observed more cooking time （90 min） and highest value of amylose content in cooked （19.01%） samples. The effect of cooking/varietals on sensory evaluation （appearance, flavor, texture and overall acceptability） of mungbean varieties was statistically non significant attributes. Among chickpea varieties, Hassan 2K was ranked lowest due to its small size and hard texture and the sensory attributes were statistically significant （P 〈 0.05） as compared to the other two varieties.

Effect of Cultivar, Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization on Chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i>L.) Productivity

A 2-year field study was conducted in northern Greece to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation on productivity of three Greek chickpea varieties (“Amorgos” “Serifos”, “Andros”). Chickpea, grown under irrigation regime (30 + 30 mm of water) and fertilized with 50 kg·N·ha-1 before planting and with 40 kg·N·ha-1 at blossom growth stage, produced more total dry biomass and seed yield as compared with that grown under non-irrigated conditions and fertilized with 50 kg·N·ha-1 before planting only. In particular, irrigation and nitrogen fertilization at blossom growth stage increased total dry weight of chickpea by 18.3% and 18.5%, respectively, as compared with that of non-irrigated and fertilized with N before planting. The corresponding increase of seed yield was 30.5% and 20%, respectively. The total dry biomass of “Amorgos” was 10% and 13% greater than that of “Serifos” and “Andros”, while its respective seed yield increase was 5% and 16%. Finally, the quantum yield of photosystem II of chickpea was not affected by irrigation or fertilization. These results indicated that nitrogen fertilization at blossom growth stage combined with irrigation increased seed yield of all chickpea varieties, whereas the same treatments did not have any effect on plant quantum yield of photosystem II.

Yield and Water Productivity of Chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i>L.) as Influenced by Different Irrigation Regimes and Varieties under Semi Desert Climatic Conditions of Sudan

A field experiment was conducted at Hudeiba Research Station Farm, located at Ed-Damer, Sudan during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 winter seasons to investigate the effect of different irrigation regimes and varieties on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) yield, yield components and water productivity. The treatments include three irrigation regimes;irrigation every 10 days (I1 = full irrigation), irrigation every 15 days (I2 = moderate stress) and irrigation every 20 days (I3 = severe stress) and two varieties (Borgieg and Wad Hamid). The treatments were arranged in factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. Irrigation water being applied, grain yield, yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and the 100 seeds weight) and crop water productivity (CWP) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) were recorded. Results showed that the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-seeds weight, grain yield and irrigation water applied were significantly (p ≤ 0.001) affected by irrigation regimes. The highest values of these traits obtained with full irrigation, whereas the lowest values were recorded under severe water stress conditions. Results also indicated that, moderate and severe water stress regimes saved irrigation water by 24% and 32%, respectively compared with full irrigation. This study indicated that treatment I1 which was irrigated every 10-days did not produce the highest IWP, while treatment I2 which irrigated every 15-days gave the highest IWP. The lowest IWP occurred at severe water stress regime (I3). It could be concluded that moderate water stress might be adopted. Contrarily, the adoption of severe water stressed that produce high water savings would lead to yield losses that might be economically not acceptable. The late maturing chickpea variety of Borgieg significantly (p ≤ 0.05) out-yielded the early maturing variety Wad Hamid by 11%. Borgieg displayed the highest values of CWP and IWP.

Rhizogenesis of Two Species Fabaceae: <i>Cicer arietinum</i>L. and <i>Pisum sativum</i>L.

Our work of comparative study on the biomorphological, rhizogenic level of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and Pea (Pisum sativum), includes successively the following results: The in-vitro culture done, showed strains, which can reach 6.5 mm in the medium Nutrient agar (NA) for Cicer arietinum 6 mm of strain were recorded in the PDA culture medium for Pisum sativum. The best strain is obtained in temperature of 20&#8451;(ambient). According to the results of the rhizogenesis, we notice that the nutrient agar (NA) medium responds better that the PDA medium for Cicer arietinum. Meanwhile, the medium PDA brings a better reaction (response) compared with the nutrient agar medium concerning Pisum sativum.

A Kunitz trypsin inhibitor from chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i>L.) that exerts an antimicrobial effect on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris (Foc) is one of the most important fungal pathogens of chickpea and is regarded as a constant threat in tropical and subtropical countries. In order to correlate Fusarium wilt resistance/susceptibility in Cicer arietinum to the presence or absence of trypsin inhibitor (TI) in the crude extract, trypsin inhibitory assay (TIA) and in vitro activity of TI against Foc were studied. In the present study, a 20 kDa trypsin inhibitor was purified from Fusarium wilt resistant cultivar (viz. JG 2001-12) by ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis and chromatographies with Sephadex G-100 and Diethyl aminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-cellulose-52) ion-exchange column. Results of pathogenecity assay were found to be in correlation to the trypsin inhibitor assay where the Fusarium wilt resistant cultivar showed high trypsin inhibitory activity (99%) in the presence of trypsin enzyme using both natural and synthetic substrates. Preliminary studies using crude extracts of JG 2001-12 showed a decrease in radial growth of Foc. A 45%-82% reduction in conidium germination at 20 μg&middotmL-1?Cicer arietinum trypsin inhibitor (CaTI) concentration was observed, thereby, indicating the use of CaTI in suppression of pathogen and in its deployment through transgenic plants for the management of Fusarium wilt.

Variation in Thermal time model Parameters Between Two Contrasting Chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i>) cultivars

A laboratory experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different constant temperatures on germination and early seedling establishment and to study the variation among parameters of thermal time model parameters for two contrasting chickpea cultivars . Seeds were subjected to six constant temperatures from 10 o C to 35 o C . A complete randomized design was used with four replication. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among treatments for all characters studied. The final germination percentage significantly increased with increasing temperature up to 25 ° C, and thereafter there was a sharp decrease in final germination at 30 ° and 35 ° C. Desi type cultivar (small seeded) “Jabel Marra” significantly exhibited higher final germination percentage and lower germination rate compared with the kabui type cultivar “Shendi” at all temperatures. The median (θ T(50) ) of the thermal time was significantly differ between the two chickpea cultivars. The large seeded cultivars (shendi) recorded significantly higher median thermal time than the small seeded cultivars (Jabel Marra). The results also revealed a significant differences between the two cultivars in all thermal time model parameters. The small seeded cultivar (Jabel Marra) scored lower total dry matter and temperature tolerance index (TTI) compared to the large seeded cultivar (Shendi) at all temperatures studied.

Gene Expression Profiling during Wilting in Chickpea Caused by <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>F. sp. <i>Ciceri</i>

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (Foc), one of the most important fungal pathogen of chickpea, is a constant threat to this crop plant. In the present study gene expression analysis of chickpea roots during Foc infection was performed using various approaches. cDNAs derived from total mRNA during infection process of susceptible (JG62)and resistant (Digvijay) cultivars, were amplified using random oligonucleotides. Sequence characterization of differentially expressed transcripts revealed their homology with many plant genes essential for various metabolic functions including defense. Further, expression patterns of specific candidate gene transcripts were analyzed in the Foc inoculated and uninoculated resistant and susceptible chickpea cultivars, on day 6 of infection. Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis of defense related genes was performed using gene specific oligonucleotides in resistant and susceptible chickpea cultivars. The expression of fungal pathogenesis related genes and their race specific response was determined throughout the course of chickpea-Foc interaction. Temporal expression and race specific response of plant defense related and fungal virulence genes were studied in the resistant and susceptible cultivars of chickpea inoculated with three races of Foc highlighting the host-pathogen interactions. Few genes, involved in chickpea defense against Fusarium wilt which were not reported previously were unveiled in this study.

Physiological Races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Ciceris in Iraq

Twenty isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris were isolated from wilted chickpea plants obtained from different districts of north part of Iraq to assess variability in pathogenicity of the populations. Each isolate was tested on 12 differential chickpea varieties. Isolates showed highly significant variation in wilt severity on the differential varieties. Based on the reaction types that induced on differential varieties, isolates were grouped into four groups, First group included isolates FocSl, FocQ7, FocQ 10, FocFI3, FocH 17 and FocHl8; the second group included isolates FocS2, FocS3, FocS4, FocQ5, FocQ8, FocQ9, FocF11, FocF12, FocFl4 and FocH19; the third group included isolates FocF15, FocHl6, FocH20; where the isolate FocQ6 was placed in the fourth group. Results showed that the percentage of genetic similarity was ranged 42% to 100% and was 42% between the first group and other groups and 72% between the three groups the rest and thus this indicate the presence of four races of the fungus which are O, 4, 5 and 1B/C, this represent the first record of these races in lraq.

鹰嘴豆LHY基因cDNA克隆及生物信息学分析

从鹰嘴豆中克隆生物节律钟LHY基因的cDNA全长序列,进行序列信息学分析。通过同源克隆策略,利用RT-PCR技术获得核心片段,结合5'-RACE和3'-RACE技术,克隆得到鹰嘴豆生物节律钟基因LHY的cDNA全长序列,其核苷酸序列长度为3 061 bp,包括2 220 bp的完整开放阅读框(ORF),编码739个氨基酸。验证后命名为CarLHY基因,获得基因登录号为KJ558378。生物信息学研究表明CarLHY基因cDNA序列与其他植物LHY基因具有较高的相似性;预测CarLHY蛋白不具有跨膜结构;为转录因子,定位于细胞核中;不具备信号肽。对CarLHY蛋白功能结构域预测表明,蛋白质核心结构存在符合转录因子与DNA结合的常见功能域HTH。蛋白系统进化树显示,与大豆分子进化距离最近,其次是黑杨、拟南芥。

Characterization of chickpea germplasm conserved in the Indian National Genebank and development of a core set using qualitative and quantitative trait data

Chickpea is the third most important pulse crop as a source of dietary protein. Ever-increasing demand in Asian countries calls for breeding superior desi-type varieties, in turn necessitating the availability of characterized germplasm to breeders. The Indian National Genebank,located at the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, conserves 14,651 accessions of chickpea. The entire set was characterized in a single large-scale experiment.High variation was observed for eight quantitative and 12 qualitative agro-morphological traits. Allelic richness procedure was employed to assemble a core set comprising 1103 accessions, 70.0% of which were of Indian origin. Comparable values of total variation explained by the first three principal components in the entire collection(51.1%) and the core(52.4%)together with conservation of nine pairwise r values among quantitative traits in the core collection and a coincidence rate around 99.7% indicated that the chickpea core was indeed an excellent representation of the entire chickpea collection in the National Genebank. The chickpea core exhibited greater diversity than the entire collection in agro-morphological traits, as assessed by higher variance and Shannon–Weaver diversity indices, indicating that the chickpea core maximized the phenotypic diversity available in the Indian chickpea germplasm. The chickpea core, comprising mainly indigenous desi genotypes, is expected to be an excellent resource for chickpea breeders. Information on the chickpea core can be accessed at http://www.nbpgr.ernet.in/pgrportal.

Analysis of Growth and Productivity of Green Chickpea Using Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization

Chickpea contains high levels of protein,vitamins and minerals.Acceptable chickpea yield is the result of meeting nitrogen and phosphorus requirements.The effect of appropriately meeting such requirements reflects on growth and can easily be evaluated using growth analysis.This research determined:(a)The effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on phenology,net assimilation rate,number of green leaves,leaf area,leaf area index and leaf area duration;(b)Green chickpea yield and number of pods due to fertilization;and(c)The combination of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization that yields the most net revenue.Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization was evaluated;each at the doses of 0,75 and 150 kg ha–1(N0,N75,N150;P0,P75 and P150,respectively).The combination of the levels of both nutrients generated nine combinations of treatments which were distributed in the field in a randomized complete block design in an arrangement of divided plots with four repetitions.Timing of phenological phases were similar among treatments.Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization increased number of leaves,leaf area index,and leaf area duration that translated into increased green chickpea yield(GCY).Combinations N150-P75 and N150-P150 produced the highest GCY.The highest net revenue and revenue per peso invested was obtained with N150-P75.

Allelic Variation within Single Podded Gene Characterized by STMS Marker in Chickpea

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), is an important grain legume crop throughout the world especially in developing countries. However the average yield worldwide is considered to be lower than its potential yield (Singh et al.,

人工老化对鹰嘴豆种子发芽和膜透性的影响

以鹰嘴豆种子为研究材料,分别进行12 h、24 h、36 h、48 h、60 h、72 h、84 h及96 h 8个人工老化处理(40℃、相对湿度100%),研究老化过程中种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、苗长、根长、电导率及可溶性糖的变化趋势,分析人工老化处理对鹰嘴豆种子膜透性的影响。结果表明,鹰嘴豆种子在老化处理后,发芽率、发芽指数先急剧下降(12 h)而后缓慢下降,浸种液电导率先缓慢上升而后急剧上升(48 h),而可溶性糖含量先急剧上升(12 h)后缓慢上升再略有下降(96 h)。不同老化程度种子的电导率与发芽指数和发芽率均呈显著正相关(P<0.05),发芽率与发芽指数呈显著正相关(P<0.05),可溶性糖与活力指数呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),其他各指标间无显著相关性。

响应面结合遗传算法优化鹰嘴豆中抗炎活性成分的提取

以异黄酮提取率为评价指标,考察超声时间、乙醇浓度和料液比对鹰嘴豆异黄酮提取率的影响,在单因素实验基础上,利用响应面结合遗传算法优化鹰嘴豆异黄酮提取工艺,得到最佳提取工艺条件为:提取时间为1.73 h、乙醇浓度为78.64%,料液比1∶24.9 g/mL,鹰嘴豆中异黄酮提取率为0.76 mg/g。以5-脂氧合酶为作用靶点,利用超滤-质谱技术(UF-MS)筛选鹰嘴豆中具有抑制5-脂氧合酶作用的潜在抗炎活性成分。结果表明,利用响应面结合遗传算法可以进一步优化提高鹰嘴豆中活性成分的提取率;鹰嘴豆中具有潜在的抗炎活性成分为大豆苷、大豆苷元、毛蕊异黄酮、后莫紫檀素和鹰嘴豆芽素A,其结合强度分别为40.82%、36.93%、31.65%、28.75%和22.51%。

鹰嘴豆种质资源农艺性状遗传多样性分析

以100份鹰嘴豆种质资源为材料,应用聚类分析和主成分分析方法,对15个主要农艺性状的遗传多样性进行分析。结果表明,参试材料存在广泛的遗传多样性。其中,多样性指数最高的是株高,其次是百粒重;性状变异系数最大的是单株荚数,其次是单株粒重;基于各种质间形态标记的遗传差异,将100份鹰嘴豆种质聚类并划分为4大类群。第Ⅰ类群可作为选育丰产中粒型和株高适中的品种,第Ⅱ类群可作为选育矮秆耐密及特异粒色(型)品种,第Ⅲ类群丰产性较差可作为选育子粒球型、光滑的品种,第Ⅳ类群可作为选育大粒型、适宜机械化收获的品种。9个数量性状的主成分分析结果表明,前4个主成分累计贡献率达73.91%,各主成分性状载荷值反映了主要数量性状的育种选择潜力。综合分析种质资源农艺性状,为鹰嘴豆的有效利用提供一定的科学依据。

鹰嘴豆种子胰蛋白酶抑制剂的分离纯化与鉴定

为了寻找具有药物作用的天然胰蛋白酶抑制物,采用硫酸铵分级沉淀、离子交换层析(DEAE-纤维素52)及Sephadex G-100凝胶层析等方法,从鹰嘴豆种子中分离出一种鹰嘴豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂(CPTI).研究表明:CPTI对胰蛋白酶有较强的抑制作用,抑制率达80%,而对胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制作用较弱,抑制率为32%,对胃蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶及枯草杆菌蛋白酶均无抑制作用;用SDS-PAGE测得CPTI近似分子质量为25.7 kD;CPTI具有较高的热稳定性,在100℃下加热60min,对胰蛋白酶活性仍保持78%抑制率;Lineveaer-Burk作图得知该抑制剂属竞争性抑制类型.动力学测定显示,来自鹰嘴豆中的CPTI对胰蛋白酶的抑制作用常数(Ki)为3.99×10-7 mol/L.

鹰咀豆根系分泌物的分离鉴定及典型分泌物苯甲醛的化感效应

运用CH2Cl2提取水培35d鹰咀豆的根系分泌物,并通过气相色谱和质谱联用技术(GC MS)进行分离鉴定,对典型分泌物苯甲醛的生物学效应通过发芽试验进行了测试。结果表明,鹰咀豆的根分泌物主要包括有机酸、酚、烃类、酯、酮类、醇、酰胺、苯、醛和噻唑等;苯甲醛是一种他感作用强于自毒作用的化感物质,对2种幼苗组成的复合系统的负效应小于对单作系统的负效应。

鹰嘴豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂的提取工艺研究

目的研究鹰嘴豆中胰蛋白酶抑制剂的最佳提取条件。方法以提取液对胰蛋白酶的抑制率为指标,采用正交实验法对提取温度(A)、溶剂用量(B)、pH值(C)、提取时间(D)4个因素进行优选,并对优选的提取方案进行验证。结果在所选水平范围内,因素C和B对提取效果有显著的影响,因素D和A影响不显著。结论该文属国内首次关于鹰嘴豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂成分的研究报告,其有效部位的最佳提取工艺为C1B3D1A3。

鹰嘴豆化学成分研究

目的:研究鹰嘴豆的化学成分,从中寻找具有生物活性的天然化合物。方法:采用不同体积分数的乙醇对鹰嘴豆干燥种子及鹰嘴豆发芽种子进行提取,经硅胶、大孔树脂D101、葡聚糖Sephadex LH-20色谱手段分离纯化,通过NMR,MS等波谱分析手段鉴定化合物结构。结果:分离到9个化合物,分别鉴定为3-羟基-齐墩果-12-烯(1),鹰嘴豆芽素A-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(2),脑苷(3),1-乙基-α-L-半乳糖苷(4),尿苷(5),腺苷(6),色氨酸(7),鹰嘴豆芽素A(8),芒柄花素(9)。结论:1,3,4,6,7均为首次从鹰嘴豆属植物中分离到。