Extraction of Cinnamomum longepaniculatum deciduous leaves essential oil using solvent-free microwave extraction: Process optimization and quality evaluation

The optimal process conditions for solvent-free microwave extraction(SFME)of essential oils from Cinnamomum longepaniculatum deciduous leaves after moisture conditioning were established by response surface methodology(RSM).A Box-Behnken design(BBD)was applied to evaluate the effects of three independent variables:moisture content(A:54%–74%),microwave power(B:300–500 W)and microwave time(C:20–40 min),on the extraction yield of essential oil.The compounds of the essential oils obtained by SFME,hydro-distillation and microwaveassisted hydro-distillation(MADE)were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS),and the total lipids of C.longepaniculatum fresh leaves and deciduous leaves were analyzed.The correlation analysis of the response regression model indicated that quadratic polynomial model could be employed to optimize the extraction of essential oil.The optimal extraction condition was A:58%,B:400 W and C:28 min.In the optimal condition,the maximum extraction yield was 4.475 mL/100 g dw and higher than that by MADE.The main compound of the essential oil was eucalyptol(63.54%),and total oxygenated compounds was 78.95%,mainly caused by SFME and the metabolism of endophytic bacteria with decreasing content of phospholipids and fatty acids.Analysis of variance under the extraction condition illustrated high fitness of the model and the success of RSM for optimizing and reflecting the expected process condition.SFME combined with moisture regulation was an effective method for extracting essential oil from C.longepaniculatum deciduous leaves.

Mechanism of Cinnamomum camphora essential oil for analgesia based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry integrated network pharmacology

This study aims to explore the analgesic ingredients and mechanism of Cinnamomum camphora essential oil(CCEO).The constituents in CCEO were characterized qualitatively by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.Targets related to active ingredients were collected by PubChem and Swiss Target Prediction.Targets related to pain were screened by TTD and OMIM database,and compound-target network was established by Cytoscape software.Gene ontology(GO)function and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis of targets were carried out by DAVID database.Protein-protein interaction(PPI)network was established and analyzed by STRING database.Molecular docking method was used to verify the interaction between main components and relevant core targets.A total of 13 compounds were identified in CCEO,and 58 related targets were predicted.GO function enrichment analysis revealed that the selected targets were mainly involved in biological processes such as chemical synaptic transmission and molecular function such as neurotransmitter receptor activity;24 signal pathways were screened by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis,including neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction,retrograde endocannabinoid signaling and calcium signaling pathway.Docking results showed that the main constituents had certain affinities with the key targets.The active ingredients in CCEO regulated multiple signaling pathways to ameliorate pain through AR,ACHE,ESR1,GABRG2,PTGS2 and PPARγ.

不同光照水平下叶损失对樟(Cinnamomum camphora)生物量分配的影响

对不同光照条件及叶组织受损程度对植物生物量分配的影响进行了研究.结果表明:光照条件不同和叶损失程度不同都会导致植物物质分配方式的变化.高光照水平下,植株加大对根的生物量分配,低光照水平下增加对叶的生物量分配,中度光照条件下植株对根和叶的分配则处于两者之间;叶组织损失使植株加大对叶的生物量投资,不同处理阶段结果有所不同;低光照条件下,叶损失植株对叶的生物量分配显著高于高光照下的叶损失植株.

油樟(Cinnamomum longepaniculatum)精油的抗炎及抗氧化活性初步研究

通过MTT检验和NO含量测定,观察油樟精油对LPS致炎RAW264.7巨噬细胞的抗炎作用;通过角叉菜胶足肿胀致炎模型检测油樟精油的体内抗炎活性;并采用DPPH·自由基清除能力检测油樟精油的抗氧化能力。结果表明:油樟精油能够降低LPS诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞致炎模型的细胞抑制率并减少模型细胞一氧化氮(NO)产量;对角叉菜胶所致大鼠足肿胀有减缓效果且呈剂量依赖性;能够使DPPH·自由基清除率显著增加,并随时间延长效果更显著。表明油樟精油具有一定的抗炎及抗氧化活性。

模拟酸雨对盆栽樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)幼苗叶矿质元素含量的影响

采用盆栽方法,以不同pH值(3.0、4.0、5.0)的模拟酸雨溶液对樟树幼苗进行浇灌处理,研究不同酸度酸雨对樟树幼苗叶矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明,各酸雨处理后樟树幼苗叶矿质元素含量都受到一定程度的影响,N、P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Al、Cu、Mn、Ni含量均较对照有所增加;C、K、Zn含量有所减少。S、Cd、Pb含量变化表现为:pH3.0处理S、Cd含量增加,Pb含量下降;pH4.0处理S、Cd、Pb含量均下降;pH5.0处理S、Cd含量减少,Pb含量增加。相关分析则表明,酸液pH值与樟树幼苗叶中N、Mn含量呈显著负相关。该项研究可为南方城市绿化树种的选择提供理论依据。

樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)对钉螺过氧化物酶影响的研究

分别用新鲜樟树的根皮、茎皮、叶的水浸液处理钉螺,结果表明:樟树各部分的水浸液均有很好的灭螺效果;灭螺效果的顺序依次为:根皮、茎皮、叶;樟树各部水浸液对钉螺的过氧化物酶有明显影响,经处理1～3天样品的酶活高于对照组,处理4天的酶活最强,而处理5天的酶活则大大减弱.在这一处理过程中,有时出现新的酶带,有时又有酶带消失.

The essential oil components of Cinnamomum cassia: an analysis under different thinning models of plantation Pinus massoniana

Thinning is an important activity employed in forest management. To date, studies have mainly focused on the effects of thinning on the growth of trees during the same thinning period. In this study, plantation Pinus massoniana Lamb. near maturity were thinned at varying intensities and an economically important species, Cinnamomum cassia Presl., was planted beneath the thinned canopy. The aim of the study was to explore the effects of the extent of thinning on the essential oil content and its components of C. cassia in different parts of the plant, as well as the economic feasibility of the P. massoniana-C.cassia management model. Thinning significantly reduced the oil yield in the bark and branches of C. cassia, but hardly impacted the oil yield from C. cassia leaves compared with pure C. cassia forest（CK）. Among the different thinning treatments, both light（T.4） and extensive（T.1）thinning reduced the oil yield of C. cassia bark and new branches. The concentrations of the main aldehydes differed in different parts of the plant and were affected by the extent of thinning. The influence on cinnamaldehyde in the bark was minor, but was much greater in the branches and leaves. Both the oil yield and content of cinnamaldehyde showed that moderate（T.3） thinning was more favorable than other thinning models. These results not only provide a potentially promising model for the transformation of low-yield artificial pure forests of P. massoniana in the future, but also offer a reference for the management of artificial mixed stands.

Rapid Extraction and Analysis of Essential Oil from Cinnamomum Cassia Presl.

An improved solvent-free microwave extraction（ISFME） was used for the extraction of essential oil from dried Cinnamomum cassia Presl. Two kinds of solid microwave absorption media[carbonyl iron powder（CIP） and graphite powder（GP）] were used. When ISFME was applied, the heating rate was enhanced and the extraction time was obviously shorter than that consumed in conventional solvent-free microwave extraction（CSFME）. Twenty-eight kinds of compounds in the essential oil were identified, and the total content fractions of the compounds obtained by CIP-ISFME, GP-ISFME, CSFME, and hydrodistillation（HD） were 96.65%, 96.06%, 97.22%, and 96.29%, respectively. The compounds in the essential oil obtained from Cinnamomum cassia Presl. by ISFME, CSFME, and HD were compared and the quantity of the essential oil was almost the same. The ISFME has been proved to be a feasible way to extract essential oil from dried samples, and there are several obvious advantages in ISFME over those of HD and CSFME, for example, shorter extraction time（30 min） and lower energy consumption.

Contribution of soil fauna to the degradation of recalcitrant components in Cinnamomum camphora foliar litter in different-sized gaps in Pinus massoniana plantations

Forest gaps are important in forest dynamics and management, but little is known about how soil fauna influence the degradation of recalcitrant litter components in different-sized forest gaps. This investigation uses litterbags with two different mesh sizes (0.04 and 3 mm) to control the meso- and microfauna entering the bags to quantify the contribution of soil fauna to the degradation of recalcitrant components (including condensed tannins, total phenol, lignin and cellulose) during litter decomposition. The experiment was conducted in seven different forest gap sizes in Pinus massoniana plantations over 1 year. One closed-canopy site (CC) and forest gap sizes of 100, 225, 400, 625, 900, 1225 and 1600 m^2 were created in a P. massoniana plantation in the Sichuan basin of China;the CC was treated as the control. Cinnamomum camphora foliage from local native trees was used in all forest gap experiments. We found the following:(1) Gap size had significant effects on the degradation rates (E) of condensed tannins and lignin and on the contributions of soil fauna;medium-sized gaps also presented high degradation rates. Soil fauna obviously contributed to the degradation of recalcitrant foliar litter components in medium-sized gaps.(2) The highest contribution to degradation (40.98%) was recorded for lignin, and the lowest contribution (0.29%) was recorded for condensed tannins. The results indicate that medium-sized gaps (900 m^2) were conducive to the degradation of recalcitrant litter components by soil fauna.

polyketide and benzopyran compounds of an endophytic fungus isolated from Cinnamomum mollissimum:biological activity and structure

Objective:To study bioactivity and compounds produced by an endophytic Phoma sp.fungus isolated from the medicinal plant Cinnamomum mollissimum.Methods:Compounds produced by the fungus were extracted from fungal broth culture with ethyl acetate.This was followed by hioaclivity profiling of the crude extract fractions obtained via high performance liquid chromatography.The fractions were tested for cytotoxicity to P388 murine leukemic cells and antimicrobial activity against bacteria and pathogenic fungi.Compounds purified from active fractions which showed antibacterial,antifungal and cytotoxic activities were identified using capillary nuclear magnetic resonance analysis,mass spectrometry and admission to AntiMarin database.Results:Three known compounds,namely 4—hydroxymellein,4,8—dihydroxy—6—melhoxy—3—methyl—3,4-dihydro—1H-isochromen-1—one and 1—(2,6-dihydroxyphenyl) ethanone,were isolated from the fungus.The polyketide compound 4—hydroxymellein showed high inhibitory activity against P388 murine leukemic cells(94.6%) and the bacteria Bacillus sublilis(97.3%).Meanwhile.4,8—dihydroxy-6—melhoxy—3—meth) 1—3,4-dihydro—1H—isochromen—1-one,a benzopyran compound,demonstrated moderate inhibitory activity against P388 murine leukemic cells(48.8%)and the fungus Aspergillus niger(56.1%).The second polyketide compound.1(2,6—dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone was inactive against the tested targets.Conclusions:These findings demonstrate the potential of endophytes as producers ol pharmacologically important compounds,including polyketides which are major secondary metabolites in fungi.

Effect of plant growth regulators on direct somatic embryogenesis in camphor tree(Cinnamomum camphora L.)from immature zygotic embryos and embryogenic calli induction

A description of a successful direct somatic embryogenesis induction from immature zygotic embryos of a camphor tree （Cinnamomum camphora L.） is presented. After a subculture of 2-3 years, embryogenic calli could be derived from primary somatic embryos. Immature zygotic embryos were cultured on a Murashige and Skoog （MS） basal medium supplemented with a range of combinations of cytokinins （BA） and auxins （2,4-D or NAA） for somatic embryo induction. Primary somatic embryos could be induced directly in almost all PGR combinations. A positive effect of 2,4-D on somatic embryogenesis from immature zygotic embryos of camphor tree was obtained. BA at appropriate concentrations （〈 5 mg-L-1） had an effect similar to 2,4-D, whereas high concentrations （〉 5 mg·L^-1） of BA had the effect of restraining somatic embryo induction. NAA had a less positive effect on somatic embryogenesis than 2,4-D.

Yellowing of disease? Or differentiating for adaptation? Study on Cinnamomum camphora ecotypes

Cinnamomum camphora （L.） Presl is an evergreen broad-leaved tree of the Lauraceae family, widely distributed in the sub-tropical areas in the south of China and used as a virescent tree in urban gardens and streets in Shanghai for its beautiful shape and intensive stress-resistance. However, yellowing of C camphora in recent years casts doubt about its significance. We believe the green-leaved and yellow-leaved C camphora might be two different ecotypes, and tentatively refer to the green-leaved C camphora as C camphora f. viridis f. nov （CCV） and the yellow-leaved as C camphora f.flavus f. nov （CCF）. We studied their differences and arrived at the following conclusions： 1） compared with CCF, the area of lamina of CCV is significantly larger and the amount of chlorophyll （Chl） significantly higher; 2） the lamina and palisade tissues of CCV are significantly thicker than those of CCF, but its cuticle is significantly thinner; 3） the shape of the stomata of CCV is different from that of the CCF; the stomatal density and stomatal index of CCV are significantly lower than those of CCF. These results show that C camphora might evolve adaptive dif- ferentiation in some aspects which can be used in virescence in urban streets and gardens.

Biological characteristics and conservation genetics of the narrowly distributed rare plant Cinnamomum chago(Lauraceae)

Cinnamomum chago(family Lauraceae) is an essential source of timber and oil.This plant is narrowly distributed in the western part of the Yunnan Province.In this study,the distribution,habitat,and biological characteristics of C.chago were examined through field investigation.The genetic diversity and the variation of the remnant populations were also studied using the inter-simple sequence repeat technique.Results showed that C.chago is mainly distributed in the upstream tributary mountains of Lancang River in Yunlong County of Yunnan Province.The species distribution exhibited a fragmented pattern with five isolated populations and high-frequency anthropogenic interference.A combination of morphological features(opposite leaves,pinnate leaf veins,absence of glandular fossa,large drupe,small punch,and pollen surface with triangular spike grain,with cushion bumps at the base) indicated that C.chago is a key phylogenetic taxon between the two sections of Asian Cinnamomum plants(Sect.Camphora(Trew) Meissn.and Sect.Cinnamomum).Analysis of the genetic diversity of C.chago indicated that it has a moderately high level of genetic diversity at the population and species levels(populations level:N_e = 1.629,H = 0.348,1= 0.504,and PPB = 83.3%;species level:N_e = 1.864,H = 0.460,1 = 0.652,and PPB = 100%).Analysis of molecular variance revealed that 17%of the genetic variation was divided between the populations,whereas 83%was observed within the populations.Based on these results,we suggest the inclusion of C.chago in the Wild Plants with Extremely Small Populations in China.Moreover,the species should be given special attention and protection.Some strategies were proposed for the conservation of the C.chago populations.

The Effects on the Cutting Propagation of Cinnamomum micranthum in Different Seasons

Cinnamomum micranthum is one of China Third-class Endangered Tree Species. The seedlings of C. micranthum are difficult to obtain. It is important to study the cutting propagation of C. micranthum in different seasons to improve the rooting rate for providing seedling propagation technique for the afforestation industry. In this study,the optimal season for the cutting propagation of C. micranthum was summer( May),providing 80. 6% rooting rate. The rooting rate in Summer was 33. 4% higher than that in Spring( March). This technique is important to make the best use of rare C. micranthum resources and to provide plenty of seedlings for afforestation and greening industry.

Studies on Antibacterial Effect of Berberis julianae Schneid and Cinnamomum camphora( L.) Presl. to Avian Escherichia coli and Salmonella

[Objective]This study aimed to observe the antibacterial activity of Berberis julianae Schneid and Cinnamomum camphora（ L.） Presl. aqueous extracts and their antibiotical effect when being used with commonly used antibiotics in- vitro. [Method] Broth microdilution method and checkerboard dilution method were used and the reference strain E. coli ATCC25922 and clinical sample separation strains of E. coli and Salmonella were selected to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration（ MIC） and fractional inhibitory concentration（ FIC）. [Result] The MICs of Berberis julianae Schneid and Cinnamomum camphora（ L.） Presl. for E. coli and Salmonella were both 1 mg /mL,and that of other antibiotics for the two strains were in the quality control range provided by NCCLS. [Conclusion] The synergistic effect or additive effect were observed when they were applied with the commonly used antibiotics.

Preventive effect of essential oil of Cinnamomum camphora leaves against mice allergic contact dermatitis

This article was aimed to study the antiinflammatory and antipruritic effects of essential oil of camphor leaves and its possible mechanism. The chemical constituents of essential oil of camphor leaves were analyzed by GC-MS. Mice allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) models were induced 0.5% 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) solution. The contents of IL-4, 5-LOX, LTB4 and LTR1 in serum and the histomorphology of mice ear cutaneous tissue were measured after induction. Pathological examination showed a large number of inflammatory cells in the model group. Inflammatory cells were not seen in essential oil high dose group. The dermis slightly thickened in the low doses of essential oil group. The contents of 5-LOX, LTB4 and LTR1 of the drug groups were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared with that of the model group. However, the essential oil of camphor leaf had no significant effect on IL-4 (P > 0.05). Essential oil of camphor leaves has significant antiinflammatory and antipruritic effects on ACD by inhibiting the 5-LOX-LTB4-LTR1 pathway.

Inhibitory activity of Cinnamomum Cassia extract on hypersensitivity in mice

OBJECTIVE Cinnamomum cassia has been used in traditional medicine in East Asian countries to treatallergic disease.Previous studies have demonstrated that C.cassiainhibits the development of mite antigen-induced skin lesions in NC/Nga mice by suppressing the Thelper 2cell response.The objective of this study is to investigate whether C.cassia has an efficient inhibition on systemic anaphylaxis and contact hypersensitivity in mice.METHODS To induce systemic anaphylaxis,mice were injected intraperitoneally with compound 48/80.Mortality was monitored for 1h after the injection.Contact hypersensitivity reaction was induced by topical application of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene(DNFB)to the ears of mice.After DNFBchallenge,ear thickness was measured 0,24 and 48h.RESULTS We discovered that C.cassia significantly inhibited compound 48/80-induced anaphylaxis and DNFB-induced ear swelling.Compound 48/80-induced anaphylaxiswas completely inhibited at the dose of 60mg·kg-1 body weight.Ear swelling at 24 h after DNFB-challenge was significantly less than that in the control group(0.16±0.03 vs.0.32±0.03 mm,P<0.01),while C.cassia was administered at the dose of 200mg·kg-1.CONCLUSION These findings indicate that C.cassiasuppresses allergic reactions,thus has potential value for mitigation of atopic dermatitis.

Essential Oils Leaf of <i>Cinnamomum glaucescens</i>and <i>Cinnamomum verum</i>from Vietnam

In this paper, compounds identified in the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves of Cinnamomum glaucescens (Nees) Hand.-Mazz and Cinnamomum verum J.S. Presl (Lauraceae family) of Vietnam origin are reported. The chemical analyses were performed using gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The significant compounds of C. glaucescens were geraniol (36.2%) and terpinen-4-ol (19.7%). On the other hand, C. verum comprised of linalool (22.0%) and bicyclogermacrene (11.2%). The present results may represent new chemotypes of the essential oils of C. verum and C. glaucescens.

Occurrence Reasons and Integrated Control of Physiological Chlorosis ofCinnamomum camphora L. in Urban Area of Pingdingshan City

The relevant factors for physiological chlorosis of Cinnamomum camphora L. in Pingdingshan were studied combining with references and production sur- vey. The resuhs showed that the disease was the integrated results of soil environment, planting situation, microenvironment construction and maintenance manage- ment. Therefore, the countermeasures of ＂prevention first, restore tree vigor; integrated control, enhance tree vigor＂ were proposed. Chlorosis of C. camphora had been basically controlled after four years, and the control effect was obvious.

Efficient Evergreen Plant Regeneration of Cinnamomum japonicum Sieb.through in vitro Organogenesis

Cinnamomum japonicum Sieb.is an excellent roadside tree and medicinal tree species with considerable ornamental and economic value.In this study,we successfully developed a large-scale micropropagation protocol for C.japonicum for the first time.Sterilized shoots were excised and used as explants for shoot induction on several basal media,supplemented with different concentrations of plant growth regulators(PGRs),such as Thidiazuron(TDZ),N^(6)-Benzyladenine(6-benzylaminopurine)(BA),α-naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA)and Gibberellic acid(GA_(3)).After comparison,the most efficient medium for shoot regeneration was 1/2 Murashige and Skoog(MS)medium containing 0.5 mg L^(-1)BA,0.05 mg L^(-1)NAA and 0.2 mg L^(-1)GA_(3),which resulted in an average number of induced shoots per explant and shoot length of 5.2 and 1.62 cm at 28 d,respectively.Then,elongated adventitious shoots were transferred to induce roots.86.7%of shoots was able to root on 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L^(-1)NAA and 0.1 mg L^(-1)BA.The earliest rooting time observed was after 21 d and the average root length was up to 3.3 cm after 28 d.Our study shows that C.japonicum can be successfully regenerated through de novo organogenesis,which lays a foundation for future transformation research on this tree.