Analysis of Temperature Rise in High-Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Traction Motors by Coupling the Equivalent Thermal Circuit Method and Computational Fluid Dynamics

To solve the problem of temperature rise caused by the high power density of high-speed permanent magnet synchronous traction motors,the temperature rise of various components in the motor is analyzed by coupling the equivalent thermal circuit method and computational fluid dynamics.Also,a cooling strategy is proposed to solve the problem of temperature rise,which is expected to prolong the service life of these devices.First,the theoretical bases of the approaches used to study heat transfer and fluid mechanics are discussed,then the fluid flow for the considered motor is analyzed,and the equivalent thermal circuit method is introduced for the calculation of the temperature rise.Finally,the stator,rotor loss,motor temperature rise,and the proposed cooling method are also explored through experiments.According to the results,the stator temperature at 50,000 r/min and 60,000 r/min at no-load operation is 68℃ and 76℃,respectively.By monitoring the temperature of the air outlets inside and outside the motor at different speeds,it is also found that the motor reaches a stable temperature rise after 65 min of operation.Coupling of the thermal circuit method and computational fluid dynamics is a strategy that can provide the average temperature rise of each component and can also comprehensively calculate the temperature of each local point.We conclude that a hybrid cooling strategy based on axial air cooling of the inner air duct of the motor and water cooling of the stator can meet the design requirements for the ventilation and cooling of this type of motors.

Calculating magnetic shielding effectiveness for high-power dc comparator by magnetic circuit method

Magnetic shielding is very important in the design of a high-power dc comparator. This paper addressed the application of magnetic circuit method to calculate the magnetic shielding effectiveness of high-power dc comparators when an external radial magnetic field is added. The mathematical relationship between the magnetic shielding effectiveness and the parameters of the magnetic shielding body were obtained. To verify the validity of the calculation method, we developped a procedure to measure the magnetic shielding effectiveness of the magnetic body by measuring the induction voltage of the detection winding instead of the magnetic intensity at a point in the magnetic shielding body, making the manipulation much easier. The result calculated with the magnetic circuit method turns out to be closer to the measured one compared with that calculated with a conventional algorithm proposed by Ren, suggesting that the magnetic circuit method is an applicable tool for estimating the toroidal cavity magnetic shielding effectiveness of a heavy current comparator when a radial magnetic field is added.

Nullors, and Nullor Circuits;There Applications in Symbolic Circuit Analysis and Design

The objective in this presentation is to introduce some of the unique properties and applications of nullors in active circuit analysis and designs. The emphasis is to discuss the role nullors can play in symbolic representation of transfer functions. To show this we adopt the topological platform for the circuit analysis and use a recently developed Admittance Method (AM) to achieve the Sum of Tree Products (STP), replacing the determinant and cofactors of the Nodal Admittance Matrix (NAM) of the circuit. To construct a transfer function, we start with a given active circuit and convert all its controlled sources and I/O-ports to nullors. Now, with a solid nullor circuit (passive elements and nullors) we first eliminate the passive elements through AM operations. This produces the STPs. Second, the all-nullor circuit is then used to find the signs or the STPs. Finally, the transfer function (in symbolic, if chosen) is obtained from the ratio between the STPs.

Equivalent circuit method for static and dynamic analysis of magnetoelectric laminated composites

Magnetoelectric equivalent circuit analytical method is presented for laminate composites of magneto- strictive Terfenol-D (TbxDy1-xFe2) and piezoelectric Pb(Zr1-xTix)O3 (PZT) operated in longitudinal mag- netized and transverse polarized (or L-T), and transverse magnetized and transverse polarized (or T-T) modes. Magnetoelectric (ME) couplings both at low-frequency and resonance-frequency have been studied, and our analysis predicts that (i) the ME voltage coefficients of both L-T and T-T modes in- crease with increasing the thickness of the piezoelectric phase whereas magnetostrictive phase thickness keeps constant, and then tend to saturation when the thickness ratio of piezoelectric phase to magnetic phases is >3; (ii) there are the optimum thickness ratios that maximize magnetoelectric (ME) voltage coefficients for the two modes, which are dependent on elastic compliances ratio of piezoelec- tric phase and magnetostrictive phase; and (iii) the ME voltage coefficients are dramatically increased by a factor of ~Qm, when operated at resonance frequency. A series of Terfenol-D/PZT laminates were fabricated, and the results were compared with the theoretical ones. Experiments confirmed that equivalent circuit method is a useful tool for optimum designs of ME laminates.

AN ANALYSIS METHOD FOR HIGH-SPEED CIRCUIT SYSTEMS

A new method for analyzing high-speed circuit systems is presented. The method adds transmission line end currents to the circuit variables of the classical modified nodal approach. Then the matrix equation describing high-speed circuit system can be formulated directly and analyzed conveniently for its normative form. A time-domain analysis method for transmission lines is also introduced. The two methods are combined together to efficiently analyze high-speed circuit systems having general transmission lines. Numerical experiment is presented and the results are compared with that calculated by Hspice.

Circuit-field coupled finite element analysis method for an electromagnetic acoustic transducer under pulsed voltage excitation

This paper presents an analytical method for electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) under voltage excitation and considers the non-uniform distribution of the biased magnetic field. A complete model of EMATs including the non-uniform biased magnetic field, a pulsed eddy current field and the acoustic field is built up. The pulsed voltage excitation is transformed to the frequency domain by fast Fourier transformation (FFT). In terms of the time harmonic field equations of the EMAT system, the impedances of the coils under different frequencies are calculated according to the circuit-field coupling method and Poynting's theorem. Then the currents under different frequencies are calculated according to Ohm's law and the pulsed current excitation is obtained by inverse fast Fourier transformation (IFFT). Lastly, the sequentially coupled finite element method (FEM) is used to calculate the Lorentz force in the EMATs under the current excitation. An actual EMAT with a two-layer two-bundle printed circuit board (PCB) coil, a rectangular permanent magnet and an aluminium specimen is analysed. The coil impedances and the pulsed current are calculated and compared with the experimental results. Their agreement verified the validity of the proposed method. Further- more, the influences of lift-off distances and the non-uniform static magnetic field on the Lorentz force under pulsed voltage excitation are studied.

Key stress extraction and equivalent test method for hybrid DC circuit breaker

Firstly, relevant stress properties of millisecond level breaking process and microsecond level commutation process of hybrid HVDC circuit breaker are studied in detail on the basis of the analysis for the application environment and topological structure and operating principles of hybrid circuit breakers, and key stress parameters in transient state process of two time dimensions are extracted. The established digital simulation circuit for PSCAD/EMTDC device-level operation of the circuit breaker has verified the stress properties of millisecond level breaking process and microsecond level commutation process. Then, equivalent test method, circuits and parameters based on LC power supply are proposed on the basis of stress extraction. Finally, the results of implemented breaking tests for complete 200 kV circuit breaker, 100 kV and 50 kV circuit breaker units, as well as single power electronic module have verified the accuracy of the simulation circuit and mathematical analysis. The result of this paper can be a guide to electrical structure and test system design of hybrid HVDC circuit breaker.

Radiating frequency of three-loop mesoscopic LC circuit with mutual inductance obtained by IEO method

Instead of normally tackling electric circuits by virtue of the Kirchhoff's theorem whose aim is to derive voltage,electric current, and electric impedence, our aim in this paper is to derive the characteristic frequency of a three-loop mesoscopic LC circuit with three mutual inductances, e.g., for the radiating frequency of the three-loop LC oscillator, we adopt the invariant eigen-operator(IEO) method to realize our aim.

Test for random in electrical signals time series of CO_2 short circuit transition welding process by the method of surrogate data

This paper introduced the basic theory and algorithm of the surrogate data method,which proposed a rigorous way to detect the random and seemingly stochastic characteristics in a system.The Gaussian data and the Rossler data were used to show the availability and effectivity of this method.According to the analysis by this method based on the short-circuiting current signals under the conditions of the same voltage and different wire feed speeds,it is demonstrated that the electrical signals time series exhibit apparently randomness when the welding parameters do not match.However,the electrical signals time series are deterministic when a match is found.The stability of short-circuiting transfer process could be judged exactly by the method of surrogate data.

Electroluminescence Gray Scale Display Driving Method and Circuit

The increasing use of color terminals for personal computers has raised a demand for video graphic adapter(VGA)-format panel displays. Since only monochrome(ZnS∶Mn) electroluminescence(EL) displays of suitable size and speed are available, lack of colors has to be replaced by grayscale in the first place. There are two basic driving methods to achieve grayscale in thin-film EL displays: pulse amplitude modulation(PAM) method and pulse width modulation(PWM) method. But there are serious disadvantages of the two traditional methods. For the former method, the high voltage PAM ICs are too expensive to produce the grayscale EL display in bulks and the driver integrated circuit(IC) is complex. Though the PWM method has good grayscale display quality, the hardware implementation is too complex. A new driving method with which the width and the amplitude of the pulse can be modulated and simultaneously the challenge can be solved efficaciously is presented.

基于开口变压器法的交流电机定子非激励相绕组匝间短路检测研究

为了解决交流电机定子绕组中线圈绝缘损伤引起匝间短路故障无法准确、快速定位的问题,提出将检测转子绕组匝间短路的开口变压器法移植到检测交流电机定子绕组匝间短路,定子单相添加激励源,非激励相绕组设置故障点,开口变压器检测故障点所在槽,分析故障前后开口变压器绕组感应电动势的变化。首先阐述开口变压器检测定子非激励相的工作原理,分析正常和故障状态下通过开口变压器铁心漏磁通的表达式,进一步得到开口变压器绕组感应电动势表达式,获取故障变化规律。随后建立交流电机电磁仿真模型,进行仿真分析,最后用一台定子样机进行实验验证。结果表明:故障状态下,随着故障程度的加深,故障点所在槽的开口变压器感应电动势随之减小,证明了开口变压器可以作为离线检测交流电机定子非激励相绕组匝间短路故障的有效手段。

放大电路静态在固定式偏置放大电路中的分析

论文主要从固定式偏置共射极放大电路静态工作点的分析方法出发,详细介绍了静态工作点分析常用的图解法和解析法,并对两种方法进行了对比,提出了两种方法的适用性和静态工作点选取的一般原则,为电子信息、电气自动化、机电工程、汽车、电力、城轨运营等专业的教学与学习提供了参考。

Hierarchical Symbolic Analysis of Large Analog Circuits with Totally Coded Method

Symbolic analysis has many applications in the design of analog circuits. Existing approaches rely on two forms of symbolic-expression representation: expanded sum-of-product form and arbitrarily nested form. Expanded form suffers the problem that the number of product terms grows exponentially with the size of a circuit. Nested form is neither canonical nor amenable to symbolic manipulation. In this paper, we present a new approach to exact and canonical symbolic analysis by exploiting the sparsity and sharing of product terms. This algorithm, called totally coded method (TCM), consists of representing the symbolic determinant of a circuit matrix by code series and performing symbolic analysis by code manipulation. We describe an efficient code-ordering heuristic and prove that it is optimum for ladder-structured circuits. For practical analog circuits, TCM not only covers all advantages of the algorithm via determinant decision diagrams (DDD) but is more simple and efficient than DDD method.

基于主动方波激励检测锂离子电池早期内短路

锂离子电池内部短路(ISC)的早期检测对于避免潜在安全风险至关重要。现有的故障检测方法在检测早期短路时准确性较差,且需要大量的数据。以18650型锂离子电池为研究对象,通过在电池充电过程中施加微小的电流激励信号,借助极化压升与激励压升,发现锂离子电池在短路时压升异常规律。该方法在荷电状态(SOC)较低时效果更明显,对120Ω以内的短路检测有效,且适用范围可根据采样精度调配,可用于锂离子电池的常规短路检测。

Design and Analysing the Various Parameters of CMOS Circuit’s under Bi-Triggering Method Using Cadence Tools

Reducing the power and energy required by the device/circuit to operate is the main aim of this paper. Here the new design is implemented to reduce the power consumption of the device using the triggering pulses. The proposed triggering method uses a complementary MOS transistor (pMOS and nMOS) as a voltage divider and ground leakage suppressor (i.e.);these designs are named as Trig01 and Trig10 designs. In Trig01 design the pair of CMOS is placed in the voltage divider part;similarly in Trig10 design the pair of CMOS is placed at the ground leakage suppressor part. Standard CMOS gates like NOT, NAND, NOR, EX-OR etc. are designed with these technologies and these gates are designed with 180 nm technology file in the cadence tool suite;compared to the normal CMOS gates, the Bi-Trig gate contains 4 inputs and 2 outputs. The two extra inputs are used as Bi-Trig control signaling inputs. There are 2 control inputs and thus 22 = 4 combination of controlling is done (i.e.);both pMOS and nMOS are ON, both pMOS and nMOS are OFF, pMOS ON and nMOS OFF and pMOS ON and nMOS ON. Depending on the usage of the circuit, the mode of operation is switched to any one of the combination. If the output of the circuit is not used anywhere in the total block, that specified circuit can be switched into idle mode by means of switched OFF both the pMOS and nMOS transistor in the control unit. This reduces the leakage current and also the power wastage of the circuits in the total block. Bi-Trig controlled circuit reduces the power consumption and leakage power of the circuit without affecting a performance of the circuits.

Characteristics of permanent magnet linear synchronous motor fed by spwm inverter based on field-circuit coupled method

Presented field-circuit coupled adaptive time-stepping finite element method to study on permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) characteristics fed by SPWM voltage source inverter.In air-gap field where the direction or magnitude of the field is changing rapidly,the smallest elements are demanded due to high accuracy to use adaptive meshing technique.The co-simulation was used with the status space functions and time-step finite element functions,in which time-step of the status space functions was the smallest than finite element functions'.The magnitude relation of the normal elec- tromagnetic force and tangential electromagnetic force and the period were attained,and current curve was very abrupt at current zero area due to the bigger resistance and leak- age reactance,including main characteristics of motor voltage and velocity.The simulation results compare triumphantly with the experiments results.

Janus-Helmholtz换能器的振动模态谐振频率理论分析研究

Janus-Helmholtz换能器利用驱动振子纵向谐振与Helmholtz谐振腔的液腔谐振耦合,具有大功率、宽带声发射特性.传统观点认为导纳曲线中低频谐振峰对应液腔谐振频率,而高频谐振峰对应纵振动谐振频率,然而大量的实验研究发现该结论存疑.本文结合一只Janus-Helmholtz换能器实验样机的实验结果,运用等效电路法结合有限元法分析并求解了驱动振子纵向模态的谐振频率,使用有限元法分析并求解了Helmholtz谐振腔的液腔谐振频率.研究结果表明,与传统观点相反,导纳曲线中第1个谐振峰为驱动振子的纵向谐振,第2个谐振峰为Helmholtz谐振腔的液腔谐振;Janus换能器4个大尺寸辐射面带来的可观辐射质量是造成纵向振动谐振频率在水中大幅度下降的原因;Janus-Helmholtz换能器中存在两个等体积的Helmholtz共振腔而非传统认为的仅存在一个共振腔.这些结论对于正确认识Janus-Helmholtz换能器的结构及性能特性起到了正本清源的作用,也为优化创新该换能器的结构、改善换能器的声发射特性提供了技术支撑.

新工科背景下通信电子线路基础实验课程改革探索

针对目前通信电子线路实验内容设置单一、教学手段不够丰富、教学效果不够理想等问题,提出了以任务为主线、以教师为主导、以学生为主体的实验模式,并融入联想、启发、任务驱动、项目类比等多种教学方法。以高稳定度LC正弦波振荡器的设计为例,设计了“基本”“进阶”“扩展”3种实验任务与内容,以多样化“套餐”满足学生对于实验的不同需求;在一块电路板上实现克拉泼、西勒和并联型晶体振荡器电路,使学生更容易掌握3种电路的区别与联系;采用了项目类比教学法,通过本实验使学生掌握解决典型通信工程问题的流程与科学方法;任务引入与思政环节巧妙结合,树立学生科学兴国的意识,增强民族自豪感。

超声手术刀声学系统设计和实验

为兼顾阶梯型变幅杆的高放大系数以及曲线过渡变幅杆突变截面处的高疲劳强度,提出了一种最速曲线过渡段的复合变幅杆,并对装配有该变幅杆的超声刀声学系统进行一系列实验。首先,基于等效电路法,设计了夹心式压电换能器和最速曲线型变幅杆的基本结构。在此基础上,结合超声刀的工作条件和材料特性,对换能器-变幅杆基本结构进行精确设计。然后,利用有限元法和实验法获取了换能器纵振频率以及频率响应曲线,证明了该文所设计换能器的有效性。最后,对所设计的换能器进行了一系列测试。结果表明:应用最速曲线的超声刀换能器谐振频率与输出端振幅与设计目标、仿真结果相吻合,连接负载后凝血,切割效果良好,满足设计需求。