Computation of Viscous Uniform and Shear Flow over A Circular Cylinder by A Finite Element Method

The incompressible viscous uniform and shear flow past a circular cylinder is studied. The two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations are solved by a finite element method. The governing equations are discretized by a weighted residual method in space. The stable three-step scheme is applied to the momentum equations in the time integration. The numerical model is firstly applied to the computation of the lid-driven cavity flow for its validation. The computed results agree well with the measured data and other numerical results. Then, it is used to simulate the viscous uniform and shear flow over a circular cylinder for Reynolds numbers from 100 to 1000. The transient time interval before the vortex shedding occurs is shortened considerably by introduction of artificial perturbation. The computed Strouhal number, drag and lift coefficients agree well with the experimental data. The computation shows that the finite element model can be successfully applied to the viscous flow problem.

Near Wake of a Horizontal Circular Cylinder in Stably Stratified Flows

The near wake of a circular cylinder in linearly stratified flows of finite depth was experimentally investigated by means of flow visualization and measurements of vortex shedding frequencies, at Reynolds numbers 3.5 × 103-1.2 × 104 and stratification parameters kd 0-2.0. The non-dimensional parameter kd is defined as kd = Nd/U, where N is the Brunt-Vaisala frequency, d, the diameter of the cylinder, and U, the approaching flow velocity. The study demonstrates that as kd increases from zero, the vortex shedding from a circular cylinder progressively strengthens, while the Strouhal number gradually becomes lower than that for homogeneous flow. This phenomenon can be explained by the effect of the increasingly stable stratification which enhances the two-dimensionality of the near-wake flow of the circular cylinder;the enhanced two-dimensionality of the flow strengthens the roll-up of the separated shear layer. Above a certain value of kd, however, vortex formation and shedding are strongly suppressed and the Strouhal number rises sharply. This observation is attributable to the development of stationary lee waves downstream of the circular cylinder because the lee waves strongly suppress vertical fluid motions.

Circulation characteristics of horseshoe vortex in scour region around circular piers

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the circulation of the horseshoe vortex system within the equilibrium scour hole at a circular pier, with the data measured by an acoustic Doppler velocimeter （ADV）. Velocity vector plots and vorticity contours of the flow field on the upstream plane of symmetry （y = 0 cm） and on the planes ：e3 cm away from the plane of symmetry Cv = ~3 cm） are presented. The vorticity and circulation of the horseshoe vortices were determined using the forward difference technique and Stokes theorem, respectively. The results show that the magnitudes of circulations are similar on the planes y = 3 cm and y = -3 cm, which are less than those on the plane y = 0 cm. The circulation decreases with the increase of flow shallowness, and increases with the densimetric Froude number. It also increases with the pier Reynolds number at a constant densimetric Froude number, or at a constant flow shallowness. The relative vortex strength （dimensionless circulation） decreases with the increase of the pier Reynolds number. Some empirical equations are proposed based on the results. The predicted circulation values with these equations match the measured data, which indicates that these equations can be used to estimate the circulation in future studies.

Serpentine Inlet Performance Enhancement Using Vortex Generator Based Flow Control

In order to provide the line-of-sight blockage of the engine face for an advanced Uninhabited Combat Air Vehicle（UCAV）, a highly curved serpentine inlet is proposed and experimentally studied. Based on the static pressure distribution measurement along the wall, the flow separation is found at the top wall of the second S duct for the baseline inlet design, which yields a high flow distortion at the exit plane. To improve the flow uniformity, a single array of vortex generators （VGs） is employed within the inlet. In this experimental study, the effects of mass flow ratio, free stream Mach number, angle of attack and yaw on the performance of a serpentine inlet instrumented with VGs are obtained. Results indicate： （1） Compared with the baseline serpentine design without flow control, the application of the VGs promotes the mixing of core flow and the low momentum flow in the boundary layer and thus prevents the flow separation. Under the design condition, the exit flow distortion （-↑△σ0） decreases from 11.7% to 2.3% by using the VGs. （2） With the descent of the free stream Mach number the total pressure loss decreases. However, the circular total pressure distortion increases. When the angle of attack rises from - 4° to 8°, the total pressure recovery and the circular total pressure distortion both go down. In addition, with the increase of yaw the total pressure recovery is fairly constant, while the circular total pressure distortion ascends gradually. （3） When Mao = 0.6-0.8, a = -4°-8° and β = 0°-6°, the total pressure recovery varies between 0.936 and 0. 961, the circular total pressure distortion coefficient varies between 1.4 % and 5.4 % and the synthesis distortion coefficient has a ranges from 3.8 % to 7.0 %. The experimental results confirm the excellent performance of the newly designed serpentine inlet incorporating VGs.

NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE FLOW AROUND A CIRCULAR CYLINDER WITH SURFACE SUCTION OR BLOWING USING VORTICITY-VELOCITY METHOD

A vorticity-velocity method was used to study the incompressible viscous fluid flow around a circular cylinder with surface suction or blowing. The resulted high order implicit difference equations were effeciently solved by the modified incomplete LU decomposition conjugate gradient scheme ( MILU-CG). The effects of surface suction or blowing' s position and strength on the vortex structures in the cylinder wake, as well as on the drag and lift forces at Reynoldes number Re = 100 were investigated numerically. The results show that the suction on the shoulder of the cylinder or the blowing on the rear of the cylinder can effeciently suppress the asymmetry of the vortex wake in the transverse direction and greatly reduce the lift force; the suction on the shoulder of the cylinder, when its strength is properly chosen, can reduce the drag force significantly, too.

Improved nonlinear fluid model in rotating flow

The pseudoplastic circular Couette flow （CCF） in annuli is investigated. The viscosity is dependent on the shear rate that directly affects the conservation equations solved by the spectral method in the present study. The pseudoplastic model adopted here is shown to be the suitable representative of nonlinear fluids. Unlike the previous studies, where only the square of the shear ered to ease the numerical manipulations, quadratic power is also taken into account. rate term in the viscosity expression is consid- in the present study, the term containing the The curved streamlines of the CCF can cause the centrifugal instability leading to toroidal vortices, known as the Taylor vortices. It is further found that the critical Taylor number becomes lower as the pseudoplastic effect increases. The comparison with the existing measurements on the pseudoplastic CCF results in good agreement.

分流板对圆柱绕流湍流结构演化影响的实验研究

采用粒子图像测速(Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV)技术实验研究了带分流板的圆柱绕流流动特性,分析了分流板对圆柱绕流湍流结构演化特性的影响。雷诺数为3.9×10^(3),分流板长度L与圆柱直径D之比L/D为0~2.50。实验结果表明,随着L/D从0增大至1.00,圆柱后方回流区长度和回流区面积显著增大;当L/D>1.00时,L/D对圆柱后方回流特性的影响较小。分流板影响圆柱绕流湍流结构的演化特性:当L/D<1.00时,分流板抑制尾涡脱落,斯特劳哈尔数Sr减小,L/D从0增大至1.00,Sr减小了26.34%。此外,圆柱尾涡在分流板后缘诱导形成旋转方向相反的二次涡,二次涡沿分流板向上游运动。1.00≤L/D<2.00时,分流板作用于圆柱尾涡,尾涡发生破碎,形成一些小尺度尾涡。L/D≥2.00时,尾涡附着于分流板上,二次涡主要分布于圆柱后方。随着L/D增大,分流板减小了圆柱后方的湍流脉动强度。

STUDY OF VORTEX CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FLOW AROUND A HORIZONTAL CIRCULAR CYLINDER AT VARIOUS GAP-RATIOS IN THE CROSS-FLOW

In the gap-ratio range of 0.0≤G≤7.0, a particle image velocimetry PIV is applied to conduct a systematic experimental research of the flow around a horizontal circular cylinder in the cross-flow of shallow water. The velocity distribution of transient flow field at various gap-ratios is obtained. Based on these data, the phenomena and rules of the vortex and its course of generation, development and evolvement at various gap-ratios are analyzed, and it is found that there are similar unshedding vortex structures at G = 0.0 and G = 7.0, and others are structures of shedding vortex. The figures of typical vortex movements are given. Based on this, the differences between the transient flow field and the time-averaged flow field and the characteristics of the vortex structures are analyzed. In addition when the Strouhal number keeps constant （about 0.2） concerning vortex shedding have been discussed. The findings of this paper are of guiding significance for engineering issues with similar flowing features.

A numerical study on dispersion of particles from the surface of a circular cylinder placed in a gas flow using discrete vortex method

The dispersion of particles emitted from the surface of a circular cylinder placed in a gas flow at the Reynolds number of 200 000 is numerically investigated using the discrete vortex method coupled with a Lagrangian approach for solid particle tracking. The wake vortex patterns, the temporal-spatial distributions and trajectories as well as the dispersion functions for particles with various Stokes numbers（St） ranging from 0.001 to 1.0 are obtained. The numerical results reveal that：（1） Solid particles on the cylinder surface are picked up and then transported away from the cylinder by the wake vortex flow.（2） Solid particles emitted from the cylinder surface always follow the vortices in the cylinder wake, and the response of particles to wake vortices is directly related to their Stokes numbers（particles with St= 0.001, 0.0038, 0.01 can distribute both in the vortex core and around the vortex periphery, whereas those with St= 0.1, 1.0 can not enter the vortex core and congregate mainly around the vortex periphery）.（3） The particles move in rolling state in the wake region, and the dispersion intensity of particles in the lateral direction decreases remarkably as the Stokes number of particles is increased from 0.001 to 1.0.

APPLICATION OF VORTEX-IN-CELL METHOD IN THE RANDOM DISCRETE VORTEX SIMULATION FOR THE SEPARATED FLOW AROUND A CIRCULAR CYLINDER

The vortex-in-cell method in the discrete vortex simulation for the separated flow around a bluff body is discussed,Some improvements are made.The separated flow around a circular cylinder in oscillatory flow is investigated.

圆柱尾迹流场中横向振荡翼型绕流的数值模拟

该文数值模拟了静止圆柱尾迹中横向振荡翼型绕流的涡结构、力及频谱特性,揭示前方尾迹流场对振荡翼绕流特性的影响,以了解鱼类游动时自主利用前方流场有利干扰的流体力学机理。研究表明圆柱尾迹的影响可导致翼型前缘涡脱落模态发生变化;翼型尾迹的频谱特性更加复杂;在一定的参数下翼型阻力系数可以整体下降。

小振辐振荡圆柱诱导的二次旋涡流动

本文给出充满粘性不可压缩流体时同心圆柱间内柱作小振幅振荡所诱导的二次旋涡流动的解析解,对典型的柱径比给出容器外边界对二次旋涡流动流线、涡量分布和动能分布的影响。给出了等涡量线和等动能线分布的鞍点。采用数值求解非定常Stokes流动考察了二次旋涡流动的发展过程。二次定常旋涡流动的显示实验表明,解析解、数值计算和实验显示所示流谱基本一致。

圆柱绕流尾迹中涡的特征分析

在低雷诺数圆柱绕流中,卡门涡街中涡的形状随着其向下游的发展是不断变化的,而且它也不是理想轴对称的.针对该问题,利用有限元法进行数值模拟,研究了由涡量等值线表示的涡的形状特征.由流场中几种等值线的对比可以得到,主要是涡量等值线与压力等值线之间的差异造成了涡的形状变化.利用广义的茹柯夫斯基变换描述涡相对于轴对称的变形状态.结果表明,描述涡的主要3个参数随半径的变化规律不同,即椭圆率的抛物形分布,偏心率的线性分布和弯度的近似常量的分布.在此基础上给出了3个参数各自对应的运动学量表达式,两者对比的结果还是比较相符的.

应用PIV系统研究横流中近壁水平圆柱绕流旋涡特性

应用粒子图像测速(PIV)系统对横流中近壁水平圆柱绕流进行了试验研究。介绍了试验原理及装置,讨论了试验参数的选取和粒子的跟随性问题。分析了上游来流的流动特性,显示了亚临界雷诺数下间隙比为0.5时圆柱后尾流区旋涡产生、发展和消亡的动态过程,比较了时均流场和瞬时流场旋涡结构。对圆柱尾迹的旋涡脱落特性进行了分析,得出在试验条件下斯特劳哈尔数保持为常数0.2的结论。

不同表面粗糙度下圆柱体涡激振动响应特性数值研究

使用数值模拟方法,研究了不同粗糙度下圆柱体的涡激振动响应特性,对圆柱体的涡激振动位移响应幅值、响应频率、涡激力、漩涡泄放模式以及涡激振动位移响应与涡激力之间的相位角等参数进行了分析.结果表明,圆柱体涡激振动响应幅值随着粗糙度的上升呈下降趋势.当圆柱体表面光滑或表面粗糙度较小时,涡激振动响应可分为初始分支、上分支以及低分支.在初始分支以及上分支区间,圆柱体尾部漩涡泄放模式呈2S模式;在低分支区间,圆柱体尾部漩涡泄放模式呈2P模式.当圆柱体表面粗糙度较大时,涡激振动响应仅存在初始分支和低分支.初始分支区间,尾部漩涡泄放模式呈2S模式;低分支区间,尾部漩涡泄放模式呈2P模式.

圆柱绕流涡系演变的DPIV测试

利用数字式PIV技术在阵风环境风洞中对Re=500时的圆柱绕流进行测量,给出了圆柱后2.2倍直径、圆柱两侧各一倍直径的区域内一系列瞬态的速度矢量场、涡量场和流线图。根据可视化图像和量化结果,着重分析了该区域的涡系结构和一个拟周期内旋涡的发展演化过程。

外界载荷对圆柱涡激振动能量转换的影响

为了提高涡激振动的能量收集效率,研究外界载荷对三相耦合圆柱绕流涡激振动能量转换的影响.使用矩阵法分析外界载荷对涡激振动能量转换系统阻尼和固有频率的影响,并使用准稳态近似理论推导获得机电耦合系统电压输出的准稳态解析式.在此基础上,应用OpenFOAM开源平台对Navier-Stokes、二阶范德波尔方程和高斯定律进行涡激振动耦合计算.结果表明:当外界载荷增大时,系统阻尼先增大后减小,圆柱振幅曲线峰值和锁振区域先减小后增大,输出电压和电压曲线的锁振区域相应增大,而固有频率基本不变;系统输出功率随着载荷的增大出现先增大后减小的趋势;当满足98<Re<103时,输出电压及功率较大,可以实现圆柱涡激振动高效率的能量转换.

脉动流条件下的圆柱绕流特性研究

为探究脉动流对流体绕流结构物产生的影响,采用数值方法研究了脉动流条件下圆柱绕流场特性,对涡量分布、升阻力系数、升力系数频谱特性等进行分析。结果表明:脉动流作用会使圆柱尾涡剪切层变薄,提高脉动频率使尾涡长度变短、脱离加快,提高无量纲脉动振幅使主导涡的脱落速度降低,使旋涡生成区域更靠近圆柱表面;脉动频率与无量纲脉动振幅的增大使升力系数、阻力系数的振幅均增大,而且与升力系数相比,阻力系数的振幅更大,变化更快;升力系数频谱图存在多个主频,包括旋涡脱落频率和相位叠加频率,其中旋涡脱落频率的振幅随着脉动频率的增加而减小,随着无量纲脉动振幅的增加而增加。在流场中加入脉动流,可以增强流体振动促进流动混合。

二维圆柱层流绕流及其控制数值模拟

采用有限体积法求解二维N-S方程,通过改变时间、空间计算参数,对雷诺数100的二维圆柱非定常流场进行了数值模拟,将所得结果与实验数据以及已有的计算结果进行了对比。并对在尾部多个位置加入不同长度阻隔板控制流动的圆柱流场进行了考察。结果发现:在合适的位置放置阻隔板,可以有效抑制尾迹中涡脱落的形成。

均匀流中直立圆柱体绕流三维数值模拟

研究直立贯底圆柱体的三维粘性绕流问题。以不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程为控制方程,采用有限体积法和SIMPLE算法,建立了数值模拟方法。考察在不同水平和垂直断面上,圆柱体绕流产生的尾涡和流动速度场的分布特性,成功地数值模拟了直立贯底圆柱体绕流场的三维特性。结果表明,在考虑重力影响的情况下,直立圆柱体周围的流动具有明显的三维特性,而且沿圆柱体轴向不同断面上的尾涡分布是不相同的。