Airfoil friction drag reduction based on grid-type and super-dense array plasma actuators

To improve the cruise flight performance of aircraft, two new configurations of plasma actuators(grid-type and super-dense array) were investigated to reduce the turbulent skin friction drag of a low-speed airfoil. The induced jet characteristics of the two actuators in quiescent air were diagnosed with high-speed particle image velocimetry(PIV), and their drag reduction efficiencies were examined under different operating conditions in a wind tunnel. The results showed that the grid-type plasma actuator was capable of producing a wall-normal jet array(peak magnitude: 1.07 m/s) similar to that generated in a micro-blowing technique, while the superdense array plasma actuator created a wavy wall-parallel jet(magnitude: 0.94 m/s) due to the discrete spanwise electrostatic forces. Under a comparable electrical power consumption level,the super-dense array plasma actuator array significantly outperformed the grid-type configuration,reducing the total airfoil friction drag by approximately 22% at a free-stream velocity of 20 m/s.The magnitude of drag reduction was proportional to the dimensionless jet velocity ratio(r), and a threshold r = 0.014 existed under which little impact on airfoil drag could be discerned.

Influence of Flap Parameters on the Aerodynamic Performance of a Wind-Turbine Airfoil

A numerical method has been used to analyze the flow field related to a NACA 0015 airfoil with and without a flap and assess the influence of the flap height and angle on the surface pressure coefficient,lift coefficient,and drag coefficient.The numerical results demonstrate that the flap can effectively improve the lift coefficient of the airfoil;however,at small attack angles,its influence is significantly reduced.When the angle of attack exceeds the critical stall angle and the flap height is 1.5%of the chord length,the influence of the flap becomes very evident.As the flap height increases,the starting point of the separation vortex gradually moves forward and generates a larger wake vortex.Optimal aerodynamic characteristics are obtained for 1.5%(of the chord length)flap height and a 45°flap angle;in this case,the separation vortex is effectively reduced.

Experimental Study on Titanium Alloy Cutting Property and Wear Mechanism with Circular-arc Milling Cutters

Titanium alloy has been applied in the field of aerospace manufacturing for its high specific strength and hardness.Nonetheless,these properties also cause general problems in the machining,such as processing inefficiency,serious wear,poor workpiece face quality,etc.Aiming at the above problems,this paper carried out a comparative experimental study on titanium alloy milling based on the CAMCand BEMC.The variation law of cutting force and wear morphology of the two tools were obtained,and the wear mechanism and the effect of wear on machining quality were analyzed.The conclusion is that in contrast with BEMC,under the action of cutting thickness thinning mechanism,the force of CAMC was less,and its fluctuation was more stable.The flank wear was uniform and near the cutting edge,and the wear rate was slower.In the early period,the wear mechanism of CAMC was mainly adhesion.Gradually,oxidative wear also occurred with milling.Furthermore,the surface residual height of CAMC was lower.There is no obvious peak and trough accompanied by fewer surface defects.

Numerical Study on Low-Reynolds Compressible Flows around Mars Helicopter Rotor Blade Airfoil

High-speed rotor rotation under the low-density condition creates a special low-Reynolds compressible flow around the rotor blade airfoil where the compressibility effect on the laminar separated shear layer occurs. However, the compressibility effect and shock wave generation associated with the increase in the Mach number (M) and the trend change due to their interference have not been clarified. The purpose is to clear the compressibility effect and its impact of shock wave generation on the flow field and aerodynamics. Therefore, we perform a two-dimensional unsteady calculation by Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis using the CLF5605 airfoil used in the Mars helicopter Ingenuity, which succeeded in its first flight on Mars. The calculation conditions are set to the Reynolds number (Re) at 75% rotor span in hovering (Re = 15,400), and the Mach number was varied from incompressible (M = 0.2) to transonic (M = 1.2). The compressible fluid dynamics solver FaSTAR developed by the Japan aerospace exploration agency (JAXA) is used, and calculations are performed under multiple conditions in which the Mach number and angle of attack (α) are swept. The results show that a flow field is similar to that in the Earth’s atmosphere above M = 1.0, such as bow shock at the leading edge, whereas multiple λ-type shock waves are observed over the separated shear layer above α = 3° at M = 0.80. However, no significant difference is found in the Cp distribution around the airfoil between M = 0.6 and M = 0.8. From the results, it is found that multiple λ-type shock waves have no significant effect on the airfoil surface pressure distribution, the separated shear layer effect is dominant in the surface pressure change and aerodynamic characteristics.

Fourier neural operator with boundary conditions for efficient prediction of steady airfoil flows

An efficient data-driven approach for predicting steady airfoil flows is proposed based on the Fourier neural operator(FNO),which is a new framework of neural networks.Theoretical reasons and experimental results are provided to support the necessity and effectiveness of the improvements made to the FNO,which involve using an additional branch neural operator to approximate the contribution of boundary conditions to steady solutions.The proposed approach runs several orders of magnitude faster than the traditional numerical methods.The predictions for flows around airfoils and ellipses demonstrate the superior accuracy and impressive speed of this novel approach.Furthermore,the property of zero-shot super-resolution enables the proposed approach to overcome the limitations of predicting airfoil flows with Cartesian grids,thereby improving the accuracy in the near-wall region.There is no doubt that the unprecedented speed and accuracy in forecasting steady airfoil flows have massive benefits for airfoil design and optimization.

Design and Structure Optimization of Plenum Chamber with Airfoil Baffle to Improve Its Outlet Velocity Uniformity in Heat Setting Machines

The plenum chamber of a heat setting machine is a key structure for distributing hot air to different air channels.Its outlet velocity uniformity directly determines the heating uniformity of textiles,significantly affecting the heat setting performance.In a traditional heat setting machine,the outlet airflow maldistribution of the plenum chamber still exists.In this study,a novel plenum chamber with an airfoil baffle was established to improve the uniformity of the velocity distribution at the outlet in a heat setting machine.The structural influence of the plenum chamber on the velocity distribution was investigated using a computational fluid dynamics program.It was found that a chamber with a smaller outlet partition thickness had a better outlet velocity uniformity.The structural optimization of the plenum chamber was conducted using the particle swarm optimization algorithm.The outlet partition thickness,the transverse distance and the longitudinal distance of the optimized plenum chamber were 20,686.2 and 274.6 mm,respectively.Experiments were carried out.The experimental and simulated results showed that the optimized plenum chamber with an airfoil baffle could improve the outlet velocity uniformity.The air outlet velocity uniformity index of the optimized plenum chamber with an airfoil baffle was 4.75%higher than that of the plenum chamber without an airfoil baffle and 5.98%higher than that of the conventional chamber with a square baffle in a commercial heat setting machine.

Optimized Design of H-Type Vertical Axis Wind Airfoil at Multiple Angles of Attack

Numerical simulations are conducted to improve the energy acquisition efficiency of H-type vertical axis wind turbines through the optimization of the related blade airfoil aerodynamic performance.The Bézier curve is initi-ally used tofit the curve profile of a NACA2412 airfoil,and the moving asymptote algorithm is then exploited to optimize the design of the considered H-type vertical-axis wind-turbine blade airfoil for a certain attack angle.The results show that the maximum lift coefficient of the optimized airfoil is 8.33%higher than that of the original airfoil.The maximum lift-to-drag ratio of the optimized airfoil exceeds the maximum lift-to-drag ratio of the ori-ginal airfoil by 11.22%.Moreover,the power coefficient is increased by 12.19%and the torque coefficient of the wind turbine is significantly improved.

改变导叶翼型对水泵水轮机“S”特性的影响

针对水泵水轮机“S”特性区域的不稳定性问题,提出使用改型活动导叶翼型进行性能提升.以某水泵水轮机模型为研究对象,采用SST k-ω湍流模型对水泵水轮机全流道进行三维数值计算,通过对活动导叶翼型的改型设计,得出流量-转速模拟曲线,分析水泵水轮机组“S”特性改善情况.将计算与试验结果进行对比,并对改型活动导叶翼型前后机组的无叶区进行压力脉动分析.结果表明:在保证整体效率依然保持在92%附近的前提下,新的活动导叶翼型对机组的“S”特性依旧具有改善效果;无叶区压力脉动主要是受到活动导叶叶栅区域的分流在此重新聚集影响,并且与转轮叶片的动静相互扰动引起的;改型后的活动导叶降低了无叶区的压力脉动幅值,提升了水泵水轮机运行中的并网稳定性.

复杂地形对风速廓线的影响

随着风电利用的发展,越来越多的风电场建立在复杂地形的山区,为了更好地进行风能评估和风电预报,就需要了解复杂地形对风速廓线的影响。本文基于薄翼理论和湍流边界层扰动的线性化理论,采用两层模型对坡度较小的山地在其二维横截面上的风廓线进行了预测,该模型能够较为准确地预报地形、压力、稳定度对风速增速的影响,但对于三维地形或其他因素产生的风速的复杂变化,需要进一步将其扩展至三维,并结合数值模拟进行研究。

翼型叶片安装方式对粉煤灰气力输送的影响

针对当前螺旋流气力输送中有关叶片安装方式的研究,分析了典型NACA系列翼型截面叶片应用于起旋装置时的流场。通过对观测面轴向流速与切向流速的仿真,计算叶片不同安装方式与安装角度时螺旋流场的旋流强度,确定了前缘迎风的安装方式比尾缘迎风起旋效果更强;安装方式固定时,旋流强度随安装角度的增大而减小。

风电NACA63418翼型参数化建模及优化

风力发电机的风轮气动效率与优良翼型的气动性能密切相关。以风力机传统翼型为研究对象,结合翼型参数化建模及自适应遗传算法,寻优搜索得到高性能优化翼型。比较了CST法和改进的Hicks-Henne型函数法对于NACA63418传统翼型的拟合精度,进而选用Hicks-Henne型函数法对NACA63418翼型进行参数化建模。通过自适应遗传算法和XFOIL软件耦合实现翼型气动特性的自动计算,提高翼形的设计效率,为翼型的理论设计拓宽了思路。

前缘圆柱对风力机翼型气动性能及冲蚀磨损影响研究

为研究风沙环境下流动控制方式对于NACA 0012翼型气动性能和冲蚀磨损的影响,通过在风力机翼型前缘布置微小圆柱来控制气流流动,采用离散项模型和SST k-ω湍流模型对控制翼型进行数值计算。结果表明:攻角较小时,微小圆柱处于X=0.04、Y=-0.03位置时控制效果最佳,可抑制流动分离,相比原翼型升阻比提高149.72%;微小圆柱处于X=0.02、Y=-0.02位置时翼型冲蚀磨损的减小量最大,相比原翼型减小97.66%;微小圆柱处于最优区域时翼型升阻比提高的同时冲蚀磨损量也会减小。

多参数变弯度翼型气动优化设计方法

为了获得机翼最优的气动外形,提出了一种多偏转参数与非均匀B样条结合的翼型前后缘连续偏转变形方法。以NACA3412翼型为研究实例,对翼型曲线进行参数化重构。以翼型前、后缘偏转位置和偏转角度为变化参数,模拟分析了不同变形状态对翼型气动特性的影响规律。以翼型升力系数和升阻比为优化目标,以前、后缘的偏转角度、偏转位置以及过渡段长度等六个偏转参数为设计变量,采用多目标遗传算法和ANSYS软件进行优化设计。结果表明,与基础翼型相比,优化后的变弯度翼型的升阻比提升约19.26%,升力提升约44.43%,明显改善了翼型的气动性能。

中/低雷诺数翼型后缘纯音噪声物理机制与主/被动控制研究综述

基于国内外研究成果,本文总结了中/低雷诺数下翼型后缘纯音噪声的物理机制与主/被动控制的研究现状,阐述了目前该研究还需回答与解决的部分问题,并对可能的新研究思路与方法进行了展望。在物理机制方面,边界层内声反馈和后缘涡脱落是公认的中/低雷诺数下翼型后缘纯音噪声的2种主要发声机制。前者由T–S不稳定波散射噪声向上游传播、在边界层与翼型后缘之间形成,产生的纯音噪声具有典型“阶梯状”离散频谱特性;后者由翼型尾流整体不稳定性引起,纯音噪声具有单一频率特性。2种发声机制之间如何竞争以及噪声频率如何选择等问题仍未完全解决。在研究方法方面,主要采用线性稳定性分析、风洞实验测量和DNS/LES数值模拟等研究方法。由于现有研究的翼型较为单一,所得结果无法满足翼型低噪声设计的需求。在噪声控制方面,被动控制方法多采用翼型前/后缘锯齿、多孔材料和柔性壁面,主动控制方法多采用表面吹/吸气和等离子体技术;在基于机理分析有效抑制翼型后缘纯音噪声方面,还有较多可改进之处。

S型翼缝与尾缘襟翼联合控制风力机翼型气动性能的研究

降低叶片气动载荷对于延长风力机叶片寿命极为重要,尾缘襟翼是降低叶片气动载荷的一种有效手段,然而其在大攻角下对翼型的气动特性控制效果减弱。通过在50%叶片弦长处添加S型翼缝,采用数值模拟方法研究S型翼缝与尾缘襟翼联合调节风力机叶片气动特性的作用。利用剪切应力输运(shear stress transport,SST)湍流模型,计算模拟了S809翼型在雷诺数106下,S型翼缝与尾缘襟翼联合控制对翼型气动特性的影响,并分析了S型翼缝与尾缘襟翼的协同控制机理。结果表明,尾缘襟翼的偏转可显著改变翼缝槽内的气体流量,并有效调节叶片中部的压差,这种联合控制策略可在大攻角下大幅改善翼型的失速现象,从而显著增强尾缘襟翼对升力系数的调控能力。

旋翼翼型动态失速非定常介质阻挡放电流动控制研究

针对动态失速导致旋翼翼型气动性能恶化的问题,借助介质阻挡放电非对称构型激励器,通过脉动压力传感器测量,开展了旋翼翼型动态失速非定常等离子体流动控制研究。重点对非定常等离子体控制机理和非定常激励参数影响进行了探究,试验验证了非定常等离子体激励的良好控制能力。研究表明:非定常流动控制可以减弱翼型的升力骤降,20%的占空比就足以取得明显的控制效果;激励频率F^(+)=1~2时的非定常控制效果最好,升力迟滞环面积减小16%,升力系数平均值提高6%。机理分析发现等离子体激励主要作用于动态失速涡脱落后,非定常激励明显削弱了动态失速涡脱落对翼型气动力的不利影响,同时非定常激励可以产生更多的涡以促进前缘逆压梯度的恢复和流动的重附着。

湍流条件下风力机翼型动态气动特性研究

基于CDRFG方法生成湍流入口边界,采用大涡模拟(LES)研究湍流条件下风力机翼型的动态气动特性。结果表明:在翼型俯仰振荡过程中,相同攻角时,下俯过程的升力系数脉动较上仰过程更加明显。在湍流来流条件下,升力系数的分布相对紊乱,且带有不同幅度的突变特性,其脉动特性较均匀来流显著增加,迟滞环纵向波动范围增大,非定常特性加剧,且平均攻角越小,湍流对升力系数脉动特性的影响越明显。湍流对翼型表面压力波动的影响主要位于前缘区域,前缘点脉动压力对湍流来流的响应强烈,沿弦向逐渐往后,翼型表面脉动压力对湍流来流的响应逐渐减弱。

仿灰鲭鲨尾鳍襟翼的翼型气动性能数值研究

为进一步提高翼型的气动性能,基于灰鲭鲨尾鳍上尾叉型线结构,提出一种仿生襟翼结构。利用SST k-ω湍流模型模拟仿生翼型的气动性能和内流特征,分析了仿生襟翼相对位置和角度的影响,得到了气动性能最优的仿生襟翼翼型,并将其与格尼襟翼进行对比。结果表明:安装仿生襟翼后,翼型升阻比较原翼型显著提高;当襟翼相对高度不变时,减小襟翼安装角和增大襟翼与尾缘间的距离均导致翼型失速提前;安装角为45°且逆流向安装在尾缘处的仿生襟翼翼型气动性能最优,其升力系数较格尼襟翼翼型在失速前平均提高5.9%;安装仿生襟翼后流场结构更复杂,流场内涡的位置、数量及大小均有所改变。

NACA0021和NACA4822翼型肋通道中环境空气流动传热特性的实验研究

针对超燃冲压发动机在更高Mach数飞行时,主动再生冷却技术面临换热能力不足的瓶颈问题,拟利用翼型肋加强再生冷却通道的传热性能.为了从原理上验证翼型肋通道的强化传热效果,搭建了环境空气在NACA0021对称翼型肋和NACA4822非对称翼型肋通道(横截面尺寸50 mm×50 mm)中的流动传热实验测试平台,基于稳态液晶技术得到受热表面的Nusselt数.通过实验研究发现:NACA0021对称翼型肋通道和NACA4822非对称翼型肋通道的传热强度分别被提升了0.17%~17.1%和18.4%~52.1%,50 m^(3)/h流量下的PEC(performance evaluation criteri-on)分别为1.04和1.24;大流量条件下,NACA4822非对称翼型肋通道可强化中间受热面的传热性能;翼型肋通道中的流动压降也会相应增大,其中NACA4822翼型肋通道中的压降最大,翼型肋的非对称性使得流动湍流强度不断积累造成下游压降存在明显升高.该研究将有助于进一步开展翼型肋通道内超临界流体的流动传热特性研究,拓宽超燃冲压发动机主动再生冷却技术的应用温区.

通道高度对翼型翅片印刷电路板换热器流动传热性能的影响

基于通道几何尺寸对印刷电路板换热器(PCHE)流动与传热特性的影响,采用数值方法研究了通道高度对翼型翅片PCHE流动传热性能的影响。结果表明:通道高度显著影响PCHE的紧凑性、阻力与传热性能;在相同雷诺数条件下(R_(e)=6000~14000),随着通道高度H的减小(通道高度与横向节距之比H/S_(T)=0.12~0.60),范宁摩擦因子f先降低后升高,H/S T=0.24翼型翅片通道的f最低;H/S_(T)=0.24~0.60翼型翅片通道的柯尔本-j因子j几乎相同,H/S_(T)=0.12翼型翅片通道的j有所增加;j/f适合于评价不同高度翼型翅片通道的综合性能,以j/f作为综合性能评价指标时,H/S_(T)=0.24翼型翅片通道的综合性能最佳。