Deployment Reliability Test and Assessment for Landing Gear of Chang' E-3 Probe

Chang'E-3 probe incorporates four landing gears to assure the soft-landing,which are stowed while launching and deployed after separated from rocket. Deployment reliability is quite crucial for this mission. The deployment reliability test( DRT) method and assessment method were developed in this paper. Then DRT was conducted and the deployment reliability estimate of Chang'E-3probe was used to verify the proposed methods.

Dynamic Fatigue Reliability Analysis of Transmission Gear Considering Failure Dependence

Multiple failuremodes and strength degradation are usually inherent in the gear transmission system,which brings new challenges for conducting fatigue reliability analysis and design.This paper proposes a novel dynamic fatigue reliability analysis method for failure dependence and strength degradation based on the combination of theCopula function and Gamma process.Firstly,the dynamic simulation model of the gear transmission system is established to obtain the dynamic stress-time history.The Gamma process is then used to describe the strength degradation to establish the dynamic stress-strength interference model.The marginal distribution functions of tooth contact fatigue and dedendumbending fatigue are calculated respectively based on the dynamic interferencemodel.Finally,the joint distribution of the two failure modes can be obtained by the t-Copula function to characterize the failure dependence,and so the dynamic fatigue reliability considering failure dependence can be estimated.The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated with examples.The results reveal the temporal law of reliability and the effects of failure dependence on dynamic fatigue reliability.

An intelligent method for contact fatigue reliability analysis of spur gear under EHL

To complete the contact fatigue reliability analysis of spur gear under elastohydrodynamic lubrication(EHL) efficiently and accurately, an intelligent method is proposed. Oil film pressure is approximated using quadratic polynomial with intercrossing term and then mapped into the Hertz contact zone. Considering the randomness of the EHL, material properties and fatigue strength correction factors, the probabilistic reliability analysis model is established using artificial neural network(ANN). Genetic algorithm(GA) is employed to search the minimum reliability index and the design point by introducing an adjusting factor in penalty function. Reliability sensitivity analysis is completed based on the advanced first order second moment(AFOSM). Numerical example shows that the established probabilistic reliability analysis model could correctly reflect the effect of EHL on contact fatigue of spur gear, and the proposed intelligent method has an excellent global search capability as well as a highly efficient computing performance compared with the traditional Monte Carlo method(MCM).

Application of response surface method for contact fatigue reliability analysis of spur gear with consideration of EHL

In order to consider the effects of elastohydrodynamic lubrication(EHL) on contact fatigue reliability of spur gear, an accurate and efficient method that combines with response surface method(RSM) and first order second moment method(FOSM) was developed for estimating the contact fatigue reliability of spur gear under EHL. The mechanical model of contact stress analysis of spur gear under EHL was established, in which the oil film pressure was mapped into hertz contact zone. Considering the randomness of EHL, material properties and fatigue strength correction factors, the proposed method was used to analyze the contact fatigue reliability of spur gear under EHL. Compared with the results of 1.5×105 by traditional Monte-Carlo, the difference between the two failure probability results calculated by the above mentioned methods is 2.2×10-4, the relative error of the failure probability results is 26.8%, and time-consuming only accounts for 0.14% of the traditional Monte-Carlo method(MCM). Sensitivity analysis results are in very good agreement with practical cognition. Analysis results show that the proposed method is precise and efficient, and could correctly reflect the influence of EHL on contact fatigue reliability of spur gear.

Reliability Analysis for a Gear-Rack Based on Combination of Simulation and Experiment

In order to analyze the gear-rack reliability under the most serious limit loads which was the new-type transmission mechanism of aircraft slats,the gear-rack static strength under the single tooth meshing was analyzed based on the simulation and experiment. Then,it randomized the load of gear-rack based on the precise finite element analysis( FEA) model,and analyzed the static strength reliability of the gear-rack. Finally,the gear-rack under the most dangerous situation has not been destroyed and it also has a high reliability.

Reliability Design for the Landing Gear of Chang'E-3 Probe

Landing gear is one of the important components of Chang'E-3 Probe.The device was used to absorb the impact energy of Chang'E-3 Probe during the landing process.After landing on the moon,it can support the lander steadily for a long time.In order to assure the reliability of the landing gear and deal with the extremely severe landing conditions,many reliability measures were adopted in the design procedure,such as selection of cushion materials,optimization of mechanism configuration,design of deployment mode,allocation of buffer force and control of its variation.The successful landing on the moon of Chang'E-3 Probe has completely verified the high reliability of the landing gear.

A reliable and sensitive closing gear

The model QQCplankton net closing gear is a device designed to control the stratifiedsampling of the plankton net by means of a messenger. The device in its fie1d use has met with98% success in 766 times of strtified sampling of plankton at 157 stations during separatesurveys of Fujian coast zone, the Taiwan Strait, and the central section of the South China Sea,

Multi-objective reliability optimization design of high-speed heavy-duty gears based on APCK-SORA model

For high-speed heavy-duty gears in operation is prone to high tooth surface temperature rise and thus produce tooth surface gluing leading to transmission failure and other adverse effects,but in the gear optimization design and little consideration of thermal transmission errors and thermal resonance and other factors,while the conventional multi-objective optimization design methods are difficult to achieve the optimum of each objective.Based on this,the paper proposes a gear multi-objective reliability optimisation design method based on the APCK-SORA model.The PC-Kriging model and the adaptive k-means clustering method are combined to construct an adaptive reliability analysis method(APCK for short),which is then integrated with the SORA optimisation algorithm.The objective function is the lightweight of gear pair,the maximum overlap degree and the maximum anti-glue strength;the basic parameters of the gear and the sensitivity parameters affecting the thermal deformation and thermal resonance of the gear are used as design variables;the amount of thermal deformation and thermal resonance,as well as the contact strength of the tooth face and the bending strength of the tooth root are used as constraints;the optimisation results show that:the mass of the gear is reduced by 0.13kg,the degree of overlap is increased by 0.016 and the coefficient of safety against galling Compared with other methods,the proposed method is more efficient than the other methods in meeting the multi-objective reliability design requirements of lightweighting,ensuring smoothness and anti-galling capability of high-speed heavy-duty gears.

不平整跑道激励下飞机起落架随机响应及可靠性分析

采用非线性二自由度系统构建了飞机起落架模型,通过时域噪声刻画了不平整跑道对飞机起落架系统的随机激励,并引入路面不平度系数描述了跑道的不平整程度;基于飞机起落架模型响应的概率密度函数及其统计量,开展了不平整跑道对飞机起落架系统影响规律的研究。应用随机可靠性分析方法以及人体振动舒适性理论,通过建立安全域和舒适域与系统响应之间的关系,分析了起落架模型在不同路面不平度系数下的可靠性,并对乘客舒适性进行了评价。研究结果表明:路面不平度系数越大,系统状态变量的波动越剧烈,系统的可靠性和舒适性与路面不平度系数呈一定的负相关性;在路面不平度系数较小的情况下,系统平均首次穿越时间以及舒适性受随机扰动的影响更加显著。

腐蚀作用下城市轨道车辆齿轮磨损可靠性研究

为解决城市轨道车辆齿轮在腐蚀性环境下的磨损可靠性预测问题,采用非齐次泊松过程和对数高斯分布表征齿面腐蚀坑的萌生和生长,并考虑磨损对腐蚀坑深度的改变,通过分析腐蚀坑对赫兹接触应力、齿面粗糙度的影响,基于Archard磨损理论,以齿面最大累积磨损深度为关键参数建立性能裕量退化模型,构建出一种腐蚀作用下的城市轨道车辆齿轮磨损可靠性分析模型,并对腐蚀过程涉及的参数进行可靠性灵敏度分析。结果表明:随着工作时间的增长,齿轮累积磨损量的不确定性增加,腐蚀对齿轮磨损可靠性的影响程度降低;腐蚀坑生长过程的比例参数、形状参数和最大腐蚀深度对可靠性的灵敏度依次增加,且均与齿轮磨损可靠寿命呈负相关关系。

基于疲劳失效的行星齿轮减速器时变可靠性分析

随着科技革新与社会发展,对行星齿轮减速器的可靠性要求越来越高。行星齿轮减速器运行过程中存在疲劳因素,会导致可靠度发生变化。针对这一问题,首先,根据应力-强度干涉理论,构建行星齿轮减速器在疲劳失效(主要是齿面接触疲劳失效和齿根弯曲疲劳失效)下的时变可靠性模型;其次,结合单调性定理,将时变可靠性模型简化,利用Matlab编程,求解了行星齿轮减速器的可靠度;对时变可靠性模型的各变量进行了灵敏度分析;最后,以PM90精密行星齿轮减速器为例,分别得到基于疲劳失效下的可靠度和各变量的灵敏度,阐述了在接触疲劳失效和弯曲疲劳失效下的可靠性时变规律,为行星齿轮减速器的时变可靠性分析奠定了基础。

基于改进四阶矩的齿轮可靠性研究

齿轮是最常用的传动部件,其常见的失效模式为齿面点蚀与齿根断裂。为了快速、精确地对其进行可靠性分析,提出了一种考虑失效相关的改进四阶矩法。首先,根据失效机制分别建立齿面接触疲劳与齿根弯曲断裂失效的可靠性模型。其次,为提高传统四阶矩求解精度,先使用改进一次二阶矩法求出的二阶可靠性指标,再求得新四阶可靠性指标,从而提高单一失效模式的可靠性求解精度;然后,基于条件概率降维法计算多失效模式间的相关度及考虑失效相关时的整体失效概率。最后,以某系统的传动齿轮为例,比较了所提方法、均值一次二阶矩(Mean Value First Order Second Moment,MVFOSM)法、改进一次二阶矩(Advanced First Order Second Moment,AFOSM)法和传统高阶矩标准化技术(High-Order Moment Standardization Technique,HOMST)法的计算效果。结果显示,所提方法在精度和效率上都得到了较大的提升,提供了一种分析多失效模式可靠性的理论方法。

考虑失效相关的风电齿轮传动系统动态可靠性研究

针对风电机组齿轮箱在服役期间的可靠性问题,以2 MW风力机齿轮箱为研究对象,综合考虑齿轮时变啮合刚度与综合误差等内部激励,建立传动系统齿轮-轴-轴承动力学模型,获得恒定载荷下各齿轮副的动态啮合力。引用基于风场风速变化规律的威布尔随机风速作为系统外部激励,结合外部变动载荷与定载啮合力获得变载下各齿轮应力-时间历程。根据零部件主要失效模式,在传统应力-强度干涉模型基础上采用Gamma随机过程,结合齿轮材料的P-S-N(存活率-应力-寿命)曲线对零部件强度退化过程进行模拟。同时考虑到零件失效的相关性,建立系统主要失效模式的功能函数,构建混合Copula模型对零件层面与系统层面的失效相关性进行描述,经过多层嵌套获得齿轮箱系统的动态可靠度。结果表明:在风电机组服役前期时应主要考虑齿轮齿面接触疲劳失效,齿根弯曲疲劳失效主要发生在风力机服役中后期;根据系统可靠性曲线,考虑失效相关结果更符合实际工况。

采煤机截割部齿轮传动系统可靠性研究

针对采煤机截割负载易引起齿轮传动系统失效的问题,首先,充分考虑煤层中矸石参数的不确定性,建立末端负载不确定性模型,模拟截割负载;其次,基于集中质量法,构建负载影响下永磁电机驱动的采煤机截割部齿轮传动系统动力学模型,探究其在服役过程中的动态行为;最后,基于应力-强度干涉理论,建立系统模型,确定齿轮服役周期。研究结果表明:齿轮传动系统中主动齿轮可靠服役时间更短,相同条件下,按失效相关原则分析的可靠性则更加合理,该研究可以为采煤机截割部的进一步优化设计提供参考。

基于改进响应面法的齿轮可靠性优化分析

为解决传统齿轮可靠性优化流程中引入的安全系数无法准确的反映齿轮可靠性水平以及在分析过程中无法找到各参数影响程度的问题,提出一种基于改进响应面与有限元相结合的可靠性优化分析方法。首先,采用改进响应面方法获取实验设计点,通过有限元软件获取实验数据建立设计矩阵;其次,通过MATLAB建立改进响应面方程,分析方程拟合优度;最后,将实验数据导入可靠性仿真模块进行可靠性优化仿真,通过拉丁超立方抽样得到齿轮可靠度。实验结果表明,改进响应面方程与传统响应面方程误差相当。优化后的齿轮结构可靠度相比优化前提高了6.35%,优化后最大等效应力降低了6.81%,质量降低了2.12%。改进响应面与有限元结合的方法可靠性优化效果最佳。

齿轮传动系统可靠性分配数字化设计与研究

随着齿轮传动系统向着高复杂性、多传动样式和高可靠性等方向发展,快速准确地对齿轮传动系统进行可靠性分配变得越来越重要。针对现有可靠性分配方法存在的考虑因素不全面、同一参数不同分配方法变化范围不统一、不便于数字化软件开发等问题,提出了改进电子设备可靠性咨询组(Advisory Group on Reliability of Electronic Equipment,AGREE)分配法,扩展了评分分配法;探讨了可靠性分配方法的数字化特征,建立了齿轮传动系统的基本可靠性与任务可靠性模型,研究了可靠性模型自动生成的遍历算法;开发了定轴轮系、行星轮系和混合轮系可靠性快速分配的数字化平台,设计了输入模块、计算模块、结果显示模块和输出模块等4个独立模块;通过与实例结果的比较,该软件计算结果的准确性得到了验证;同时也实现了齿轮传动系统可靠性分配的参数化建模与自动化生成算例报告等功能,提高了可靠性分配模型精度和计算效率。

随机载荷下风机齿轮动态可靠性评估

以2 MW水平轴变速风力发电机齿轮传动系统为研究对象,对已产生裂纹的风机齿轮进行可靠性评估。以随机风速作为风机齿轮箱外部载荷,通过齿轮的转矩、切向载荷,计算齿轮齿根所受应力,并采用Weibull分布进行拟合;根据断裂概率与齿轮所受最大应力之间的关系和Griffith理论,建立断裂概率与裂纹之间的模型;基于Paris公式建立裂纹与载荷加载次数模型;最后,将上述2种模型结合,利用可靠度与失效率之间的关系,建立考虑随机载荷条件下,风机齿轮的动态可靠性模型。以风机齿轮箱中太阳轮为例,结果表明:相对于初始可靠度大于0.99的太阳轮,所验证的太阳轮初始可靠度在低至0.5的情况下,经过高载荷的作用,其可靠度会急剧下降,直至失效。在确定的材料下,所提模型可以较好地反映不同应力水平下裂纹扩展以及裂纹对可靠度的影响,可较好地应用于工程实践中。

基于裂纹动态扩展的齿轮疲劳断裂数值模拟

齿轮内部疲劳断裂事故直接威胁着工程机械的安全运行,为了提高机械运行安全性,提出工程机械齿轮内部疲劳断裂可靠性数值模拟方法。构建工程机械齿轮模型,给出齿轮理论接触线确定流程,利用边界元法求解齿轮内部应力强度因子,分析齿轮内部力学特性,以上述齿轮内部力学特性分析结果为基础,融合齿轮内部极限状态,搭建齿轮内部疲劳断裂可靠性模型,通过齿轮内部疲劳裂纹动态扩展模型来模拟齿轮内部疲劳断裂全过程,实现工程机械齿轮内部疲劳断裂可靠性数值模拟。实验结果显示:提出方法应用后齿轮内部疲劳裂纹扩展速率与齿轮内部疲劳断裂可靠性数值模拟结果与实际结果基本一致,表明提出方法数值模拟精度较高。

高精度齿轮加工工艺研究

齿轮作为机械传动系统中的重要组成部分,对于提高传动系统的效率和可靠性至关重要。在现代工业领域,高精度齿轮的需求越来越高,对齿轮加工工艺提出了更高的要求。通过对齿轮的重要性和应用领域及齿轮加工的现状和挑战进行了总结,阐述了高精度齿轮加工的关键技术,并对相关研究成果进行分析和研究,旨在为高精度齿轮加工技术的进一步提升提供参考和指导。

Life Distribution Transformation Model of Planetary Gear System

Planetary gear systems have been widely used in transportation, construction, metallurgy, petroleum, aviation and other industrial fields. Under the same condition of power transmission, they have a more compact structure than ordinary gear train. However, some critical parts, such as sun gear, planet gear and ring gear often suffer from fatigue and wear under the conditions of high speed and heavy load. For reliability research, in order to predict the fatigue probability life of planetary gear system, detailed kinematic and mechanical analysis for a planetary gear system is firstly completed. Meanwhile, a gear bending fatigue test is carried out at a stress level to obtain the strength information of specific gears. Then, a life distribution transformation model is established according to the order statistics theory. Transformation process is that, the life distribution of test gear is transformed to that of single tooth, and then the life distribution of single tooth can be effectively transformed to that of the planetary gear system. In addition, the effectiveness of the transformation model is finally verified by a processing method with random censoring data.