Current Circulation and Water Renewal Time in the Enclosed Marine Area of Pagasitikos Basin, Greece

Greece boasts an impressive closed coastline stretching across 13,676 km, making it the largest in the Mediterranean basin and one of the largest in the world. Given the significant human activities that take place in coastal areas, understanding the behavior of the sea environment becomes crucial. In this study, we delve into the generation and movement of marine currents as well as the retention time and water age within the waters of Pagasitikos Sea inlet, Greece, through numerical simulation of hydrodynamic characteristics. The main examined points of the understudy region are the area of the port of Volos, the Trikeri channel where the ingress and egress of water from the Gulf takes place and the exchange of seawater through circulation of the Pagasitikos Gulf with the North Evian Gulf. In order to evaluate the results, they were compared with real field measurements and with simulation on a laboratory dummy of the same area. The computational simulation was performed with the ELCOM 2.2 numerical modeling tool and the AEM3D latest version and the main factors simulated are the tide, the consequence that Coriolis force, boundary conditions, the topography and bottom geometry of the bay and the actual meteorological conditions of a whole year.

Hybrid Predictive Control with Simple Linear Control Based Circulating Current Suppression for Modular Multilevel Converters

The modular multilevel converter(MMC)has become a promising topology for widespread power converter applications.However,an evident circulating current flowing between the phases will increase system losses and complicate the heatsink design.This paper proposes a novel hybrid model predictive control method for MMCs.This method utilizes an indirect structure MPC and a sorting algorithm to implement current tracking and capacitor voltages balancing,considerably resulting in reduced calculation burden.In addition,different from the conventional MPC solutions,we add a simple proportional-integral(PI)controller to suppress circulating current through modifying the submodule(SM)inserted number,which is parallel to the MPC loop.This hybrid control solution combines both advantages of MPC and linear control,evidently resulting in improved performance of circulating current.Finally,the MATLAB/Simulink results of an 11-level MMC system verify the effectiveness of the proposed solution.

Zero-sequence Circulating Current Reduction for Three-phase Three-level Modular Photovoltaic Grid-connected Systems

针对共享正、负母线和交流母线的三相三电平模块化光伏并网系统的零序环流问题,建立三电平模块化系统零序环流的等效模型,并根据激励源的不同将零序环流分成3类,提出一种共享正、负母线和中线的并联方案来抑制I类零序环流,及一种基于改进型LCL滤波器的并联方案来抑制II、III类零序环流的高频分量,和采用零序环流控制器来抑制II、III类零序环流的低频分量。最后,通过10 kW的三相三电平模块化光伏并网系统的仿真和实验,证明了零序环流模型分析和抑制方法的正确性。

GENERATOR VIBRATION FAULT DIAGNOSIS METHOD BASED ON ROTOR VIBRATION AND STATOR WINDING PARALLEL BRANCHES CIRCULATING CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS

Rotor vibration characteristics are first analyzed, which are that the rotor vibration of fundamental frequency will increase due to rotor winding inter-turn short circuit fault, air-gap dynamic eccentricity fault, or imbalance fault, and the vibration of the second frequency will increase when the air-gap static eccentricity fault occurs. Next, the characteristics of the stator winding parallel branches circulating current are analyzed, which are that the second harmonics circulating current will increase when the rotor winding inter-turn short circuit fault occurs, and the fundamental circulating current will increase when the air-gap eccentricity fault occurs, neither being strongly affected by the imbalance fault. Considering the differences of the rotor vibration and circulating current characteristics caused by different rotor faults, a method of generator vibration fault diagnosis, based on rotor vibration and circulating current characteristics, is developed. Finally, the rotor vibration and circulating current of a type SDF-9 generator is measured in the laboratory to verify the theoretical analysis presented above.

The Circulating Current Analysis and Parameter Design of Interphase-Reactor of HT-7U Toroidal Power Supply

This paper analyzes the circulating current which is produced by HT-7Usuperconducting toroidal power supply-two sets of two-reverse-star converter with aninterphase-reactor in parallel running on the basis of the output voltage mathematical equation ofthree-phase semi-wave converter circuit. A new idea of omitting interphase-reactor between twoconverters is proposed, and the parameter design of interphase-reactor of HT-7 toroidal power supplyis presented. Simulated results demonstrate the validity of this new project.

Improved Ladder Wave Modulation of Circulating Current Suppressing Control Strategy of MMC

This paper partitions the arm current of MMC into uncontrollable current and controllable current. The former is determined by the load that can’t be controlled by taking any control strategy. The later caused by the unbalanced total inserted voltage of three arms can be controlled by some improved algorithms. The conclusion based on the researching the essence of circulating current is reached that change the number of the inserted sub-modules in each phase can suppress the circulating current. Combined with the improved ladder wave modulation, a novel circulating current suppression strategy particularly for the inverter station is developed. The improved strategy can adapt to load changes and reduce the circulating current and output voltage THD of MMC ac terminals greatly without increasing any peripheral circuits. Finally, the simulation model of 100 submodules in each phase is constructed in MATLAB and the simulation results verify the correctness and effectiveness of the modified control algorithm.

On the Huanghai (Yellow) Sea circulation:a review by current measurements

The Huanghai (Yellow) Sea circulations suggested in the past were constructed mostly based on hydrographic data or simple numerical models, and were not rigorously compered with direct current measurements. Ourpresent understanding of the Huanghai Sea circulation is still very poor and superficial. To evaluate our present knowledge about the circulation and to sketch a more realistic circulation pattern, the previous studies on the circulation arebriefly reviewed and directly measured current data collected in the past are revisited. The Huanghai Sea Warm Current and the northeastward extension in summer of the Changjiang diluted water are paid more attention to, which arethe major currents of the basic circulation, and then attempted to sketch the Huanghai Sea circulation by synthesizinghydrography and current data. The Huanghai Sea circulation is not considered to be persistent since the thin water column, less than 100 m, responds quickly and sensitively to external driving forces. Directly measured current data showthat saline water originating from the Kuroshio water turns clockwise around Cheju-do throughout the year and eventually joins the Tsushima Warm Current at the western channel of the Korea Strait. This clockwise current is called theCheju Warm Current. The current data do not support the persistent existence of the Huanghai Sea Warm Current,which has ho believed to supply heat and salt to the Huanghai Sea throughout the year. However, a northward flowis generated intermittently during the weakening phase of cold air outbreaks in winter. The northeast extension of theChangjiang diluted water in summer is evidenced by satellite-tracked surface drifters.

The effect of Coriolis-Stokes forcing on upper ocean circulation in a two-way coupled wave-current model

We investigated the Stokes drift-driven ocean currents and Stokes drift-induced wind energy input into the upper ocean using a two-way coupled wave-current modeling system that consists of the Princeton Ocean Model generalized coordinate system (POMgcs), Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) wave model, and the Model Coupling Toolkit (MCT). The Coriolis-Stokes forcing (CSF) computed using the wave parameters from SWAN was incorporated with the momentum equation of POMgcs as the core coupling process. Experimental results in an idealized setting show that under the steady state, the scale of the speed of CSF-driven current was 0.001 m/s and the maximum reached 0.02 m/s. The Stokes drift-induced energy rate input into the model ocean was estimated to be 28.5 GW, taking 14% of the direct wind energy rate input. Considering the Stokes drift effects, the total mechanical energy rate input was increased by approximately 14%, which highlights the importance of CSF in modulating the upper ocean circulation. The actual run conducted in Taiwan Adjacent Sea (TAS) shows that: 1) CSF-based wave-current coupling has an impact on ocean surface currents, which is related to the activities of monsoon winds; 2) wave-current coupling plays a significant role in a place where strong eddies present and tends to intensify the eddy's vorticity; 3) wave-current coupling affects the volume transport of the Taiwan Strait (TS) throughflow in a nontrivial degree, 3.75% on average.

Numerical Study of the Secondary Circulations in Rip Current Systems

To investigate the mechanism of secondary circulations in rip current systems, and to explore the relationship between wave conditions and secondary circulation intensity, a series of numerical experiments is performed using coupled nearshore wave model and circulation model. In these experiments, the rip currents and secondary circulations generated above barred beaches with rip channels are simulated. A comparison experiment is conducted to investigate the formation and hydrodynamics of the secondary circulations. Model results indicate that the secondary circulations consist of alongshore flows driven by wave set-up near the shoreline, part of the feeder currents driven by the wave set-up over the bars, and onshore flows at the end of the rip channel driven by wave breaking and convection. The existence of the secondary circulation barely affects the rip current, but narrows and intensifies the feeder currents. Three groups of experiments of varying incident wave conditions are performed to investigate the relationship between wave conditions and secondary circulation intensity. The velocity of the alongshore flow of the secondary circulation is sensitive to the variation of the incident wave height and water depth. It is also found that the alongshore flow intensity is in direct proportion to the alongshore variation of the wave height gradient between the bars and the shoreline.

Optimal design of auxiliary-teeth to solve circulation current reduction of permanent magnet linear synchronous motor

A discontinuity of magnetic circuits according to the end effect is generated in the permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM).Due to the unbalanced back electro-motive force (EMF) and impedance produced,unbalanced current is generated.The circulating current,which is caused by a decrease in the thrust,is generated by the unbalanced current.The optimal design of auxiliary-teeth at the end of the mover was carried out to solve the unbalance of phase by using design of experiment (DOE),and compared with the basic model through finite element analysis (FEA).As a result,the auxiliary-teeth model compensates for the decrease of thrust caused by the unbalanced phase.Also,this model is proven to reduce the detent force by the vibration and noise of the PMLSM and copper loss caused by the circulating current.

Current-event Play and Circulation of Information in late Ming China

This essay examines current-event plays( shishiju 时事剧) and their social functions in late Ming China. Drawing on awide range or primary sources and built on secondary scholarship on information history,the essay offered a complete picture of the booming,features,social functions and the decline of the current-event plays. The essay argues that many current-event plays addressed on credibility,timeliness and easy accessibility,which enabled current-event plays to play an important role in information circulation. This essay further exposes the current-event plays not only opened a forum for public discussion but also influenced public opinions greatly from literate elites to the masses in Ming China. Through analyzing current-event plays in the context of Ming society,this essay expands the realm of studying information history.

Interannual variability of eddy kinetic energy in the South China Sea related to two types of winter circulation events

Interannual variations of the eddy kinetic energy(EKE)related to two types of winter circulation events(“O”and“U”)were investigated based on the outputs of the Ocean General Circulation Model(OGCM)for the Earth Simulator(OFES)and the corresponding energetic analyses.Results show that the EKE is strong and extends eastward to offshore the Vietnam coast about 2°,associated with the weaker South China Sea western boundary current(SCSwbc)in“O”type years,while the EKE is weak and high value that can be attained is narrowed along the coast,associated with the stronger SCSwbc in“U”type years.The energy budget shows that the wind stress and barotropic/baroclinic instability are important factors to regulate the EKE in“U”and“O”years.For“U”years,under a strong winter monsoon forcing,the SCSwbc strengthen,the directly wind work and barotropic conversion from the mean kinetic energy(MKE)to EKE are weak,thus the EKE decrease corresponding to the baroclinic conversion from the kinetic energy to potential energy.However,the situation is reversed in“O”years.Under the influence of El Niño events,wind stress forces can weaken SCSwbc and enhance EKE in pattern“O”,whereas La Niña events have relatively weaker influences.The barotropic conversion rate in“O”type is nearly eight times of the“U”type.The pressure work and advection term are the main sources to greatly suppress EKE in the SCSwbc region.

考虑铁心结构的三相变压器励磁涌流和角型绕组环流分析

基于三相组式、五柱式和三柱式铁心结构变压器的磁路特征和运行方程,首先,提出运用星形侧零序电流和电压来拟合角型绕组环流的数值方法,并进一步研究不同铁心结构变压器的角型绕组环流和励磁涌流的特点;然后,进行软件仿真和现场录波以验证该数值方法的有效性,可判断三相组式和五柱式变压器的各相绕组差流即为对应相的励磁涌流,而三柱式变压器某相的绕组差流并不是对应相的励磁电流;最后,进一步的理论分析与仿真验证表明,在3类铁心结构的变压器从星形侧空载合闸时,星形侧任意两相的线电流之差可以认为是这两相等效磁路的励磁涌流之差。研究结论可以为不同铁心结构三相变压器的励磁涌流识别提供依据。

海上风电单芯海缆接地环流影响因素分析

单芯海缆在生产、施工方面相对于三芯海缆更具优势,但是其接地环流异常引起的海缆故障频繁发生。单芯海缆接地环流运行机理及检测策略有待深入研究。建立了基于阻抗矩阵的单芯海缆数学模型,揭示了铠装电阻率、铠装层相对磁导率、接地电阻、短路电阻等因素对阻抗矩阵内参数和接地环流的影响规律。结合实际工程案例分析了海缆接地环流分配不均的机理,为海缆的运行状态评估及检修提供了参考依据。

基于新型VLMZVM的ANPC型三电平并网逆变器环流抑制方法

为解决广泛应用在大功率分布式发电系统中的多机有源中点钳位(ANPC)型三电平并网逆变器间的低频零序环流问题,提出一种基于虚拟大矢量的新型十三矢量调制(VLMZVM)策略。通过建立多机ANPC型三电平并网逆变器零序环流模型,分析零序环流产生机理和影响因素,通过检测零序环流状态,实时选择虚拟大矢量或实际大矢量合成方法来抑制零序环流,并提出区分奇偶扇区的矢量分配方法快速选择合成矢量。实验结果验证了新型VLMZVM策略能在电流突变、参数不一致、全功率因数范围都具有很好的环流抑制效果。

基于自适应虚拟电阻的低压微电网有功均分下垂控制策略

由于低压微电网中各分布式电源的线路阻抗不匹配,传统的下垂控制策略难以按照下垂系数合理分配有功功率。为此,提出一种无需通信的自适应虚拟电阻下垂控制方法。通过将微电网中每个分布式发电机(DG)单元输出的有功功率和电压传送给自适应虚拟电阻控制器中,在保证电压和频率稳定控制的前提下实现功率按逆变器容量比例进行精确分配。论文对改进方法的微电网逆变器进行小信号稳定性分析,以优化控制器有关控制参数。仿真和实验结果验证了所提控制方法的有效性。

双制式列车接地系统的车-地联合牵引供电计算

为研究双制式列车在不同供电制式区段下的车体环流和车体—轴端电位分布,针对某型双制式列车构建列车接地系统的链式电路模型,并提出车-地一体化的交、直流区段联合牵引供电计算方法;同时,建立列车接地保护电阻优化模型,并分析2种列车接地系统配置方案.以国内某条双制式线路为算例进行仿真验证,研究结果表明:方案1相较方案2,列车的车体—轴端电位最大值降低36.58%~41.04%,车体环流最大值降低18.49%~22.97%;并且在方案1中,头尾车保护电阻设置为20 mΩ,可使列车的车体—轴端电位最大值为1.15 V,车体电流最大值为50.30 A,达到抑制车体—轴端电位的最优效果.该车-地一体化的交、直流区段联合牵引供电计算方法可适用于单一供电制式或者多供电制式列车接地系统的分析.

扩展P-ROQR环流抑制策略在船舶MMC-MVDC电力系统中的应用

为了解决船舶中压直流(MVDC)电力系统中应用的模块化多电平变换器(MMC)存在的环流问题,分析自阻型MMC的拓扑结构及环流产生机理,采用基于2阶广义积分器(SOGI)的滤波器过滤环流中的直流分量。对于环流中的交流分量,提出一种基于比例降阶准比例谐振控制器的新型环流抑制器对其进行抑制。在MATLAB/Simulink软件中搭建船舶自阻型MMC-MVDC电力系统模型。仿真结果表明:所提策略能有效抑制环流中的交流分量;自阻型MMC应用于逆变侧时具有直流故障闭锁能力。所提策略应用于船舶MMC-MVDC电力系统的环流抑制效果优异,同时具有减少桥臂电流畸变,稳定子模块电容电压的作用。