Desulfurization characteristics of slaked lime and regulation optimization of circulating fluidized bed flue gas desulfurization process--A combined experimental and numerical simulation study

Circulating fluidized bed flue gas desulfurization(CFB-FGD) process has been widely applied in recent years. However, high cost caused by the use of high-quality slaked lime and difficult operation due to the complex flow field are two issues which have received great attention. Accordingly, a laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor was constructed to investigate the effects of physical properties and external conditions on desulfurization performance of slaked lime, and the conclusions were tried out in an industrial-scale CFB-FGD tower. After that, a numerical model of the tower was established based on computational particle fluid dynamics(CPFD) and two-film theory. After comparison and validation with actual operation data, the effects of operating parameters on gas-solid distribution and desulfurization characteristics were investigated. The results of experiments and industrial trials showed that the use of slaked lime with a calcium hydroxide content of approximately 80% and particle size greater than 40 μm could significantly reduce the cost of desulfurizer. Simulation results showed that the flow field in the desulfurization tower was skewed under the influence of circulating ash. We obtained optimal operating conditions of 7.5 kg·s^(-1)for the atomized water flow, 70 kg·s^(-1)for circulating ash flow, and 0.56 kg·s^(-1)for slaked lime flow, with desulfurization efficiency reaching 98.19% and the exit flue gas meeting the ultraclean emission and safety requirements. All parameters selected in the simulation were based on engineering examples and had certain application reference significance.

Experimental Studies on a Circulating Fluidized Bed for Flue Gas Desulfurization

The tests of flue gas desulfurization were carried out on a circulating fluidized bed reactor in which the flue gas had different velocities at different sections. The SO 2 removal efficiency could be as high as 80% when Ca/S molar ratio was 1 1 and a small amount of water was sprayed into the reactor by a two phase (gas liquid) system nozzle.

Experimental study on secondary air mixing along the bed height in a circulating fluidized bed with a multitracer-gas method

A multitracer-gas method was proposed to study the secondary air(SA)mixing along the bed height in a circulating fluidized bed(CFB)using carbon monoxide(CO),oxygen(O_(2)),and carbon dioxide(CO_(2))as tracer gases.Experiments were carried out on a cold CFB test rig with a cross-section of 0.42 m×0.73 m and a height of 5.50 m.The effects of superficial velocity,SA ratio,bed inventory,and particle diameter on the SA mixing were investigated.The results indicate that there are some differences in the measurement results obtained using different tracer gases,wherein the deviation between CO and CO_(2) ranges from 42%to 66%and that between O_(2) and CO_(2) ranges from 45%to 71%in the lower part of the fluidized bed.However,these differences became less pronounced as the bed height increased.Besides,the high solid concentration and fine particle diameter in the CFB may weaken the difference.The measurement results of different tracer gases show the same trends under the variation of operating parameters.Increasing superficial velocity and SA ratio and decreasing particle diameter result in better mixing of the SA.The effect of bed inventory on SA mixing is not monotonic.

Cold-modeling study of a circulating fluidized bed reactor for flue gas desulfurization (FGD)

Short residence time of the sorbent in the gas stream and formation of a dense layer of reaction product surrounding its surface influence the sulfur removal efficiency. A practical means of improving the process performance is to employ fluidized bed reaction in replacement of entrained bed reaction on normally used in cool side desulfurizaiton. This paper describes cold modeling study of a circulating fluidized bed reactor. Several aspects of the problem are discussed: fluidization behavior of CaO, attrition of the sorbent and solids entrainment from the fluidized bed. Mechanisms and key controlling parameters are identified, and an integral model based on rate of attrition and mass balance is developed for predicting steady state mass flows and particle size distributions of the system. A process flow scheme is finally presented for conducting desulfurization tests in the second stage of the study.

The Carbonation Behaviors of Limestone Particle in Oxygen-Fuel Circulating Fluidized Bed O₂/CO₂Flue Gas

Limestone powder is still applied as SO2 sorbent in emerging oxygen-fuel circulating fluidized bed boiler, but its carbonation in O2/CO2 flue gas is an unclear problem. For a better understanding of carbonation behaviors, the tube furnace heating system was built for simulating circulating fluidized bed boiler flue gas by regulating the supply of O, CO2, N2, SO2 and H2O, and Carbonation reaction was tested. Thermal gravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy were used. It was found that carbonation is closely related to temperature, CO2 concentration, impurities, water vapor, and cycle times;high temperature can promote carbonation process;high concentration of CO2 can inhibit the chemical reaction stage speed of carbonation process, but it has little effect on the final conversion rate;water vapor can increase the final conversion rate of carbonation;the cycle times will reduce the activity of carbonation. The presence of carbonation turns the traditional boiler flue gas indirect desulfurization model into indirect desulfurization mechanism which does not have a negative impact on SO2 removal efficiency.

Developments in the understanding of gas–solid contact efficiency in the circulating fluidized bed riser reactor:A review

In the last several decades, circulating fluidized bed reactors have been studied in many aspects including hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer and gas–solid two phase contacting. However, despite the abundance of review papers on hydrodynamics, there is no summary paper on gas–solid contact efficiency to date, especially on high density circulating fluidized beds(CFBs). This paper gives an introduction to, and a review of the measurement of contact efficiency in circulating fluidized bed riser. Firstly, the popular testing method of contact efficiency including the method of heating transfer experiment and hot model reaction are discussed, then previous published papers are reviewed based on the discussed methods. Some key results of the experimental work are described and discussed. Gas–solid contact efficiency is affected by the operating conditions as well as the particle size distribution. The result of the contact efficiency shows that the CFB riser is far away from an ideal plug flow reactor due to the characteristics of hydrodynamics in the riser. Lacunae in the available literature have been delineated and recommendations have been made for further work.

Synthesis gas production using oxygen storage materials as oxygen carrier over circulating fluidized bed

A novel process for synthesis gas production over Circulating Fluidized Bed （CFB） using oxygen storage materials as oxygen carder was reported. First, oxygen in the air was chemically fixed and converted to lattice oxygen of oxygen storage materials over regenerator, and then methane was selectively oxidized to synthesis gas with lattice oxygen of oxygen storage materials over riser reactor. The results from simulation reaction of CFB by sequential redox reaction on a fixed bed reactor using lanthanum-based perovskite LaFeO3 and La0.8Sr0.2Fe0.9CO0.1O3 oxides prepared by sol-gel, suggested that the depleted oxygen species could be regenerated, and methane could be oxidized to synthesis gas by lattice oxygen with high selectivity. The partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas over CFB using lattice oxygen of the oxygen storage materials instead of gaseous oxygen should be possibly applicable.

SO_2 emission characteristics from co-firing of petroleum coke and coal in circulating fluidized bed

Combustion and sulfur retention experiments of mixed fuel of petroleum cokeand coal were conducted on a pilot-scale circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustor with the thermalinput of 0. 6 MW. The effects of several parameters, such as the primary air percentage, excess aircoefficient, bed temperature, Ca/S molar ratio and mass ratio of petroleum coke to coal on SO_2emission were verified. Experimental results show that when the ratio of petroleum coke to coal inthe mixed fuel increases, the SO_2emission increases. The maximum SO_2 emission appears when purecoke burns. The SO_2 concentration in flue gas reduces with the increase in the primary airpercentage, excess air coefficient and Ca/S molar ratio for all kinds of fuel mixtures. Therangebetween 830 t and 850 t is the optimal temperature for sulfur retention during co-firing ofpetroleum coke and coal with the mass ratio R of 1 and 3 in CFB.

Flow Field of Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor with Venturi Inlet Configuration

Different two-equation k-ε models were used to simulate the gas flow field generated by a new type of circulating fluidized bed reactor with venturi gas distributor. The numerical results were compared with the experimental data. It has been shown that the simulation results from the standard k-ε model have the best match with the experimental data. Based on this model, the gas flow field in the venturi diffuser and riser was analyzed by the concept of velocity nonuniformity and dead zone percentage. Both the nonuniformity of gas velocity and the dead zone percentage reach the maximum at the venturi outlet due to the effect of the vortex. At the same time, it provides a good platform for the further optimization of the inlet configuration of circulating fluidized bed reactor.

Experimental and mechanism studies on simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification from flue gas using a flue gas circulating fluidized bed

The oxidizing highly reactive absorbent was prepared from fly ash,industry lime,and an oxidizing additive M.Experiments of simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification were carried out in a flue gas circulating fluidized bed(CFB).The effects of influencing factors and calcium availability were also investigated on the removal efficiencies of desulfurization and denitrification.Removal efficiencies of 95.5%for SO2 and 64.8%for NO were obtained respectively under the optimal experimental conditions. The component of the spent absorbent was analyzed with chemical analysis methods.The results in- dicated that more nitrogen species appeared in the spent absorbent except sulfur species.A scanning electron microscope(SEM)and an accessory X-ray energy spectrometer were used to observe micro-properties of the samples,including fly ash,oxidizing highly reactive absorbent and spent absorbent.The simultaneous removal mechanism of SO2 and NO based on this absorbent was pro- posed according to the experimental results.

Numerical simulation on gas-solid flow during circulating fluidized roasting of bauxite by a computational particle fluid dynamics method

A full-cycle numerical simulation of a circulating fluidized bed(CFB)by the use of the computational particle fluid dynamics(CPFD)method has been developed.The effects of the presence or absence of the secondary air,different secondary air positions,and different secondary air ratios on the gas–solid flow characteristics were explored.The results show that the presence of the secondary air makes a core-annular structure of the velocity distribution of particles in the fluidized bed,which enhances the uniformity of particles’distribution and the stability of fluidization.The position and the ratio of the secondary air have a significant impact on the particle distribution,particle flow rate,and gas flow rate in the fluidized bed.When the secondary air position and ratio are optimal,the particles,particle flow rate,and air flow rate in the CFB are evenly distributed,the gas–solid flow state is good,and the CFB can operate stably.

Geldart C类脱硫灰颗粒在环流耦合提升管内稳定流动特性

我国CO_(2)的排放中70%来自工业领域,故工业过程的碳捕集对实现“双碳目标”十分关键。工业烟气中往往含有的硫氧化物会腐蚀设备并使后续脱碳等过程使用的催化剂中毒。因此,工业烟气的深度脱硫技术对后续的CO_(2)捕集或提纯过程至关重要。循环流化床半干法烟气脱硫因具有脱硫效率高、无污染、停留时间可控等优点受到广泛关注。循环流化床脱硫工艺中作为脱硫剂的脱硫灰颗粒为典型Geldart C类颗粒。由于C类颗粒的强黏附性,其在循环流化床操作中容易结块,从而影响装置稳定运行。为了强化脱硫灰颗粒在循环流化床内的流动稳定性,提出了环流强化的耦合提升管反应器的概念,并自行设计搭建了一套导流筒内径100 mm、高度300 mm,外筒内径160 mm、高度760 mm,输送段内径75 mm、总高度12.6 m的环流耦合提升管。在U_(g)=4 m/s、G_(s)=45 kg/(m^(2)·s),U_(g)=7 m/s、G_(s)=25 kg/(m^(2)·s)的操作条件下,考察了环流段的压力分布、标准差以及功率谱密度。当环隙区气速为0.4 m/s时,环流流动能够实现稳定、连续的密相环流流动。在C类颗粒形成稳定流动基础上,讨论了环流耦合提升管内的流动特性分布规律,包括固含率和颗粒速度。实验发现,环流流动的设计可以强化C类颗粒的流动特性,大幅提高耦合反应器内C类颗粒脱硫灰固含率,并实现了C类颗粒循环流态化装置的稳定运行。同时,这些研究结果可以为C类颗粒新型循环流态化反应器设计提供参考。

Influence of Chemical and Thermodynamic Parameters on the Flue Gas Desulphurization Efficiency in a Circulating Fluidized Bed

An experimental study has been performed systematically on flue gas desulphurization by using circulating fluidized bed. The relationship, between desulphurization efficiency and the parameters of thermodynamics and chemistry, was investigated basically. It is shown that the bed temperature and the vapor partial pressure in the bed are the important parameters that influence the desulphurization efficiency. The closer the bed temperature to the dew point and the higher the vapor partial pressure, the higher is the desulphurization efficiency. With increasing of Ca/S. the desulphurization efficiency ascends. Comparing with different operating methods, the optimum method has been found.

330 MW循环流化床锅炉深度调峰技术

为推进“双碳”政策的实施,消纳波动性较强的新能源并网发电,当前对火电机组的深度调峰要求越来越高。循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)锅炉机组在深度调峰低负荷运行工况有着先天优势,但实现20%以下的超低负荷运行依然面临众多的困难,如炉内流化的稳定性、氮氧化物的排放及炉内局部超温带来的安全性等问题。以某330 MW CFB锅炉的深度调峰技术应用为例,介绍了输煤筛分破碎系统、风帽节流圈、下二次风管等机组部件的改造,并配合烟气再循环等技术应用,成功实现了18%的超低负荷深度调峰运行,同时也很好地控制了NOx的排放。最后总结了CFB机组超低负荷深度调峰技术的关键点和难点,对深度调峰运行带来的潜在问题进行了分析,并提出了相应的解决措施。研究结果具有重要的工程借鉴作用。

烧结烟气的循环流化床焚烧处理方法

烧结烟气是钢铁生产的烧结工序产生的废气,含NO_(x)、SO_(2)、二噁英、挥发性有机物等污染物成分。用烧结烟气替代燃煤循环流化床锅炉空气以焚烧处理,既能有效资源化利用废气中CO和余氧,又能借助循环流化床中脱硫脱硝设备与高温环境,将烧结烟气中SO_(x)和NO_(x)等污染物与燃煤产生的污染物一并去除,有望成为高效的烧结烟气一体化污染物处理技术。然而,目前燃煤循环流化床燃烧背景下烧结烟气中二噁英、挥发性有机物等污染物脱除的研究尚不足。针对该问题,先通过化学反应动力学模拟,研究烧结烟气作为助燃剂燃烧过程,发现燃烧过程中产生的氢等自由基在二噁英分解过程中发挥重要作用,燃烧反应温度提高能显著促进二噁英及挥发性有机物的脱除,而燃尽烟气的余氧量降低对二噁英的脱除也有较显著促进作用。通过计算颗粒流体动力学的方法,模拟以烧结烟气为助燃剂的燃煤循环流化床锅炉运行情况,发现燃烧过程流态化情况好,烧结烟气中低浓度CO基本燃尽,旋风分离器出口CO质量浓度约100 mg/m^(3),燃烧温度达到去除污染物的要求,验证了将烧结烟气作为燃煤循环流化床锅炉中助燃剂的可行性。在唐山某钢铁企业开展了烧结烟气的循环流化床焚烧方法工程验证,测试发现低低温省煤器出口处烟气二噁英脱除率超过99.5%,低至0.0057 ng TEQ/m^(3),CO质量浓度低至108 mg/m^(3),此外烟气中NOx和SO2质量浓度低至38、24 mg/m^(3),满足超低排放要求。工程验证证实循环流化床烧结烟气一体化焚烧处理技术有效。

面向双碳目标的多元燃料循环流化床燃烧技术展望

双碳目标让煤电机组的低碳化受到广泛关注。低碳燃料替代是循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)燃烧发电技术的重要方向之一。零碳、低碳燃料特性与煤显著不同,这对CFB燃烧技术的燃料适应性提出了新的挑战。该文从燃料的着火与燃尽、低成本污染物控制和受热面安全3个角度,剖析CFB燃烧技术燃料适应性广的理论基础,提出丰富的床料蓄热和高效物料循环是支撑其适应低碳灵活燃料燃烧的两大基础条件。可以通过构建合理流态和炉内气氛,进一步提升CFB燃烧技术在多元低碳燃料上的适应性。对于生物质燃料,利用循环物料冲刷减少高温受热面沾污、减轻腐蚀,能够提高生物质发电的蒸汽参数,进而提高生物质发电的经济性;对于氨燃料,利用炉内高温床料蓄热解决稳燃问题,利用炉内气氛调控解决低成本脱硝问题,有望攻克氨燃料的高效低成本燃烧技术;对于化工冶金过程中广泛存在的超低热值废气,可利用CFB燃烧技术无害化处理同时回收废气中热能,显著提升废气处理的经济性,减少系统能耗和碳排放。面向双碳目标,CFB燃烧技术将进一步发挥和拓展其燃料适应性广的优势,具有较好前景。

烟气再循环对350 MW CFB锅炉深调运行特性影响

为解决超临界CFB锅炉超低负荷时流化安全性及NO_(x)超低排放,引入烟气再循环技术,以某电厂超临界350 MW CFB锅炉为研究对象,搭建了循环半干法脱硫后烟气的再循环辅助调峰系统,基于运行实测数据,研究该锅炉在30%~60%负荷率下烟气再循环对平均床温、分离器入口温度、排烟温度、炉膛出口烟气NO_(x)、CO质量浓度、飞灰及底渣可燃物含量、汽水参数等运行参数的影响,试验结果表明:烟气再循环协同下,30%~60%负荷SNCR脱硝后NO_(x)最终排放小于50 mg/m^(3),30%负荷实现锅炉原始NO_(x)超低排放;床温降低15~22℃,炉膛出口烟温提高10~13℃,主再热汽温在558℃以上;随锅炉负荷降低,飞灰及底渣含碳量升高,CO质量浓度未见大幅增加;40%负荷炉膛二次风SNCR脱硝NO_(x)降幅约15 mg/m^(3);负荷上升/下降变化最小速率1.23%Pe;30%负荷及以上保持干态运行,水冷壁壁温最大偏差55℃,屏过及屏再最大壁温差分别55、47℃,均未出现壁温超温。

不同负荷工况下660 MW循环流化床锅炉脱硝特性研究

为揭示不同负荷下循环流化床的运行特性,以某660 MW循环流化床锅炉为研究对象,在满负荷、75%负荷下,具体研究床温波动、风量配比、烟气含氧量和风煤配比对选择性非催化还原(selective non-catalytic reduction,SNCR)技术喷氨量和脱硝效果的影响。结果表明:满负荷运行时,在欠氧区,SNCR投射喷氨量与循环流化床锅炉给煤量保持同向变化趋势,若持续提高喷氨量,会导致氨逃逸较大,降低SNCR脱硝能力;当炉内给煤量保持稳定,在欠氧还原区内,适当提高二次风量(含氧量),会促进挥发分N的还原反应。75%负荷运行时,床温波动范围超过110℃时,为了满足脱硝要求,应适当提高一次风量、降低二次风量和喷氨量;床温波动范围低于50℃时,应适当降低一次风量和喷氨量;床温波动范围在50~100℃时,应适当降低二次风量和喷氨量;欠氧区内,喷氨量随总给煤量增多而增大。研究结果可以指导循环流化床优化运行,减少氮氧化物排放。

适应330MW循环流化床锅炉灵活运行的脱硫自动控制系统分析与实践

内蒙古京海煤矸石发电有限责任公司330MW循环流化床锅炉原脱硫系统存在自动运行品质差、脱硫剂单耗高、脱硝脱硫协调性差、烟气测量仪表自检滞后性大等问题。在超低排放改造过程中,通过采取炉内脱硫自动主控逻辑设计与调试、串级控制系统及多变量前馈的设计与优化,炉内4套给料系统和炉外2套给料系统的自动联锁启停控制设计与优化等措施,有效地解决了上述问题,同时对比了优化前后机组快速变负荷期间SO2控制情况及脱硫剂单耗用量。该研究内容可对同类型机组脱硫自动控制设计和投运提供参考。

旋风分离器出口汽冷烟道的设计研究与应用

东方电气集团东方锅炉股份有限公司(简称东方锅炉)在现有旋风分离器出口烟道的基础上,为进一步提升锅炉性能,自主研发了旋风分离器出口汽冷烟道方案。以某350MW超临界循环流化床机组锅炉为设计验证对象,对汽冷烟道的方案、汽冷烟道的应力、汽冷烟道的磨损等问题进行深入分析,并提出针对性的解决措施。自主研制的旋风分离器出口汽冷烟道已在各等级多台CFB锅炉成功应用,为进一步实现CFB锅炉的清洁、高效利用奠定基础。