Recovery of alumina from circulating fluidized bed combustion Al-rich fly ash using mild hydrochemical process

To utilize CFBC Al-rich fly ash, a mild hydrochemical extraction process was investigated for recovery of alumina. An alumina extraction efficiency of 92.31%was attained using a 45%NaOH solution, an original caustic ratio （molar ratio of Na2O to Al2O3 in the sodium aluminate solution） of 25, a molar ratio of CaO to SiO2 in the fly ash of 1.1, a liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 9, a reaction temperature of 280 ℃, and a residence time of 1 h when treating fly ash with an alumina to silica mass ratio （A/S） of 0.78 and an alumina content of 32.43%. Additionally, the alumina leaching mechanism was explored via structural and chemical analysis, which revealed that after alkaline digestion, the main solid phase containing silica was NaCaHSiO4 with a theoretical A/S of zero.

Experimental study on the activation of coal gasification fly ash from industrial CFB gasifiers

Coal gasification fly ash(CGFA)is an industrial solid waste from the coal circulating fluidized bed(CFB)gasification process,and it needs to be effectively disposed to achieve sustainable development of the environment.To realize the application of CGFA as a precursor of porous carbon materials,the physicochemical properties of three kinds of CGFA from industrial CFB gasifiers are analyzed.Then,the activation potential of CGFA is acquired via steam activation experiments in a tube furnace reactor.Finally,the fluidization activation technology of CGFA is practiced in a bench-scale CFB test rig,and its advantages are highlighted.The results show that CGFA is characterized by a high carbon content in the range of 54.06%–74.09%,an ultrafine particle size(d50:16.3–26.1 μm),and a relatively developed pore structure(specific surface area SSA:139.29–551.97 m^(2)·g^(-1)).The proportion of micropores in CGFA increases gradually with the coal rank.Steam activation experiments show that the pore development of CGFA mainly includes three stages:initial pore development,dynamic equilibrium between micropores and mesopores and pore collapse.The SSA of lignite fly ash(LFA),subbituminous fly ash(SBFA)and anthracite fly ash(AFA)is maximally increased by 105%,13%and 72%after steam activation;the order of the largest carbon reaction rate and decomposition ratio of steam among the three kinds of CGFA is SBFA>LFA>AFA.As the ratio of oxygen to carbon during the fluidization activation of LFA is from 0.09 to 0.19,the carbon conversion ratio increases from 14.4%to 26.8%and the cold gas efficiency increases from 6.8%to 10.2%.The SSA of LFA increases by up to 53.9%during the fluidization activation process,which is mainly due to the mesoporous development.Relative to steam activation in a tube furnace reactor,fluidization activation takes an extremely short time(seconds)to achieve the same activation effect.It is expected to further improve the activation effect of LFA by regulating the carbon conversion ratio range of 27%–35%to create pores in the initial development stage.

Strength and thermal behavior of low weight foam geopolymer using circulating fluidized bed combustion fly ash

A comparative study of the influence of elevated temperature on foam geopolymer using circulating fluidized bed combustion fly ash（CFA） was reported. Foam geopoymers were prepared with different amounts of foam agent and different Si O2/Al2O3 molar ratios of 3.1, 3.4, and 3.8. The mechanical, thermo-physical properties and microstructure of the foam geopolymers before and after exposure to elevated temperature of 800, 1000, and 1200 ℃ were investigated. The specimen with Si O2/Al2O3 molar ratio of 3.8 exhibits the highest compressive strength, better microstructure and dimension stability before and after firing. Carnegeite, nepheline, and zeolite crystalline phases appearing after exposure may contribute to the good post-exposure strength. Low weight foam geopolymer using CFA can increase strength and maintain higher stability as high as 1000 ℃.

Mechanical,expansion and rheological properties of circulating fluidized bed fly ash based ecological cement:A critical review

Circulating fluidized bed fly ash(CFBFA)is a solid waste product from circulating fluidized bed(CFB)boilers in power plants,and the storage of CFBFA is increasingly become an environmental problem.Previous scholars have made contributions to improve the resource utilization of CFBFA.Especially,ecological cement is prepared by CFBFA,which is more conducive to its large-scale utilization.In recent years,a lot of effort has been paid to improve the properties of ecological cement containing CFBFA.In this work,the physicochemical properties of CFBFA are introduced,and recent research progress on the mechanical,expansion,and rheological properties of CFBFA based ecological cement(CEC)is extensively reviewed.The problem of over-expansion of f-CaO is summarized,which limits the scale application of CFBFA in ecological cement.Hence,the challenge for f-CaO in CFBFA to compensate for cement volume shrinkage is proposed,which is beneficial to the utilization of CFBFA in ecological cement,and the reduction of CO_(2) emissions from the cement industry.In addition,the environmental performance,durability,and economy of CEC should be valued in future research,especially the environmental performance,because the CFBFA contains heavy metals,such as Cr,As,which may pollute groundwater.

Hydrothermal synthesis of zeolitic material from circulating fluidized bed combustion fly ash for the highly efficient removal of lead from aqueous solution

The utilization of coal fly ash derived from circulating fluidized bed combustion(CFBFA)still faces great challenges because of its unique characteristics.In this study,a zeolitic material with Na-P1 zeolite as the main phase was successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal method by using CFBFA as the raw material.The effects of hydrothermal temperature,time,and added CTAB amount on the characterizations of synthesized materials were investigated by XRD,SEM,and XPS.The properties of the optimal zeolitic material and its adsorption performance for Pb^(2+)in aqueous solution were evaluated.The influences of pH,initial concentration,dosage,and temperature on Pb^(2+)adsorption were also examined.Results revealed the following optimal parameters for the synthesis of zeolitic material:NaOH concentration of 2 mol·L^(-1),solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:10 g·ml^(-1),hydrothermal temperature of 110℃,hydrothermal time of 9 h,and CTAB amount of 1 g(per 100 ml solution).The adsorption capacities of the zeolitic material reached 329.67,424.69,and 542.22 mg·g^(-1) when the pH values of aqueous solution were 5,6,and 7,respectively.The Pb^(2+)removal efficiency can reach more than 99%in aqueous solution with the initial concentrations of 100-300 mg·L^(-1) under pH 6 and suitable adsorbent dosage.The adsorption and kinetics of Pb^(2+)on the zeolitic material can be described by Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models,respectively.The ion exchange between Pb^(2+)and Na^(+)and chemisorption are the main adsorption mechanism.All these findings imply that the synthesis of low-cost adsorbent for Pb^(2+)removal from weak acid and neutral aqueous solution provides a highly effective method to utilize CFBFA.

Compatibility of Fly Ash and Slag from Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler for Concrete Beam

The applications of fly ash and slag from circulating fluidized bed boiler were studied as mineral admixture and aggregate for steel reinforced concrete beam.The results show that the concrete beam with fly ash and slag from circulating fluidized bed boilers has a similar ultimate cracking load coefficient as the ordinary cement concrete and a higher bending moment limit.Under the same load,it has a smaller deformation than the ordinary concrete.

Hardening Properties of Foamed Concrete with Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler Ash, Blast Furnace Slag, and Desulfurization Gypsum as the Binder

Recently, a large amount of circulating fluidized bed boiler ash (CFBA) and desulfurization gypsum (DSG) has been produced, and it is essential to develop technology to utilize them. These materials have CaO and SO3, which are considered to be a stimulant for blast furnace slag (BFS). This study presents an experimental investigation of the compressive strength and heavy metal ions immobilization properties of cement-free materials comprising CFBA, BFS, and DSG. The feasibility of manufacturing foamed concrete using these materials was examined, and field test of foamed concrete was conducted. Experimentally, the flow, compressive strength, and heavy metal ions concentration were evaluated via inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) of the paste and foamed concrete. The experimental investigation revealed the self-healing hardening ability of fluidized bed boiler ash. In addition, the compressive strength was increased with the increasing replacement rates of BFS and DSG in the CFBA paste, and the compressive strength of 14.6 - 17.2 MPa was recorded over 28 days of curing. From the result obtained, the feasibility of manufacturing foamed concrete with a foam volume of 120 L, incorporating the aforementioned materials, is confirmed. It was also found that after 28 days of age, a 7.9-MPa compressive strength of the foamed concrete was attained, and heavy metal ions elution in this foamed concrete was also significantly reduced. Therefore, CFBA, BFS, and DSG could be used as a binder for the foamed concrete.

Physicochemical Properties of Coal Gasification Fly Ash from Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasifier

The coal gasification fly ash(CGFA) is an industrial solid waste from coal gasification process and needs to be effectively disposed for environmental protection and resource utilization.To further clarify the feasibility of CGFA to prepare porous carbon materials,the physicochemical properties of ten kinds of CGFA from circulating fluidized bed(CFB) gasifiers were analyzed in detail.The results of proximate and ultimate analysis show that the CGFA is characterized with the features of near zero moisture content,low volatile content as low as 0.90%-9.76%,high carbon content in the range of 37.89%-81.62%,and ultrafine particle size(d50=15.8-46.2 μm).The automatic specific surface area(SSA) and pore size analyzer were used to detect the pore structure,it is found that the pore structure of CGFA is relatively developed,and part of the CGFA has the basic conditions to be used directly as porous carbon materials.From SEM images,the microscopic morphology of the CGFA is significantly different,and they basically have the characteristics of loose and porous structure.XRD and Roman spectroscopy were used to characterize the carbon structure.The result shows that the CGFA contains abundant amorphous carbon structure,and thus the CGFA has a good reactivity and a potential to improve pore structure through further activation.Through thermal gravimetric analysis,it can be concluded that the order of reactivity of the CGFA under CO_(2) atmosphere has a good correlation with the degree of metamorphism of the raw coal.The gasification reactivity of the CGFA is generally consistent with the change trend of micropores combined with the pore structure.According to the physicochemical properties,the CGFA has a good application prospect in the preparation of porous carbon materials.

THE EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF COAL COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS IN A FBC WITH FLY ASH RECYCLE

In order to seek the effective method of increasing the coal combustion effi-ciency and to obtain the dcsign data for a certain kind of coal in fluidized bed combustors(FBCs),the experiments of coal combustion characteristics were conducted in a FBC facil-ity with the cross-section of 0.3m×0.3m and 6m in height.The variations of carbon con-tent of particles with recycle ratio,particle diameter,sample location and flow direction,the effects of bed temperature and fluidizing velocity on combustion efficiency and the va-riations of the temperature characteristic and combustion fraction in freeboard were inves-tigated.The experimental results indicate that using fly ash recycle not only can increasethe combustion efficiency,but also can improve the operation performances obviously.

Nano⁃Silica Production by Rice Husk Combustion in a 0.7 MW Double⁃Circulating Fluidized Bed after Acid Pretreatment

Rice husk is an organic silicon source for amorphous nano⁃silica particles.This paper reports the experimental study on the industrial production of nano⁃silica by rice husk combustion in a specially⁃designed 0.7 MW double⁃circulating fluidized bed(DCFB)based on acid pretreatment process.The physicochemical properties of RHA were characterized by various testing instruments.Results showed that acid pretreatment removed a large amount of metal impurities in the rice husk and thus inhibited the formation of crystalline silica or the agglomeration during the fluidized bed combustion process.The combustion efficiencies were as high as 99.5%.The obtained RHA comprised white fine particles and exhibited an amorphous structure,but factors such as collection point and acid type had certain influences on the quality of RHA.The highest SiO2 purity was greater than 98.6 wt.%,the lowest content of unburned carbon was 0.2 wt.%,the specific surface area reached 178 m2/g,and the pore size reached 5 nm.The circulating fluidized bed combustion of rice husk based on acid pretreatment can prepare nano⁃silica while providing heat for industrial processes,which is a highly energy⁃rich process.

Effect of Curing Conditions on the Hydration and Performance of CFBC Ash Cementitious System

Circulating fluidized bed combustion （CFBC） ash can be used as supplementary cementitious material for concrete production for its high pozzolanic activity. We investigated the effect of curing conditions on the hydration and performance of CFBC ash-Portland cement system （30： 70, by mass） including hydration products, paste microstructure, linear expansion ratio, chemically combined water content and compressive strength. The results show that tobermorite rather than ettringite is generated under the condition of autoclaved curing. The expansion and mortar strength of the system cured in water is higher than those cured in air at a given age, and the strength and bulk volume may retract under the condition of air curing. In addition, autoclaved curing facilitates the increase of strength gain at early curing ages （the increase rate lowers down in the following ages） and the improvement of system volume stability. It is suggested that sufficient water is necessary for the curing of CFBC ash cementitious system, and autoclaved curing may be considered where volume stability is a primary concern.

Geldart C类脱硫灰颗粒在环流耦合提升管内稳定流动特性

我国CO_(2)的排放中70%来自工业领域,故工业过程的碳捕集对实现“双碳目标”十分关键。工业烟气中往往含有的硫氧化物会腐蚀设备并使后续脱碳等过程使用的催化剂中毒。因此,工业烟气的深度脱硫技术对后续的CO_(2)捕集或提纯过程至关重要。循环流化床半干法烟气脱硫因具有脱硫效率高、无污染、停留时间可控等优点受到广泛关注。循环流化床脱硫工艺中作为脱硫剂的脱硫灰颗粒为典型Geldart C类颗粒。由于C类颗粒的强黏附性,其在循环流化床操作中容易结块,从而影响装置稳定运行。为了强化脱硫灰颗粒在循环流化床内的流动稳定性,提出了环流强化的耦合提升管反应器的概念,并自行设计搭建了一套导流筒内径100 mm、高度300 mm,外筒内径160 mm、高度760 mm,输送段内径75 mm、总高度12.6 m的环流耦合提升管。在U_(g)=4 m/s、G_(s)=45 kg/(m^(2)·s),U_(g)=7 m/s、G_(s)=25 kg/(m^(2)·s)的操作条件下,考察了环流段的压力分布、标准差以及功率谱密度。当环隙区气速为0.4 m/s时,环流流动能够实现稳定、连续的密相环流流动。在C类颗粒形成稳定流动基础上,讨论了环流耦合提升管内的流动特性分布规律,包括固含率和颗粒速度。实验发现,环流流动的设计可以强化C类颗粒的流动特性,大幅提高耦合反应器内C类颗粒脱硫灰固含率,并实现了C类颗粒循环流态化装置的稳定运行。同时,这些研究结果可以为C类颗粒新型循环流态化反应器设计提供参考。

硫酸铝对高掺量流化床粉煤灰基泡沫混凝土性能的影响

随着新型循环流化床燃煤技术的发展,循环流化床粉煤灰(CFBFA)的排放量日益增加。结合我国北方地区冬季严寒时保温隔热材料需求量大的现状,采用高掺量CFBFA制备具有保温隔热性能的泡沫混凝土。针对泡沫混凝土存在的凝结时间长以及早期强度低等问题,本工作掺入硫酸铝进行改性,研究并分析了硫酸铝掺量对泡沫混凝土密度、强度和导热系数的影响。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析(TG)以及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等研究了硫酸铝作用下CFBFA基泡沫混凝土的水化产物和微观形貌。此外,还利用3D轮廓仪分析了泡沫混凝土的孔隙结构。结果表明,硫酸铝促进了本体系早期AFt的生成,与基准组(硫酸铝掺量为0%(质量分数,下同))相比,15%硫酸铝掺量的CFBFA基泡沫混凝土的初凝时间缩短了470 min,10%硫酸铝掺量的泡沫混凝土3 d强度可达到10.43 MPa,导热系数为0.31 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1)。这种泡沫混凝土具有较快批量化生产的潜力。

Performance evaluation of circulating fluidized bed incineration of municipal solid waste by multivariate outlier detection in China

This first nationwide survey was conducted to evaluate the overall performance of the circulating fluidized bed （CFB） incineration of municipal solid waste （MSW） in 2014-2015 in China. Total 23 CFB incineration power plants were evaluated. The data for monthly average flue gas emission of particles, CO, NOx, SO2 and HCl were collected over 12 consecutive months. The data were analyzed to assess the overall performance of CFB incineration by applying the Mahalanobis distance as a multivariate outlier detection method. Although the flue gas emission parameters had met the Chinese national emission standards, there were 11 total outliers （abnormal behavior） detected in 6 out of 23 CFB incineration oower olants from the oersoective of the MSW incineration performance. The results demonstrate that it is more important for a better perlbrmance of CFBs to reduce the lrequencles ot the MSW load changes, rather than the magnitudes of the MSW load changes, particularly reducing the frequencies in the range of 10% and more of the load changes, under the same and stable conditions. Furthermore, the overloading occurs more often than the underloading during the operation of the CFB incineration power plants in China. The frequent overloading is 0% to 30% ot the designed capacity. To achieve the stable performance of CFBs in practice, an appropriately designed MSW storage capacity is suggested to build in a plant to buffer and reduce the frequency of the load changes.

添加石灰石对准东煤CFB燃烧过程床料团聚和受热面积灰的影响

高钠准东煤在循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)燃烧过程产生严重的床料团聚和受热面积灰现象。为探究高钙添加剂对积灰和团聚的影响,以石灰石为添加剂、以石英砂为床料,在小型CFB系统上进行准东煤的燃烧实验,并使用环境扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪和电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪分析床料和沉积灰的微观形貌、晶相矿物组分和Na/Ca含量,结合热力学计算软件FactSage 8.2,计算平衡态时产物的化学组成。结果表明:添加石灰石有利于床料表面形成富含Ca的高熔点包覆层,从而有效抑制低熔点Na/Ca硅酸盐的形成,减缓了床料团聚。与此同时,受热面外层积灰富含CaSO_(4)、CaO和Ca的硅酸盐等高熔点矿物,无明显烧结和熔融倾向。热力学计算表明,添加石灰石促进了高熔点Ca基矿物的形成,抑制了Na基矿物和液态熔渣的形成,是缓解准东煤CFB燃烧过程受热面积灰和床料团聚的主要原因。研究结果初步证实添加石灰石能够缓解CFB燃用准东煤过程的床料团聚和积灰问题,可为CFB大规模、高比例燃用高碱金属燃料提供一定理论指导。

湿法磁选对粉煤灰中铁和重金属元素的分布影响研究

对煤粉锅炉粉煤灰(FA1灰)和循环流化床锅炉粉煤灰(FA2灰)采用湿法磁选的工艺达到降低其重金属含量的目的。利用扫描电子显微镜、激光粒度仪和X射线衍射仪表征两种粉煤灰在不同磁感应强度和不同磁选溶液浓度条件下磁选前后高磁性和弱磁性部分的形貌、粒度分布和物相分析,同时测定其铁元素和5种重金属元素(Hg、Pb、As、Cr、Cd)的含量变化,发现磁选后两种粉煤灰铁回收率随着磁感应强度增强而逐渐增加,高磁性组中重金属元素含量与弱磁性组有明显差异。结果表明:在磁感应强度为8000 Gs和磁选溶液浓度为20%(质量分数)时,FA1的铁回收率为71.2%,FA2的铁回收率为47.0%。此时FA1磁选后Pb含量差值为0.2 mg/kg、Cr含量差值为9.2 mg/kg、As含量差值为1.1 mg/kg;FA2磁选后Pb含量差值为18.1 mg/kg、Cr含量差值为25.0 mg/kg、As含量差值为9.1 mg/kg。

碳化条件下循环流化床粉煤灰的水化性能

以固废——循环流化床粉煤灰和脱硫石膏为矿物掺合料制备砂浆,通过碳化试验、强度试验以及X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜-能谱等微观测试手段,探究了砂浆在碳化条件下的固碳能力、力学性能和反应机理.结果表明:固废的掺入增加了浆体孔隙,提高了钙源含量,使砂浆的CO_(2)吸收量显著提高;碳化养护后砂浆的力学性能显著提高,消除了高硫带来的膨胀问题;应用该工艺可将内蒙古地区工业固废利用率提高至36.5%.

Experimental Study on an On-Line Measurement of High Temperature Circulating Ash Flux in a Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler

A new Kind of measuring method that may be used to measure high temperature circulating solid particles flux in a circulating fluidized bed boiler is studied in this paper. The measuring method is founded on the principle of thermal equilibrium. A series of cold tests and hot tests were carried to optimize the structure and collocation of water-cooling tubes and showed that the method had the advantage of simple, accurate, reliable and good applicability for on-line "usage in a circulating fluidized bed boiler.

循环流化床固硫灰路基动态回弹模量试验研究

【目的】探究循环流化床(CFB)固硫灰用作路基填料时在行车荷载下的动态性能。【方法】基于室内动三轴试验,研究了GF固硫灰与DTH固硫灰在不同养护龄期、压实度、含水率及应力水平条件下动态回弹模量特性,并结合压汞测试分析了CFB固硫灰试样孔隙分布特征与动态回弹模量的关系。【结果】结果表明:在一定范围内,CFB固硫灰的动态回弹模量随f-CaO与SO_(3)含量及养护龄期的提升而增加,在0~7 d内提升显著,7~28 d增长缓慢;压实度、含水率、围压及偏应力的提升均会使CFB固硫灰的动态回弹模量增大,其中随着压实度与含水率的上升,动态回弹模量的提升幅度逐渐下降,偏应力和围压对CFB固硫灰动态回弹模量均有较大影响,且围压的影响更显著。压汞试验的结果表明,同等条件下GF固硫灰试样总孔隙率与大孔径(>2 000 nm)密度低于DTH固硫灰,随着含水率的下降,GF固硫灰试样的总孔隙率与大孔密度增加,动态回弹模量变小。对两种CFB固硫灰不同含水率及压实度成型试件养护28 d后的动态回弹模量结果进行拟合,表明以体应力与八面体剪应力为变量的三参数理论模型预估结果与试验结果具有较高的相关性(R^(2)>0.96),可有效预测CFB固硫灰的动态回弹模量。

循环流化床灰中活性氧化铝的测定方法

准确检测循环流化床(CFB)灰中活性Al_(2)O_(3)含量,对于CFB灰的安全利用至关重要。但如何测定CFB灰中活性Al_(2)O_(3)含量并未形成标准方法。本文通过研究掺CFB灰的样品在各龄期养护条件下形成钙矾石(AFt)的规律发现,在钙、硫组分供应充足条件下,掺CFB灰的样品中,活性Al_(2)O_(3)反应生成的主要产物是AFt,通过测定AFt的最大生成量来检测CFB灰中活性Al_(2)O_(3)的含量是一种科学可信的方法。利用该方法所测CFB灰中活性Al_(2)O_(3)含量与文献中的盐酸快速检测法所测结果基本一致。但是盐酸快速检测法不适用于已经发生水化反应或陈化的CFB灰。