Experimental study on secondary air mixing along the bed height in a circulating fluidized bed with a multitracer-gas method

A multitracer-gas method was proposed to study the secondary air(SA)mixing along the bed height in a circulating fluidized bed(CFB)using carbon monoxide(CO),oxygen(O_(2)),and carbon dioxide(CO_(2))as tracer gases.Experiments were carried out on a cold CFB test rig with a cross-section of 0.42 m×0.73 m and a height of 5.50 m.The effects of superficial velocity,SA ratio,bed inventory,and particle diameter on the SA mixing were investigated.The results indicate that there are some differences in the measurement results obtained using different tracer gases,wherein the deviation between CO and CO_(2) ranges from 42%to 66%and that between O_(2) and CO_(2) ranges from 45%to 71%in the lower part of the fluidized bed.However,these differences became less pronounced as the bed height increased.Besides,the high solid concentration and fine particle diameter in the CFB may weaken the difference.The measurement results of different tracer gases show the same trends under the variation of operating parameters.Increasing superficial velocity and SA ratio and decreasing particle diameter result in better mixing of the SA.The effect of bed inventory on SA mixing is not monotonic.

Particle residence time distribution and axial dispersion coefficient in a pressurized circulating fluidized bed by using multiphase particle-in-cell simulation

The particle residence time distribution(RTD)and axial dispersion coefficient are key parameters for the design and operation of a pressurized circulating fluidized bed(PCFB).In this study,the effects of pressure(0.1-0.6 MPa),fluidizing gas velocity(2-7 m·s^(-1)),and solid circulation rate(10-90 kg·m^(-2)·s^(-1))on particle RTD and axial dispersion coefficient in a PCFB are numerically investigated based on the multiphase particle-in-cell(MP-PIC)method.The details of the gas-solid flow behaviors of PCFB are revealed.Based on the gas-solid flow pattern,the particles tend to move more orderly under elevated pressures.With an increase in either fluidizing gas velocity or solid circulation rate,the mean residence time of particles decreases while the axial dispersion coefficient increases.With an increase in pressure,the core-annulus flow is strengthened,which leads to a wider shape of the particle RTD curve and a larger mean particle residence time.The back-mixing of particles increases with increasing pressure,resulting in an increase in the axial dispersion coefficient.

Simulation of gas-solid flow characteristics of the circulating fluidized bed boiler under pure-oxygen combustion conditions

Under the pressure of carbon neutrality,many carbon capture,utilization and storage technologies have witnessed rapid development in the recent years,including oxy-fuel combustion(OFC)technology.However,the conventional OFC technology usually depends on the flue gas recirculation system,which faces significant investment,high energy consumption,and potential low-temperature corrosion problem.Considering these deficiencies,the direct utilization of pure oxygen to achieve particle fluidization and fuel combustion may reduce the overall energy consumption and CO_(2)-capture costs.In this paper,the fundamental structure of a self-designed 130 t·h^(-1) pure-oxygen combustion circulating fluidized bed(CFB)boiler was provided,and the computational particle fluid dynamics method was used to analyze the gas-solid flow characteristics of this new-concept boiler under different working conditions.The results indicate that through the careful selection of design or operational parameters,such as average bed-material size and fluidization velocity,the pure-oxygen combustion CFB system can maintain the ideal fluidization state,namely significant internal and external particle circulation.Besides,the contraction section of the boiler leads to the particle backflow in the lower furnace,resulting in the particle suspension concentration near the wall region being higher than that in the center region.Conversely,the upper furnace still retains the classic core-annulus flow structure.In addition to increasing solid circulation rate by reducing the average bed-material size,altering primary gas ratio and bed inventory can also exert varying degrees of influence on the gas-solid flow characteristics of the pure-oxygen combustion CFB boiler.

Effects of particle type on the particle fluidization and distribution in a liquid–solid circulating fluidized bed boiler

A liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed boiler is designed and built for visualization research by applying the fluidized bed heat transfer and fouling prevention technology to the water side of the boiler. Four types of engineering plastic particles with different physical properties are selected as the solid working media. The effect of particle types on the fluidization and distribution of particles in the boiler is investigated under different feedwater flow rates and amount of added particles by using the charge couple device image measurement and acquisition system. The results show that all kinds of particles can't be normally fluidized and accumulate in the drum at low amount of added particles and feedwater flow rate. The particles with great density and low sphericity are more likely to accumulate. The average solid holdup in the riser tubes increases with the increase in feedwater flow rate and the amount of added particles. The non-uniform degree of particle distribution in the riser tubes generally decreases with the increase in feedwater flow rate and the amount of added particles. The particles with small density and settling velocity have high average solid holdup in the riser tubes under close sphericity. In generally,the smaller the density and settling velocity, the more uniform the particle distribution in the riser tubes.Three-dimensional diagrams of the non-uniform degree of particle distribution in the riser tubes of the boiler are established.

Recovery of alumina from circulating fluidized bed combustion Al-rich fly ash using mild hydrochemical process

To utilize CFBC Al-rich fly ash, a mild hydrochemical extraction process was investigated for recovery of alumina. An alumina extraction efficiency of 92.31%was attained using a 45%NaOH solution, an original caustic ratio （molar ratio of Na2O to Al2O3 in the sodium aluminate solution） of 25, a molar ratio of CaO to SiO2 in the fly ash of 1.1, a liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 9, a reaction temperature of 280 ℃, and a residence time of 1 h when treating fly ash with an alumina to silica mass ratio （A/S） of 0.78 and an alumina content of 32.43%. Additionally, the alumina leaching mechanism was explored via structural and chemical analysis, which revealed that after alkaline digestion, the main solid phase containing silica was NaCaHSiO4 with a theoretical A/S of zero.

SO_2 emission characteristics from co-firing of petroleum coke and coal in circulating fluidized bed

Combustion and sulfur retention experiments of mixed fuel of petroleum cokeand coal were conducted on a pilot-scale circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustor with the thermalinput of 0. 6 MW. The effects of several parameters, such as the primary air percentage, excess aircoefficient, bed temperature, Ca/S molar ratio and mass ratio of petroleum coke to coal on SO_2emission were verified. Experimental results show that when the ratio of petroleum coke to coal inthe mixed fuel increases, the SO_2emission increases. The maximum SO_2 emission appears when purecoke burns. The SO_2 concentration in flue gas reduces with the increase in the primary airpercentage, excess air coefficient and Ca/S molar ratio for all kinds of fuel mixtures. Therangebetween 830 t and 850 t is the optimal temperature for sulfur retention during co-firing ofpetroleum coke and coal with the mass ratio R of 1 and 3 in CFB.

I MWth Test Facilities for Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion

This paper presents the technical parameters and features of 1 MWth test facilities for circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) at Thermal Power Research Institute (TPRI) of State Power Corporation (SP), introduces the test items that can be proceeded and trial combustion projects completed. The development status of CFBC technologies abroad and the level of China in this field are also introduced in the paper.

Experimental Studies on a Circulating Fluidized Bed for Flue Gas Desulfurization

The tests of flue gas desulfurization were carried out on a circulating fluidized bed reactor in which the flue gas had different velocities at different sections. The SO 2 removal efficiency could be as high as 80% when Ca/S molar ratio was 1 1 and a small amount of water was sprayed into the reactor by a two phase (gas liquid) system nozzle.

Emissions of SO_2, NO and N_2O in a circulating fluidized bed combustor during co-firing coal and biomass

This paper presents the experimental investigations of the emissions of SO2, NO and N20 in a bench scale circulating fluidized bed combustor for coal combustion and co-firing coal and biomass. The thermal capacity of the combustor is 30 kW. The setup is electrically heated during startup. The infuence of the excess air, the degree of the air staging, the biomass share and the feeding position of the fuels on the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O were studied. The results showed that an increase in the biomass shares resulted in an increase of the CO concentration in the flue gas, probably due to the high volatile content of the biomass. In co-firing, the emission of SO2 increased with increasing biomass share slightly, however, non-linear increase relationship between SO2 emission and fuel sulfur content was observed. Air staging significantly decreased the NO emission without raising the SO2 level. Although the change of the fuel feeding position from riser to downer resulted in a decrease in the NO emission level, no obvious change was observed for the SO2 level. Taking the coal feeding position R as a reference, the relative NO emission could significantly decrease during co-firing coal and biomass when feeding fuel at position D and keeping the first stage stoichiometry greater than 0.95. The possible mechanisms of the sulfur and nitrogen chemistry at these conditions were discussed and the ways of simultaneous reduction of SO2, NO and N2O were proposed.

Properties of Concrete Incorporating Bed Ash from Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion and Ground Granulates Blast-furnace Slag

The properties of concrete incorporating circulating fluidized bed combustion （CFBC） bed ash and ground granulates blast-furnace slag （GGBS） were studied.Compressive strength,drying shrinkage,mercury intrusion porosimetry （MIP）,scanning electronic microscopy （SEM）,and X-ray diffraction （XRD） of concrete samples containing CFBC bed ash and GGBS were used.This work used initial surface absorption test （ISAT） and rapid chloride penetration test （RCPT） on concrete to measure the absorption and the ability of concrete to resist chloride ion characteristics for different concrete samples containing CFBC bed ash and GGBS.Open circuit potential （OCP）,direct current polarization resistance were obtained to evaluate rebar corrosion.The CFBC bed ash was X-ray amorphous and consist of SiO2,Al2O3 and CaO compounds.As the replacement of CFBC for sand increases,the rate of initial surface absorption （ISA） increases but compressive strength decreases.When the content of CFBC bed ash replacement for sand maintains constant,the replacement of GGBS for cement increases,compressive strength increases but the rate of ISA decreases.Chloride and corrosion resistance of rebar significantly improve by utilizing a proper amount of CFBC bed ash and GGBS in concrete.

Strength and thermal behavior of low weight foam geopolymer using circulating fluidized bed combustion fly ash

A comparative study of the influence of elevated temperature on foam geopolymer using circulating fluidized bed combustion fly ash（CFA） was reported. Foam geopoymers were prepared with different amounts of foam agent and different Si O2/Al2O3 molar ratios of 3.1, 3.4, and 3.8. The mechanical, thermo-physical properties and microstructure of the foam geopolymers before and after exposure to elevated temperature of 800, 1000, and 1200 ℃ were investigated. The specimen with Si O2/Al2O3 molar ratio of 3.8 exhibits the highest compressive strength, better microstructure and dimension stability before and after firing. Carnegeite, nepheline, and zeolite crystalline phases appearing after exposure may contribute to the good post-exposure strength. Low weight foam geopolymer using CFA can increase strength and maintain higher stability as high as 1000 ℃.

Co-combustion of municipal solid waste and coal gangue in a circulating fluidized bed combustor

Mixed incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) in existing coal gangue power plant is a potentially highefficiency and low-cost MSW disposal way. In this paper, the co-combustion and pollutants emission characteristic of MSW and coal gangue was investigated in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustor. The effect of MSW blend ratio, bed temperature and excess air ratio was detailedly studied. The results show the NOX and HC1 emission increases with the increasing MSW blend ratio and the SO2 emission decreases. With the increase of bed temperature, the CO emission decreases while the NOX and SO2 emission increases. The HC1 emission is nearly stable in the temperature range of 850-950℃. The increase of excess air ratio gradually increases the NOX emission but has no significant effect on the SO2 emission. The HC1 emission firstly increases and then decreases with the increase of excess air ratio. For a typical CFB operating condition with excess air ratio of 1.4, bed temperature of 900℃ and MSW blend ratio of 10%, the original CO, NOX, SO2 and HC1 emissions are 52, 181, 3373 and 58 mg/Nm^3 respectively.

Mechanical,expansion and rheological properties of circulating fluidized bed fly ash based ecological cement:A critical review

Circulating fluidized bed fly ash(CFBFA)is a solid waste product from circulating fluidized bed(CFB)boilers in power plants,and the storage of CFBFA is increasingly become an environmental problem.Previous scholars have made contributions to improve the resource utilization of CFBFA.Especially,ecological cement is prepared by CFBFA,which is more conducive to its large-scale utilization.In recent years,a lot of effort has been paid to improve the properties of ecological cement containing CFBFA.In this work,the physicochemical properties of CFBFA are introduced,and recent research progress on the mechanical,expansion,and rheological properties of CFBFA based ecological cement(CEC)is extensively reviewed.The problem of over-expansion of f-CaO is summarized,which limits the scale application of CFBFA in ecological cement.Hence,the challenge for f-CaO in CFBFA to compensate for cement volume shrinkage is proposed,which is beneficial to the utilization of CFBFA in ecological cement,and the reduction of CO_(2) emissions from the cement industry.In addition,the environmental performance,durability,and economy of CEC should be valued in future research,especially the environmental performance,because the CFBFA contains heavy metals,such as Cr,As,which may pollute groundwater.

Pressure Drop of Liquid–Solid Two-Phase Flow in the Vertical Tube Bundle of a Cold-Model Circulating Fluidized Bed Evaporator

A cold-model vertical multi-tube circulating fluidized bed evaporator was designed and built to conduct a visualization study on the pressure drop of a liquid–solid two-phase flow and the corresponding particle distribution.Water and polyformaldehyde particle(POM)were used as the liquid and solid phases,respectively.The effects of operating parameters such as the amount of added particles,circulating flow rate,and particle size were systematically investigated.The results showed that the addition of the particles increased the pressure drop in the vertical tube bundle.The maximum pressure drop ratios were 18.65%,21.15%,18.00%,and 21.15%within the experimental range of the amount of added particles for POM1,POM2,POM3,and POM4,respectively.The pressure drop ratio basically decreased with the increase in the circulating flow rate but fluctuated with the increase in the amount of added particles and particle size.The difference in pressure drop ratio decreased with the increase in the circulating flow rate.As the amount of added particles increased,the difference in pressure drop ratio fluctuated at low circulating flow rate but basically decreased at high circulating flow rate.The pressure drop in the vertical tube bundle accounted for about 70%of the overall pressure drop in the up-flow heating chamber and was the main component of the overall pressure within the experimental range.Three-dimensional phase diagrams were established to display the variation ranges of the pressure drop and pressure drop ratio in the vertical tube bundle corresponding to the operating parameters.The research results can provide some reference for the application of the fluidized bed heat transfer technology in the industry.

Synergetic NO reduction by biomass pyrolysis products simulating their reburning in circulating fluidized bed decoupling combustion

The present work investigated the synergetic effect of pyrolysis-derived char,tar and gas(py-gas)on NO reduction,which may occur in circulating fluidized-bed decoupling combustion(CFBDC)system treating N-rich fuel.Experiments were carried out in a lab-scale drop-tube reactor for NO reduction by some binary mixtures of reagents including char/py-gas,tar/py-gas and tar/char.At a specified total mass rate of0.15 g·min^-1 for NO-reduction reagent,the char/py-gas(binary reagent)enabled the best synergetic NO reduction in comparison with the others.There existed effective interactions between char and some species in py-gas(i.e.,H2,CxHy)during NO reduction by pyrolysis products,meanwhile the tar/py-gas or tar/char mixture only caused a positive effect when tar proportion was necessarily lowered to about 26%.On the other hand,the synergetic effects were not improved for all tested binary reagents by increasing the reaction temperature and residence time.

Experimental Study on Gas-Solid Mass Transfer in Circulating Fluidized Beds

This study is devoted to gas-solid mass transfer behavior inheterogeneous two-phase flow. Experiments were carried out in a coldcirculating fluidized bed of 3.0 m in height and 72 mm in diameterwith naphthalene particles. Axial and radial distributions ofsublimated naphthalene concentration in air were measured with an on-line concentration monitoring system HP GC-MS. Mass transfercoefficients were obtained under various operating conditions,showing that heterogeneous flow structure strongly influences theaxial and radial profiles of mass transfer coefficients.

Heat Transfer in a Liquid-Solid Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor with Low Surface Tension Media

Heat transfer characteristics between the immersed heater and the bed content were studied in the riser of a liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed, whose diameter and height were 0.102 m (ID) and 2.5 m, respectively. Effects of liquid velocity, particle size, surface tension of liquid phase and solid circulation rate on the overall heat transfer coefficient were examined. The heat transfer coefficient increased with increasing particle size or solid circulation rate due to the higher potential of particles to contact with the heater surface and promote turbulence near the heater surface. The value of heat transfer coefficient increased gradually with increase in the surface tension of liquid phase, due to the slight increase of solid holdup. The heat transfer coefficient increased with the liquid velocity even in the higher range, due to the solid circulation prevented the decrease in solid holdup, in contrast to that in the conventional liquid-solid fluidized beds. The values of heat transfer coefficient were well correlated in terms of dimensionless groups as well as operating variables.

Synthesis gas production using oxygen storage materials as oxygen carrier over circulating fluidized bed

A novel process for synthesis gas production over Circulating Fluidized Bed （CFB） using oxygen storage materials as oxygen carder was reported. First, oxygen in the air was chemically fixed and converted to lattice oxygen of oxygen storage materials over regenerator, and then methane was selectively oxidized to synthesis gas with lattice oxygen of oxygen storage materials over riser reactor. The results from simulation reaction of CFB by sequential redox reaction on a fixed bed reactor using lanthanum-based perovskite LaFeO3 and La0.8Sr0.2Fe0.9CO0.1O3 oxides prepared by sol-gel, suggested that the depleted oxygen species could be regenerated, and methane could be oxidized to synthesis gas by lattice oxygen with high selectivity. The partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas over CFB using lattice oxygen of the oxygen storage materials instead of gaseous oxygen should be possibly applicable.

Optimization of the Internal Circulating Fluidized Bed Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Technology

The computational fluid dynamics(CFD)technology is analyzed and calculated utilizing the turbulence model and multiphase flow model to explore the performance of internal circulating fluidized beds(ICFB)based on CFD.The three-dimensional simulation method can study the hydrodynamic properties of the ICFB,and the performance of the fluidized bed is optimized.The fluidization performance of the ICFB is improved through the experimental study of the cross-shaped baffle.Then,through the cross-shaped baffle and funnel-shaped baffle placement,the fluidized bed reaches a coupled optimization.The results show that CFD simulation technology can effectively improve the mass transfer efficiency and performance of sewage treatment.The base gap crossshaped baffle can improve the hydraulic conditions of the fluidized bed and reduce the system energy consumption.The cross-shaped baffle and funnel-shaped baffle can perfect the performance of the reactor and effectively strengthen the treatment in the intense aerobic process of industrial sewage.

Hydrothermal synthesis of zeolitic material from circulating fluidized bed combustion fly ash for the highly efficient removal of lead from aqueous solution

The utilization of coal fly ash derived from circulating fluidized bed combustion(CFBFA)still faces great challenges because of its unique characteristics.In this study,a zeolitic material with Na-P1 zeolite as the main phase was successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal method by using CFBFA as the raw material.The effects of hydrothermal temperature,time,and added CTAB amount on the characterizations of synthesized materials were investigated by XRD,SEM,and XPS.The properties of the optimal zeolitic material and its adsorption performance for Pb^(2+)in aqueous solution were evaluated.The influences of pH,initial concentration,dosage,and temperature on Pb^(2+)adsorption were also examined.Results revealed the following optimal parameters for the synthesis of zeolitic material:NaOH concentration of 2 mol·L^(-1),solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:10 g·ml^(-1),hydrothermal temperature of 110℃,hydrothermal time of 9 h,and CTAB amount of 1 g(per 100 ml solution).The adsorption capacities of the zeolitic material reached 329.67,424.69,and 542.22 mg·g^(-1) when the pH values of aqueous solution were 5,6,and 7,respectively.The Pb^(2+)removal efficiency can reach more than 99%in aqueous solution with the initial concentrations of 100-300 mg·L^(-1) under pH 6 and suitable adsorbent dosage.The adsorption and kinetics of Pb^(2+)on the zeolitic material can be described by Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models,respectively.The ion exchange between Pb^(2+)and Na^(+)and chemisorption are the main adsorption mechanism.All these findings imply that the synthesis of low-cost adsorbent for Pb^(2+)removal from weak acid and neutral aqueous solution provides a highly effective method to utilize CFBFA.