Effects of particle type on the particle fluidization and distribution in a liquid–solid circulating fluidized bed boiler

A liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed boiler is designed and built for visualization research by applying the fluidized bed heat transfer and fouling prevention technology to the water side of the boiler. Four types of engineering plastic particles with different physical properties are selected as the solid working media. The effect of particle types on the fluidization and distribution of particles in the boiler is investigated under different feedwater flow rates and amount of added particles by using the charge couple device image measurement and acquisition system. The results show that all kinds of particles can't be normally fluidized and accumulate in the drum at low amount of added particles and feedwater flow rate. The particles with great density and low sphericity are more likely to accumulate. The average solid holdup in the riser tubes increases with the increase in feedwater flow rate and the amount of added particles. The non-uniform degree of particle distribution in the riser tubes generally decreases with the increase in feedwater flow rate and the amount of added particles. The particles with small density and settling velocity have high average solid holdup in the riser tubes under close sphericity. In generally,the smaller the density and settling velocity, the more uniform the particle distribution in the riser tubes.Three-dimensional diagrams of the non-uniform degree of particle distribution in the riser tubes of the boiler are established.

Compatibility of Fly Ash and Slag from Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler for Concrete Beam

The applications of fly ash and slag from circulating fluidized bed boiler were studied as mineral admixture and aggregate for steel reinforced concrete beam.The results show that the concrete beam with fly ash and slag from circulating fluidized bed boilers has a similar ultimate cracking load coefficient as the ordinary cement concrete and a higher bending moment limit.Under the same load,it has a smaller deformation than the ordinary concrete.

Model prediction of the operating behavior of a circulating fluidized bed boiler

An improved mathematical model for a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler based on the model developed earlier by the authors was applied to simulate the operation of a 12 MW CFB boiler. The influences of the excess air ratio, primary air ratio, coal particle size distribution, coal properties (ash content and volatile content) and Ca/S ratio on the boiler operation were analyzed. The results showed that the model simulation may be applied to the optimum design and economic operation of the CFB boiler.

Hardening Properties of Foamed Concrete with Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler Ash, Blast Furnace Slag, and Desulfurization Gypsum as the Binder

Recently, a large amount of circulating fluidized bed boiler ash (CFBA) and desulfurization gypsum (DSG) has been produced, and it is essential to develop technology to utilize them. These materials have CaO and SO3, which are considered to be a stimulant for blast furnace slag (BFS). This study presents an experimental investigation of the compressive strength and heavy metal ions immobilization properties of cement-free materials comprising CFBA, BFS, and DSG. The feasibility of manufacturing foamed concrete using these materials was examined, and field test of foamed concrete was conducted. Experimentally, the flow, compressive strength, and heavy metal ions concentration were evaluated via inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) of the paste and foamed concrete. The experimental investigation revealed the self-healing hardening ability of fluidized bed boiler ash. In addition, the compressive strength was increased with the increasing replacement rates of BFS and DSG in the CFBA paste, and the compressive strength of 14.6 - 17.2 MPa was recorded over 28 days of curing. From the result obtained, the feasibility of manufacturing foamed concrete with a foam volume of 120 L, incorporating the aforementioned materials, is confirmed. It was also found that after 28 days of age, a 7.9-MPa compressive strength of the foamed concrete was attained, and heavy metal ions elution in this foamed concrete was also significantly reduced. Therefore, CFBA, BFS, and DSG could be used as a binder for the foamed concrete.

Combustion characteristics of low-quality lignite for different bed material sphericities in a circulating fluidized bed boiler:A numerical study

This study delves into the combustion behavior of various lignite types within a circulating fluidized bed boiler(CFBB),with a primary focus on the impact of different bed material sphericity ratios(0.5,0.7,and 0.9).Utilizing bed material with a sphericity ratio of 0.9 sourced from theÇan power plant and verified through experimentation,the research reveals several key findings.Notably,furnace temperatures tended to rise with higher sphericity ratios,albeit with variations between lignite types,particularly highlighting the complexity of this relationship in the case of GLI-Tunçbilek lignite.Pressure levels in the combustion chamber remained consistent across different sphericity ratios,indicating minimal influence on pressure dynamics.Improved combustion efficiency,especially at the bottom of the boiler,was observed at lower sphericity levels(0.5 and 0.7)forÇan lignite,as reflected in CO_(2) mole fractions.While NO_(x) emissions generally decreased with lower sphericity,the sensitivity to sphericity varied by lignite type,with Ilgın lignite showcasing low NO_(x) but high SO_(2) emissions,underscoring the intricate interplay between lignite properties,sphericity,and emissions.Overall,this study advances our understanding of CFBB combustion dynamics,offering insights valuable for optimizing performance and emissions control,particularly in lignite-based power.

深度调峰运行下某CFBB水冷壁管热应力分析

随着大量新能源发电的并网,火电机组循环流化床锅炉(circulating fluidized bed boiler, CFBB)参与电网调峰时,机组的负荷在不断变化,机组的安全性受到了挑战,研究调峰时锅炉受热面管的温度与应力是必要的。通过数值模拟的方法对深度调峰运行下的二维膜式水冷壁管的温度、变形量和热应力进行分析。研究结果表明:CFBB深度调峰时热负荷由锅炉最大连续蒸发量(boiler maximum continuous rating, BMCR)至20%BMCR,膜式水冷壁管的温度、变形量和热应力都在逐渐减小;BMCR工况时,水冷壁管的温度、变形量和热应力最大分别为431.53℃、0.263 mm、131 MPa,均在水冷壁管材允许的范围内。热负荷由BMCR到20%BMCR和由20%BMCR到BMCR不断的调峰过程中,CFBB膜式水冷壁管的温度、变形量和热应力在不断交替变化,水冷壁管在交变的温度、变形量和热应力作用下疲劳损伤不断累积,最终因疲劳而失效。

CFBB燃烧系统耦合分析与DMC控制器设计

循环流化床锅炉(CFBB)燃烧系统耦合关系复杂且难以控制,该文将CFBB燃烧过程简化为一个二入二出对象,并针对其中最难控制工况下的标称参数模型进行控制。采用逆奈氏阵列法(INA方法)对CFBB系统的耦合性进行分析,得出利用单位矩阵静态解耦法对系统进行初步解耦的结论。考虑最小化CFBB系统的ITSE指标,提出一种基于遗传算法的CFBB系统DMC控制器参数寻优方法。仿真表明,提出的DMC参数寻优方法能快速响应主汽压和床层温度的变化,具有不错的鲁棒性和跟踪性能。

燃煤锅炉改燃兰炭燃烧工艺及效益分析

兰炭因热值高、硫含量低的特点被广泛应用于散煤替代,燃煤锅炉改燃兰炭是实现资源合理利用、降低污染物排放和改善企业经济效益的有效途径。以河北某循环流化床锅炉改燃兰炭工程为例,燃烧系统采用掺烧灰渣的方法,解决改燃后机械未完全燃烧导致损失大和物料循环不稳定问题,确定了兰炭和灰渣的最佳掺混比为9∶1;配风系统采用控制总量并降低一次风率的方法,解决兰炭着火困难的问题,确定了最佳一次风比例为55%;换热系统采用增加锅炉尾部受热面的方法,解决因燃料热值提升较大产生的蒸汽超温和锅炉效率下降问题。改燃扩容后锅炉烟尘、SO2和NOx排放分别比原锅炉降低了73%、94%和55%,以原锅炉35 t/h的额定功率运行,每小时节约燃料成本5.51%,产吨蒸汽所需燃料成本降低6.47元。

超超临界循环流化床锅炉技术研发进展

随着技术进步和对节能减排需求的提升,更先进的超超临界循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)锅炉技术成为行业发展趋势。该文探讨了超超临界CFB锅炉技术的设计理念,包括流态化燃烧、水动力系统、污染物控制及系统集成等关键技术。分析大尺寸炉膛内流态化燃烧的均匀性和燃尽性问题,探讨了不同炉型燃烧系统设计;研究超超临界压力下低质量流速垂直管圈水动力系统的设计方案;提出在大截面和高炉膛条件下污染物控制的设计思路;通过对锅炉燃烧技术、热力系统及辅助系统的耦合特性分析,指出燃烧侧与蒸汽侧系统设计的优化方向。基于对关键技术的深入研究和超临界CFB锅炉的实践经验,形成了多种超超临界CFB技术方案,多个采用不同技术方案的项目已进入到工程应用阶段,其中可靠、灵活、清洁和高效是设计中的关键考量。期望这些多样化的超超临界CFB技术路线能够在未来发展中展现出灵活性和低碳优势。

基于TF-NGO算法的CFB锅炉床温系统建模研究

床温是循环流化床(CFB)锅炉重要的运行参数之一。针对床温耦合性强、干扰因素多、控制复杂的问题,亟需建立床温的数学模型,以实现床温控制,从而保证CFB锅炉安全、平稳地运行。为此,首先引入了混沌映射、切线飞行(TF)和柯西变异策略改进北方苍鹰优化(NGO)算法,并用实际工况的系统模型测试TF-NGO算法。测试结果表明,TF-NGO算法拥有更快的收敛速度和更高的寻优精度。其次,采集并预处理山西某电厂350 MW超临界CFB锅炉的现场运行数据。最后,采用TF-NGO算法对所建模型的参数进行辨识,并用实际工况数据进行模型验证。辨识和验证结果表明,由TF-NGO算法辨识的床温模型与实际输出拟合度高,能有效反映床温的动态特性,证明所建模型的有效性。该研究为后续对350 MW超临界CFB锅炉床温的优化控制研究奠定了基础。

超临界660 MW循环流化床锅炉NO_(x)排放控制困难分析及处理

为解决某电厂超临界660 MW循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)锅炉满负荷运行NO_(x)排放较难控制、瞬时值易超过超低排放限值且选择性非催化还原(selective non-catalytic reduction,SNCR)脱硝系统氨耗量较大氨逃逸严重的问题,现场进行了NO_(x)原始排放、SNCR脱硝效率、CO质量浓度及底渣可燃物的试验,并进行了二次风量布置优化试验。研究发现:锅炉原始NO_(x)排放较低,满负荷运行时不超过120 mg/m^(3)(标准状态,下同);中低负荷时NO_(x)质量浓度低于50 mg/m^(3),但炉膛前后NO_(x)质量浓度偏差较大,烟气中的NO_(x)主要在炉膛前部产生。NO_(x)排放较难控制的原因是SNCR脱硝效率较低和炉膛给煤不均。6台分离器入口的SNCR脱硝效率均低于50.0%,其中B、C、E、F 4台分离器脱硝效率低于40.0%。此外,从原始NO_(x)生成来看,根据炉膛深度方向上床温分布、底渣可燃物质量分数和CO质量浓度变化可以确定,炉膛给煤不均也对满负荷NO_(x)排放控制影响显著。当前,电厂若不进行给煤系统改造暂无法实现给煤均匀,但可以通过调整炉膛深度方向二次风量配比降低原始NO_(x)生成,降幅可达9.77%。

不带外置床的700 MW超超临界循环流化床锅炉失电后水冷壁安全计算分析

通过对某660 MW电厂失电事故过程中烟气温度、蒸汽温度及工质流量的变化规律进行分析,得到了炉膛密相区、过渡区及稀相区热负荷随时间的变化规律。在此基础上,以某700MW超超临界循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)锅炉为对象,建立了失电事故发生后水冷壁内的流动传热计算模型,开发了以Fortran语言为基础的水冷壁内瞬态特性计算程序。分别对密相区、过渡区及稀相区进行分析,通过计算得到了失电后的水冷壁壁温及出口工质温度等热力参数的变化规律。计算结果表明:失电后水冷壁密相区出口的最高壁温为558.6℃,稀相区出口的最高壁温为579.6℃,不需要配备紧急补水泵来保证失电后水冷壁的安全。研究结果可为电厂处理超超临界CFB锅炉失电事故提供指导。

基于数据驱动660 MW循环流化床锅炉多目标燃烧优化

为降低某电厂循环流化床锅炉污染物排放,同时提高锅炉燃烧运行经济性,本文采用数据驱动技术实现循环流化床锅炉多目标燃烧优化。基于改进粒子群优化长短期记忆神经网络建立循环流化床锅炉NO_(x)/SO_(2)排放数学模型和锅炉排烟温度数学模型,以相对误差为预测性评估指标以确定最佳网络参数;其次,基于改进粒子群优化长短期记忆神经网络(IPSO-LSTM)、长短期记忆神经网络(LSTM)、广义回归神经网络(GRNN)和反向传播神经网络(BPNN)分别构建NO_(x)/SO_(2)排放数学模型和锅炉排烟温度数学模型,通过比较预测性评估指标,证明本文构建预测模型有效性;最后,基于非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)获取不同运行工况下循环流化床锅炉燃烧优化调整方案,以降低NO_(x)/SO_(2)排放浓度,同时维持排烟温度稳定性。结果表明:相比优化前,优化后NO_(x)排放浓度平均降低了10.58%,SO_(2)排放浓度平均降低了25.81%,最大降低了650 mg/m^(3),且排烟温度平均降低0.14%。

亚临界循环流化床机组近零深度调峰蓄释热计算及实践

随着可再生能源的快速发展,对火电机组深度调峰提出了更高的要求。以亚临界循环流化床锅炉(CFB)焖炉压火方式参与近零深度调峰为基础,建立一套近零深度调峰蓄释热量的计算方法,为后续多次进行近零深度调峰提供指导。基于对亚临界CFB机组在近零深度调峰过程中锅炉各有蓄热能力部分的具体分析,提出了一套针对CFB近零深度调峰过程中蓄释热量的计算方法,并将此方法应用于山西省某300 MW亚临界CFB机组的近零深度调峰运行实践。应用计算方法得出,锅炉视在蓄热总量为415.5 GJ,其中浇注层、金属壁、床料载体、汽水、烟气视在蓄热量分别为205.6、140.4、32.7、11.1、36.8 GJ。汽轮机做有效功的总热耗量为65.2 GJ,锅炉本体散热为6.1 GJ,数据展示了各蓄热部分随近零深度调峰过程的下降趋势。该计算方法实现了对亚临界循环流化床蓄释热量的量化计算,为后续预测指导近零深度调峰时长,研究锅炉的严密性和传热特性,以及为获得更多蓄热量提升蓄热效率和改善锅炉性能提供了数据支持。

300 MW循环流化床锅炉燃煤耦合生物质燃烧及污染物排放特性试验研究

在碳达峰、碳中和背景下,发展燃煤与生物质耦合发电是加快电力转型升级、实现煤电低碳发展的重要途径之一。在某台300 MW循环流化床(CFB)锅炉上设计建设了一套燃煤直燃耦合生物质的燃烧发电系统,并利用该系统进行了燃煤直燃耦合生物质的燃烧特性试验研究。结果表明:该生物质直燃耦合系统运行稳定可靠;CFB锅炉在掺烧木屑颗粒燃料时,随着掺烧比的增加,混合燃料的飞灰含碳量下降、CO排放量降低,混合燃料的燃尽性得以改善;掺烧后经过锅炉燃烧配风优化,锅炉NOx排放量比纯烧原煤排放量略有降低。试验典型工况污染物测试表明:掺入木屑颗粒燃料后,锅炉烟气二噁英排放量为0.0088 ng TEQ/m^(3)(标准工况,φ(O_(2))=11%,下同),飞灰中二噁英排放量为0.0206 ng TEQ/m^(3);飞灰中重金属及P、As、Se等有害微量元素排放值总量为32.121mg/L;底渣中重金属及P、As、Se等有害微量元素排放值总量为3.918 mg/L,烟气和飞灰中的二噁英和重金属等有害物质排放均满足国家环保标准排放限值。

超临界循环流化床锅炉水冷壁吸热偏差计算及深度调峰水动力特性

超临界循环流化床锅炉在深度调峰过程中受热负荷及质量流速变化的影响容易出现管壁拉裂、超温爆管等安全问题,故有必要对锅炉深度调峰负荷时热偏差系数、水动力特性进行计算研究。该文根据超临界循环流化床锅炉水冷壁及水冷屏结构,建立水动力计算数学模型并运用实炉测量数据计算实炉热偏差系数,对310及110MW负荷实炉热偏差系数进行计算,并采用110MW负荷实炉热偏差系数对120及70MW(深度调峰负荷)的水动力进行计算,将120MW负荷时的出口汽温计算结果与实炉测量数据进行对比验证,对70MW深度调峰负荷水动力计算结果进行分析。结果表明:循环流化床锅炉高低负荷时热偏差系数分布规律不同,在相近负荷时炉膛热偏差系数呈现出一致性,并且锅炉在70MW深度调峰负荷时,锅炉能安全稳定运行。深度调峰负荷时循环流化床锅炉吸热偏差系数及水动力特性的计算研究,为现有火电机组进行灵活性深度调峰优化改造提供一定的理论基础。

基于混合建模方法循环流化床锅炉深度调峰NO_(x)排放预测

为响应碳达峰,碳中和目标,我国循环流化床锅炉大规模参与深度调峰运行,导致锅炉NO_(x)排放浓度波动范围大,控制效果不佳,难以满足污染物超低排放需求,因此对深度调峰NO_(x)排放浓度进行精准建模预测有重要意义。以即燃碳模型为基础,深度剖析炉内NO_(x)生成和还原机理,建立炉内即燃碳燃烧模型、O2动态平衡模型、CO软测量模型、NO_(x)生成与还原模型,完成SNCR入口NO_(x)浓度机理计算;选取给煤量、床温、烟气温度及含氧量、一二次风量、尿素溶液流量作为NO_(x)排放浓度的输入变量,将SNCR入口NO_(x)浓度计算值作为拓展输入变量,对所有输入变量与NO_(x)排放浓度进行相关性分析和迟延补偿,完成数据集重构;采用长短期记忆神经网络对重构数据集进行训练和预测,并将鲸鱼优化算法用于长短期记忆神经网络的参数优化,建立循环流化床锅炉深度调峰NO_(x)排放浓度机理——数据混合预测模型。仿真验证表明混合预测模型不同工况下预测性能和泛化能力好,能够实现循环流化床锅炉变负荷时NO_(x)排放浓度的实时预测,相较其他预测模型的各项误差性能指标均显著提升,平均绝对误差δMAE达2.14 mg/m^(3),平均相对百分误差δMAPE达5.68%,决定系数R^(2)达0.902 1。混合预测模型能精准预测循环流化床锅炉深度调峰下NO_(x)排放浓度,为循环流化床锅炉超低排放智能控制系统的设计提供参考。

330 MW循环流化床锅炉深度调峰技术

为推进“双碳”政策的实施,消纳波动性较强的新能源并网发电,当前对火电机组的深度调峰要求越来越高。循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)锅炉机组在深度调峰低负荷运行工况有着先天优势,但实现20%以下的超低负荷运行依然面临众多的困难,如炉内流化的稳定性、氮氧化物的排放及炉内局部超温带来的安全性等问题。以某330 MW CFB锅炉的深度调峰技术应用为例,介绍了输煤筛分破碎系统、风帽节流圈、下二次风管等机组部件的改造,并配合烟气再循环等技术应用,成功实现了18%的超低负荷深度调峰运行,同时也很好地控制了NOx的排放。最后总结了CFB机组超低负荷深度调峰技术的关键点和难点,对深度调峰运行带来的潜在问题进行了分析,并提出了相应的解决措施。研究结果具有重要的工程借鉴作用。

烟气再循环对350 MW CFB锅炉深调运行特性影响

为解决超临界CFB锅炉超低负荷时流化安全性及NO_(x)超低排放,引入烟气再循环技术,以某电厂超临界350 MW CFB锅炉为研究对象,搭建了循环半干法脱硫后烟气的再循环辅助调峰系统,基于运行实测数据,研究该锅炉在30%~60%负荷率下烟气再循环对平均床温、分离器入口温度、排烟温度、炉膛出口烟气NO_(x)、CO质量浓度、飞灰及底渣可燃物含量、汽水参数等运行参数的影响,试验结果表明:烟气再循环协同下,30%~60%负荷SNCR脱硝后NO_(x)最终排放小于50 mg/m^(3),30%负荷实现锅炉原始NO_(x)超低排放;床温降低15~22℃,炉膛出口烟温提高10~13℃,主再热汽温在558℃以上;随锅炉负荷降低,飞灰及底渣含碳量升高,CO质量浓度未见大幅增加;40%负荷炉膛二次风SNCR脱硝NO_(x)降幅约15 mg/m^(3);负荷上升/下降变化最小速率1.23%Pe;30%负荷及以上保持干态运行,水冷壁壁温最大偏差55℃,屏过及屏再最大壁温差分别55、47℃,均未出现壁温超温。