Convective Heat Transfer of Molten Salt in Receiver Tube with Axially and Circumferentially Non-Uniform Heat Flux

Convective heat transfer characteristics of molten salt in receiver tube under axially and circumferentially non-uniform(ACN)heat flux were experimentally investigated under Reynolds number of 16000 to 58000 and Prandtl number of 4.6 to 7.5.The results showed that flow rate,flow direction and non-uniform heat flux directly affected molten salt transfer.As coating thickness and flow velocity increased,the difference of outer wall temperature in coating side and molten salt temperature dropped.The average Nusselt number in entrance section was larger than that in middle and end sections for higher Prandtl number.The axial wall temperature difference in coating side with counter-flow heating was lower than that with parallel-flow heating,and receiver tube with counter-flow heating will cause smaller axial thermal stress.From experiment measurement and Sieder-Tate correlation,heat transfer correlation of molten salt in tube under ACN heat flux was obtained by using circumferential heat flux ratio and axial heat flux ratio,and it fit with experimental data with maximum deviation of 5%.

Heat transfer in boundary layer stagnation-point flow towards a shrinking sheet with non-uniform heat flux

In this paper, the effect of non-uniform heat flux on heat transfer in boundary layer stagnation-point flow over a shrinking sheet is studied. The variable boundary heat fluxes are considered of two types： direct power-law variation with the distance along the sheet and inverse power-law variation with the distance. The governing partial differential equations （PDEs） are transformed into non linear self-similar ordinary differential equations （ODEs） by similarity transformations, and then those are solved using very efficient shooting method. The direct variation and inverse variation of heat flux along the sheet have completely different effects on the temperature distribution. Moreover, the heat transfer characteristics in the presence of non-uniform heat flux for several values of physical parameters are also found to be interesting.

Hydrothermal analysis of non-Newtonian fluid flow(blood)through the circular tube under prescrib e d non-uniform wall heat flux

The present article aims to investigate the Graetz-Nusselt problem for blood as a non-Newtonian fluid obeying the power-law constitutive equation and flowing inside the axisymmetric tube subjected to nonuniform surface heat flux.After the flow field is determined by solving the continuity and the momentum equations,the energy equation is handled by employing the separation of variables method.The resulting Eigen functions and Eigen values are numerically calculated using MATLAB built-in solver BVP4C.The analysis is first conducted for the situation of constant heat flux and subsequently generalized to apply to the case of sinusoidal variation of wall heat flux along the tube length,using Duhamel’s Theorem.Furthermore,an approximate analytic solution is determined,employing an integral approach to solve the boundary layer equations.With respect to the comparison,the results of approximate solution display acceptable congruence with those of exact solution with an average error of 7.4%.Interestingly,with decreasing the power-law index,the discrepancy between the two presented methods significantly reduces.Eventually,the influences of the controlling parameters such as surface heat flux and power-law index on the non-Newtonian fluid flow’s thermal characteristics and structure are elaborately discussed.It is found that switching from constant wall heat flux to non-uniform wall heat flux that sinusoidally varies along the tube length significantly improves the simulation’s accuracy due to the better characterization of the heat transport phenomenon in non-Newtonian fluid flow through the tube.In the presence of sinusoidally varying wall heat flux with an amplitude of 200 W/m 2 and when the power-law index is 0.25,the maximum arterial wall temperature is found to be about 311.56 K.

Numerical Investigation on the Heat Transfer Characteristics of Supercritical Water in a Non-Uniformly Heated Tube for a Supercritical CFB Boiler

In this paper,a numerical model was built by ANSYS FLUENT to investigate the heat transfer performances of supercritical water in a circumferential non-uniformly heated vertical tube.The Shear Stress Transport(SST)k-ωmodel was adopted for describing turbulence.The operating parameters are chosen according to a 660 MW ultra-supercritical CFB boiler.The heat transfer performances under different operating parameters,such as boiler load,flow direction and heat flux distribution are analyzed.The temperature and heat flux on inner wall varies along the circumference and show symmetric distributions.The overall heat transfer performances at each cross section are better than the local heat transfer performance of midpoint of heating side.Flow direction has a great influence on heat transfer performance;it changes the radial distribution of axial velocity and then affects the turbulence distribution.Therefore,upward flow condition shows a better heat transfer performance.Smaller heat flux improves both the overall and local heat transfer performances.Reducing the heat flux area is not conducive to the overall heat transfer,but does not affect the local heat transfer at the midpoint of heating side.Finally,a new correlation is fitted based on the simulated results of supercritical water heat transfer with circumferential non-uniform heat flux distributions.

Thermal Performance of Mini Cooling Channels for High-Power Servo Motor with Non-Uniform Heat Dissipation

High-power servo motor is widely employed as a necessary actuator in flight vehicles.The urgent problem to be solved restraining the working performance of servo motor is no longer the torque and power,but the heat dissipation capability under high-power working conditions,which may cause the overheat,even burn down of motor or other potential safety hazards.Therefore,a structure of mini cooling channels with appropriate channel density is designed in accordance with the non-uniform heat flux of servo motor in this paper.Combined with the regenerative cooling method,the cryogenic fuel supercritical methane is served as the coolant,which is easy to be obtained from the propulsion system,and the heat from the servo motor can be transported to the combustion for reusing.According to the actual working cases of servo motor,a numerical model is built to predict the thermal performance of cooling channels.In order to better represent the secondary flow of coolant in the cooling channels,especially the turbulent mixed flow in the manifold,the k-εRNG model with enhanced wall treatment is employed resulting from its precise capacity to simulate the secondary and wall shear flow.On this basis,the heat transfer mechanism and thermal performance of cooling channels,as well as the influence of various heat flux ratios are investigated,which can offer an in-depth understanding of restraining excessive temperature rise and non-uniformity distribution of the servo motor.By the calculation results,it can be concluded that under the adjustment of the channel density according to the corresponding heat flux,the positive role of the appropriate channel density and the manifolds on heat transfer is manifested.Moreover,the maximum temperature difference of heating wall can be kept within an acceptable range of the servo motor.The heat transfer coefficient in the manifold is nearly 2–4 times higher compared with that in the straight cooling channels.The effect of buoyancy force cannot be neglected even in the manifold with turbulent mixed flow,and the pattern of heat transfer is mixed convection one in all the flow regions.The thermal resistance R and overall Nusselt number Nu are affected remarkably by all the operation parameters studied in the paper,except the pressure,while the overall thermal performance coefficientηdemonstrates differently.The strong impact of heat flux ratio is implied on thermal performance of the cooling channels.Higher heat flux ratio results in the stronger non-uniform temperature distribution.Meanwhile,only tiny temperature differences of the fluid and inner wall in manifolds among various heat flux ratios are demonstrated,resulting from the positive effect of mixture flow on heat transfer.

轴向非均匀热流条件下超临界二氧化碳垂直管内换热特性

针对超临界二氧化碳(S-CO_(2))燃煤锅炉冷却壁热边界条件的实际分布,采用SST k-ω低雷诺数湍流模型,数值模拟研究了半周加热轴向非均匀热流作用下S-CO_(2)在垂直圆管内的传热特性,分析了不同热流分布、质量流速对换热性能以及圆管内壁温度分布的影响。研究结果表明:轴向非均匀热流分布对S-CO_(2)传热具有显著影响,在平均热流相同的条件下,相较于均匀热流分布,轴向非均匀热流分布下总传热系数最大提高了约8%;轴向非均匀热流分布对传热恶化有抑制作用,有效降低了壁温峰值点;非均匀热流条件下,S-CO_(2)传热主要受类气膜厚度、类气膜导热系数及近壁区定压比热容的影响较大。研究结果可为燃煤S-CO_(2)锅炉设计提供理论指导。

槽式太阳能聚光集热器传热性能研究

建立了槽式太阳能聚光集热器单侧吸收高热流密度的传热数学模型.该传热数学模型将金属吸热管壁面所能接受到的非均匀热流简化为矩形分布,考虑了金属吸热管管壁的周向导热,选取Dudley的试验数据验证了传热数学模型的可靠性并分析了影响集热器传热特性的主要因素.通过Fluent软件研究了槽式太阳能聚光集热器金属吸热管的周向温度分布规律.结果表明:该传热数学模型具有一定可靠性;流体温度、太阳辐射强度和流体体积流量是影响集热器管内换热特性和管壁周向温度分布的主要因素.

周向非均匀热流下吸热管内单侧对流传热系数

太阳能吸热器管外壁周向热流不均匀对吸热管单侧对流传热系数带来影响,基于此,建立周向非均匀热流下吸热管内熔盐对流传热的实验台和数值计算模型,分析周向热流分布对吸热管单侧对流传热系数的影响规律。结果表明:各热流比吸热管内平均对流传热系数基本相等,低热流侧管内对流传热系数大于平均对流传热系数,高热流侧略小于平均对流传热系数,但高热流侧管内熔盐湍流度比低热流侧大。高热流侧管内各对流传热系数较接近,低、高热流侧管内对流传热系数的差值随着Re数和高低热流侧热流比的增大而增大。提出周向非均匀热流下吸热管单侧对流传热系数的计算方法-单侧计算法,按照该方法计算管内高、低热流侧对流传热系数与平均对流传热系数的偏差均在±4%以内。

周向非均匀热流下太阳能吸热管局部传热特性

利用数值模拟方法研究周向非均匀热流下太阳能吸热管局部传热特性,分析吸热管壁厚、熔盐入口温度、熔盐流速对局部传热性能的影响规律,结果表明:吸热管周向加热量相同,管壁越厚其外壁温度越高,管内壁热流分布越均匀。壁厚对低热流侧周向及轴向局部Nu影响较大,且低热流侧局部Nu均随壁厚的减小而增大。同一流速,熔盐入口温度越高,周向局部Nu越大。不同流速吸热管周向局部Nu均随周向热流的减小而增大,流速越大,周向局部Nu越大。不同壁厚吸热管内低热流侧Nu明显大于高热流侧Nu,平均Nu略大于高热流侧Nu,且平均Nu基本相等。

压力容器环形空腔上部材料屏蔽计算分析

用离散纵座标SN法与反照蒙特卡罗AMC法相耦合,对秦山600MW核电厂反应堆压力容器环形空腔上部密封环区、褐铁矿混凝土及电离室入口轻质保护材料的中子和γ射线注量率、剂量率和释热率进行计算分析。计算结果表明,对于停堆后人员可能进入的部位,增加轻质保护材料能有效降低中子辐射;采用SN-AMC计算技术能较好地完成反应堆的大尺寸空腔和复杂孔道屏蔽设计计算。

高温太阳能吸热管在非均匀热流下的温度研究及结构优化

对腔式管状集热器在非均匀受热条件下进行温度场和热应力场的模拟。研究发现周向温差的不同造成吸热管的热变形分布不同,且吸热管后半段热变形最大;同时,太阳能辐射量随时间变化导致热流密度和吸热管壁面上的周向温差都在发生变化。鉴于此,分别从腔式集热器吸热管的结构、工作介质物性等方面入手以解决非均匀热流带来的形变问题。通过改变吸热管的结构、选择较薄的壁厚、降低管径、增大进口流速及掺入纳米粒子均能有效减小吸热管的周向温差,从而减少热变形问题。

19棒束螺旋十字燃料组件临界热流密度实验研究

燃料组件是反应堆的重要组成部件,临界热流密度是决定燃料组件性能的最关键参数之一。参考上海交通大学热工水力实验室的螺旋十字燃料元件参数,设计了19棒束螺旋十字燃料组件并开展临界热流密度特性实验研究,建立了一套适用于均匀发热全长螺旋燃料组件棒束临界热流密度测量方法,获得了螺旋燃料组件临界热流密度数据库,并对实验结果进行了分析。结果表明:临界功率随入口温度升高而线性降低,随着压力和干度的增大而减小,随质量流速的增大而增大。引入周向不均匀因子,建立了螺旋燃料临界热流密度预测模型,实验值(M)/预测值(P)数据的统计分布呈现正态分布,且均匀分布在1附近,证明了关系式的可靠性和准确性。所用实验技术和模型开发方法具有通用性,可应用于同类螺旋燃料组件临界热流密度特性研究。

Experimental Investigation on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Water in Inclined Downward Tube of a Supercritical Pressure CFB Boiler

In this study, experiments have been performed for an investigation on heat transfer of water in an inclined downward tube with an inner diameter of 20 mm and an inclined angle of 45° from the horizon, with the range of pressure from 11.5 to 28 MPa, mass flux from 450 to 1550 kg/(m2 s), and heat flux from 50 to 585 k W/m2. Based on the experimental data, the temperature distribution in the tube wall was derived. The heat transfer characteristics of inclined downward flow were compared with that of vertical downward flow. The effects of heat flux on wall temperature were analyzed and the corresponding empirical correlations were presented. The results show that heat transfer characteristics of water in the inclined downward tube are not uniform along the circumference from the top surface to the bottom surface. An increase in heat flux exacerbates the non-uniformity. At subcritical pressures, both dry-out and departure from nucleate boiling(DNB) occur at the top surface of the inclined downward tube; inversely, only dry-out takes place on the bottom surface of the inclined downward tube and in the vertical downward tube. At near-critical pressures, DNB and dry-out occur in the comparing tubes with greater possibility. At supercritical pressures, heat transfer gets enhanced in the pseudo-critical enthalpy region; in the high enthalpy region, the top surface temperature of the inclined downward tube decreases obviously.

竖直圆形通道周向均匀和非均匀加热临界热流密度实验研究

以混合堆次临界包层为研究对象,开展对竖直圆形通道的均匀加热和非均匀加热条件下的临界热流密度实验。基于均匀加热实验获得实验关系式,并通过数据统计规律的分析和与现有关系式的比较,验证本实验关系式的准确性和可靠性。以该实验关系式作为基础,比较周向非均匀加热效应对临界热流密度的影响。结果表明:偏心管形式的周向非均匀加热的临界热流密度受质量流速的影响不大,在低含汽率下低于均匀加热的预测结果,在高含汽率下高于均匀加热的预测结果;二者比值随含汽率呈线性关系。