Deletion of 93 bp Far-upstream Fragment of Rice Cytosolic Fructose- 1, 6-Bisphosphatase Promoter Completely Alter Its Expression Pattern

The 1 195 bp 5′ flanking region of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cytosolic fructose_1, 6_bisphosphatase (cyFBPase) can direct tissue, cell specific expression in transgenic rice. In order to identify sequence elements responsible for the regulation of mesophyll_specific expression, the 5′ flanking regions of -1 195 bp, -1 102 bp, -768 bp, and -644 bp upstream of the translation initiation ATG codon were fused to the reporter gene encoding β_glucuronidase (GUS) and transferred to rice via particle bombardment. Analysis of the 5′ promoter deletions identified that a 93 bp fragment between -1 195 bp and -1 102 bp is essential for directing mesophyll specific expression. High constitutive expression of GUS reporter gene was found in the -768 deletion lines and another two deletion series. These results indicate the great potential utility of the promoter in rice biotechnology.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of Gossypium RING-H2 finger E3 ligase genes revealed their roles in fiber development,and phytohormone and abiotic stress responses

Background： RING H2 finger E3 ligase （RH2FE3） genes encode cysteine rich proteins that mediate E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and degrade target substrates. The roles of these genes in plant responses to phytohormones and abiotic stresses are well documented in various species, but their roles in cotton fiber development are poorly understood. To date, genome wide identification and expression analyses of Gossypium hirsutum RH2FE3 genes have not been reported. Methods： We performed computational identification, structural and phylogenetic analyses, chromosomal distribution analysis and estimated KJKs values of G hirsutum RH2FE3 genes. Orthologous and paralogous gene pairs were identified by all versus all BLASTP searches. We predicted cis regulatory elements and analyzed microarray data sets to generate heatmaps at different development stages. Tissue specific expression in cotton fiber, and hormonal and abiotic stress responses were determined by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction （qRT PCR） analysis. Results： We investigated 140 G hirsutum, 80 G. orboreum, and evolutionary mechanisms and compared them with orthologs 89 G. roimondii putative RH2FB genes and their in Arobidopsis and rice. A domain based analysis of the G hirsutum RH2FE3 genes predicted conserved signature motifs and gene structures. Chromosomal localization showed the genes were distributed across all G hirsutum chromosomes, and 60 duplication events （4 tandem and 56 segmental duplications） and 98 orthologs were detected, cis elements were detected in the promoter regions of G hirsutum RH2FE3 genes. Microarray data and qRT PCR analyses showed that G hirsutum RH2FE3 genes were strongly correlated with cotton fiber development. Additionally, almost all the （brassinolide, gibberellic acid （GA）, indole 3-acetic acid drought, and salt）. dentified genes were up regulated in response to phytohormones （IAA）, and salicylic acid （SA）） and abiotic stresses （cold, heat, Conclusions： The genome wide identification, comprehensive analysis, and characterization of conserved domains and gene structures, as well as phylogenetic analysis, cis element prediction, and expression profile analysis of G hirsutum RH2FE3 genes and their roles in cotton fiber development and responses to plant hormones and abiotic stresses are reported here for the first time. Our findings will contribute to the genome wide analysis of putative RH2FE3 genes in other species and lay a foundation for future physiological and functional research on G hirsutum RH2FE3 genes.

In silico Analysis of the Entire P. glaucum Genome Identifies Regulatory Genes of the bZIP Family Modulated in Response Pathways to Water Stress

The literature reviewed places P. glaucum as a cereal characterized by its nutritional quality and high tolerance to drought stress. However, very little is known about the fine mechanism it uses in response to water stress. To try to clarify this point, we carried out an analysis of the modulation of the expression of regulatory genes of the FT bZIP family. A full genome screening of P. glaucum identified 52 putative FT bZIPs, identifying 9 FT PgbZIP differentially expressed under water stress conditions filtered from RNA-seq data from a Transcriptome deposited at the NCBI. The promoter regions of these genes presented multiple elements or cis ABREs and DRE motifs, thus suggesting their double modulated participation in the slow or adaptive response and in the rapid response of this cereal to water stress. The findings of this study provide complementary data for the understanding of the mechanism behind the adaptation of P. glaucum under water stress, and may be relevant for molecular applications of potential crops.

Isolation of cDNAs Enconding Two Distinct Transcription Factors Binding to DRE cis-acting Element Involved in Cold-and drought-induced Expression of Arabidopsis rd29A Gene

Previous study has defined DRE (dehydration responsive element) cis acting element and its important role in expressions of Arabidopsis rd29A gene under cold, dehydration and high salt stresses. In order to clarify the expression mechanism of rd29A gene, we isolated two cDNA clones that encoded DRE binding proteins ( DREB1 and DREB2 ) from cold and drought treated Arabidopsis plants, using DRE cis acting element in the promoter region of rd29A gene and yeast One Hybrid screening method. Experiments showed both DREB1 and DREB2 specifically interacted with DRE cis element. Homologous analysis showed no significant similarity between DREB1 and DREB2 in whole deduced amino acid sequences. However, both DREB1 and DREB2 proteins contained a conserved DNA binding domain (AP2/EREBP domain). Structural analysis of proteins also showed they had a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in their N terminal region and an acidic activation region in their C terminal region. AP2/EREBP domain is composed of 58 amino acids, which presents in a large family of plant genes encoding DNA binding proteins. We analyzed many plant transcription factors containing conserved AP2/EREBP domains. The 14th valine (V) and 19th glutamate (E) in the amino acid sequence of AP2/EREBP domains might be the consensus recognizing and binding to DRE cis element. Northern analysis indicated that DREB1 gene was induced by low temperature, whereas DREB2 gene was induced by dehydration and high salt stresses. Present studies suggest that the expression of rd29A gene under low temperature, dehydration and high salt stresses is regulated by DREB1 and DREB2 transcriptional factors in two separate signal transduction pathways, respectively.

FEM COUPLING FIELD ITERATION AND ITS CONVERGENCE FOR A GMM ACTURATOR

The coupling iteration (CI) of the finite element method(FEM) is used to simulate the magnetic and mechanical characteristics for a GMM actuator. The convergent ability under different prestress and different load types is investigated. Then the calculated deformations are compared with the experimental values. The results convince that the CI of FEM is suitable for the simulation of energy coupling and transformation mechanism of the GMM. At last, the output deformation properties are studied under different input currents, showing that there is a good compromise between good linearity and large strain under the prestress 6 MPa.

Designing artificial synthetic promoters for accurate,smart,and versatile gene expression in plants

With the development of high-throughput biology techniques and artificial intelligence,it has become increasingly feasible to design and construct artificial biological parts,modules,circuits,and even whole systems.To overcome the limitations of native promoters in controlling gene expression,artificial promoter design aims to synthesize short,inducible,and conditionally controlled promoters to coordinate the expression of multiple genes in diverse plant metabolic and signaling pathways.Synthetic promoters are versatile and can drive gene expression accurately with smart responses;they show potential for enhancing desirable traits in crops,thereby improving crop yield,nutritional quality,and food security.This review first illustrates the importance of synthetic promoters,then introduces promoter architecture and thoroughly summarizes advances in synthetic promoter construction.Restrictions to the development of synthetic promoters and future applications of such promoters in synthetic plant biology and crop improvement are also discussed.