High rumen degradable starch decreased goat milk fat via trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid-mediated downregulation of lipogenesis genes,particularly,INSIG1

Background:Starch is an important substance that supplies energy to ruminants.To provide sufficient energy for high-yielding dairy ruminants,they are typically fed starch-enriched diets.However,starch-enriched diets have been proven to increase the risk of milk fat depression(MFD)in dairy cows.The starch present in ruminant diets could be divided into rumen-degradable starch(RDS)and rumen escaped starch(RES)according to their different degradation sites(rumen or intestine).Goats and cows have different sensitivities to MFD.Data regarding the potential roles of RDS in milk fat synthesis in the mammary tissue of dairy goats and in regulating the occurrence of MFD are limited.Results:Eighteen Guanzhong dairy goats(day in milk=185±12 d)with similar parity,weight,and milk yield were selected and randomly assigned to one of three groups(n=6),which were fed an LRDS diet(Low RDS=20.52%),MRDS diet(Medium RDS=22.15%),or HRDS diet(High RDS=24.88%)for 5 weeks.Compared with that of the LRDS group,the milk fat contents in the MRDS and HRDS groups significantly decreased.The yields of short-,mediumand long-chain fatty acids decreased in the HRDS group.Furthermore,increased RDS significantly decreased ruminal B.fibrisolvens and Pseudobutyrivibrio abundances and increased the trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid(CLA)and trans-10 C18:1 contents in the rumen fluid.A multiomics study revealed that the HRDS diet affected mammary lipid metabolism down-regulation of ACSS2,MVD,AGPS,SCD5,FADS2,CERCAM,SC5D,HSD17B7,HSD17B12,ATM,TP53RK,GDF1 and LOC102177400.Remarkably,the significant decrease of INSIG1,whose expression was depressed by trans-10,cis-12 CLA,could reduce the activity of SREBP and,consequently,downregulate the downstream gene expression of SREBF1.Conclusions:HRDS-induced goat MFD resulted from the downregulation of genes involved in lipogenesis,particularly,INSIG1.Specifically,even though the total starch content and the concentrate-to-fiber ratio were the same as those of the high-RDS diet,the low and medium RDS diets did not cause MFD in lactating goats.

trans-10,cis-12共轭亚油酸抑制牛乳脂的合成及乳脂合成相关基因的表达

奶牛日粮添加共轭亚油酸 (CL A)抑制乳脂合成 ,已经证明这是 trans- 10 ,cis- 12 CL A异构体的特殊功能。本试验主要探讨 trans- 10 ,cis- 12 - CL A抑制乳脂合成的机制。试验动物为 4头泌乳晚期的经产荷斯坦奶牛 ,采用 2× 2交叉试验设计。每种处理包括 5 d真胃灌注脱脂乳或将 trans-10 ,cis- 12 - CL A乳化于其中的脱脂乳。灌注的第 5 d进行乳腺活体切片检测 ,一部分乳腺组织用于分析乙酰辅酶 A羧化酶、脂肪酸合成酶、Δ9-去饱和酶、脂蛋白脂酶、脂肪酸结合蛋白、磷酸甘油酰基转移酶的 m RNA表达情况。另一部分乳腺组织用于脂肪合成能力的评定。灌注 tuans- 10 ,cis- 12 - CL A使乳脂肪含量及产量分别降低 4 2 %和 4 8% ,同时乳中 trans-10 ,cis- 12 - CL A含量从低于 0 .1m g/ g增加至 4 .9mg/ g。 C4～ C1 6 脂肪酸的减少量占乳脂总减少量的 6 3%。通过对几种特定脂肪酸双键的分析结果表明 ,trans- 10 ,cis- 12 - CL A对脂肪酸组分变化的另外一种影响与 Δ9-去饱和酶的降低一致。通过与放射性标记乙酸一起进行的乳腺移植培养发现 ,给奶牛饲喂 trans- 10 ,cis- 12 - CL A后 ,脂肪合成能力降低 82 % ,乙酸氧化为 CO2 减少 6 1% ;同时 ,灌注 trans- 10 ,cis- 12 - CL A还使上述几种酶的 m

Rumen microbiota-host transcriptome interaction mediates the protective effects of trans-10,cis-12 CLA on facilitating weaning transition of lambs

Developing alternatives to antibiotics for prevention of gastrointestinal dysbiosis in early-weaning farmed animals is urgently needed.This study was to explore the potential effects of trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid(CLA)on maintaining ruminal homeostasis of young ruminants during the weaning transition period.Thirty neonatal lambs were selected(6 lambs per group)and euthanized for rumen microbial and epithelial analysis.The lambs were weaned at 28 d and experienced the following 5 treatments:euthanized on d 28 as the pre-weaning control(CON0),fed starter feed for 5(CON5)or 21(CON21)d,fed starter feed with 1%of CLA supplemented for 5(CLA5)or 21(CLA21)d.Results showed that the average daily weight gain and dry matter intake were significantly higher in CLA5 than CON5 group.As compared with the CON5 and CON21 group,the relative abundances of volatile fatty acid(VFA)producing bacteria including Bacteroides,Treponema,Parabacteroides and Anaerovibrio,as well as the concentrations of acetate,butyrate and total VFA were significantly increased in CLA5 and CLA21 group,respectively.Integrating microbial profiling and epithelial transcriptome results showed that 7 downregulated inflammatory signaling-related host genes IL2RA,CXCL9,CD4,CCR4,LTB,SPP1,and BCL2A1 with CLA supplementation were significantly negatively correlated with both VFA concentration and VFA producing bacteria,while 3(GPX2,SLC27A2 and ALDH3A1)and 2(GSTM3 and GSTA1)upregulated metabolism-related genes,significantly positively correlated with either VFA concentration or VFA producing bacteria,respectively.To confirm the effects of CLA on epithelial signal transduction,in vitro experiment was further conducted by treating rumen epithelial cells without or with IL-17A+TNF-αfor 12 h after pretreatment of 100μM CLA or not(6 replicates per treatment).The results demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effect of CLA via suppressing the protein expression of NF-кB p-p65/p65 with the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARγ).In conclusion,CLA supplementation enhanced the ruminal microbiota-driven transcriptional regulation in healthy rumen epithelial development via rumen VFA production,and CLA may therefore serve as an alternative way to alleviate early-weaning stress and improve physiological and metabolic conditions of young ruminants.

Cis-12-Oxo-Phytodienoic Acid Stimulates Rice Defense Response to a Piercing-Sucking Insect

The brown planthopper （BPH, Nilaparvata lugens） is a destructive, monophagous, piercing-sucking insect pest of rice. Previous studies indicated that jasmonic acid （JA） positively regulates rice defense against chewing insect pests but negatively regulates it against the piercing-sucking insect of BPH. We here demonstrated that overexpression of allene oxide cyclase （AOC） but not OPR3 （cis-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid （OPDA） reductase 3, an enzyme adjacent to AOC in the JA synthetic pathway） significantly increased rice resistance to BPH, mainly by reducing the feeding activity and survival rate. Further anal- ysis revealed that plant response to BPH under AOC overexpression was independent of the JA pathway and that significantly higher OPDA levels stimulated rice resistance to BPH. Microarray analysis identified multiple candidate resistance-related genes underAOCoverexpression. OPDA treatment stimulated the resistance of radish seedlings to green peach aphid Myzus persicae, another piercing-sucking insect. These results imply that rice resistance to chewing insects and to sucking insects can be enhanced simultaneously through AOC-mediated increases of JA and OPDA and provide direct evidence of the potential application of OPDA in stimulating plant defense responses to piercing-sucking insect pests in agriculture.