Exploration of the “Living” Protection of Historic Blocks in South of the Yangtze River——A Case Study of Ancient Shajiabang Town, Changshu City

Historic blocks that focus only on protection of tangible constructed environment have shown various disadvantages and gradually lost their originality, according to the investigation. Protection of historic blocks should attach more importance to maintaining original lifestyles and community customs, protecting intangible contents and cultural diversity. The authors proposed that protection of historic blocks should follow the principle of "putting protection and repair on the top priority, using reasonably" and stress the "living" protection. There are three patterns of "living" protection, specifically, joint participation of local residents, construction of education base, moderate tourism development. Vitality of local economy can be enhanced and social humanistic environment protected effectively by improving the locals' living environment, so as to show true care for the people living in the historic block, and bring historic blocks to the real life.

Variations and net transport of dissolved inorganic nutrients in the South Passage of the Changjiang(Yangtze River) Estuary

Dissolved inorganic nutrient elements were analyzed from the samples collected in the South Passage of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary in March 2003, including NH4+, NO3-, NO2- and PO43-. The water samples were collected with a Niskin sampler hourly at the near-surface, middle and near-bottom depths at the three stations -A1, A2 and A3-during two complete tidal cycles of neap tide and spring tide. Results showed that 1) the concentrations of NH4+, NO3- and NO2- were a little higher respectively during the neap tide than those during the spring tide, while PO43- showed an opposite trend, and each was higher in the ebb tide than in the flood tide, either for the neap tidal cycle or the spring tidal cycle; 2) higher stratification of the nutrients existed obviously in this area, with the concentrations of which increased from the bottom to the surface, especially for NH4+ and NO3-; 3) the coefficient of variation (C.V.) values of all dissolved inorganic nutrients varied from 4.06% to 36.8% beyond different influences of the tidal current and Changjiang runoff; 4) with increasing suspended matter in the water column, the concentrations of PO43- became lower in the filtered water; and 5) the total transport of each tidal cycle was much more in the spring tide than in the neap tide, and the positive values indicated that the nutrients had been exported to the East China Sea. Studies on the variations and net transport of dissolved inorganic nutrients in the South Passage of the Changjiang Estuary will provide the scientific basis for the study of the mechanism of red tide in the East China Sea.

Aesthetic Features of Leaking Windows in Traditional Gardens in South of the Yangtze River

Gardening style in south of the Yangtze River was reviewed, and aesthetic features of local gardens were summarized as full of humanistic connotations, modeling after the nature, graceful and free from vulgarity, refined and refreshing, implying profound significance in detailed designs, integrated virtual and real scenery. On this basis, form and meaning of leaking windows in the gardens were analyzed, and artistic means of designing leaking windows were summarized from the perspectives of leaking through scenery and borrowed scenery, virtual and real scenery, in-motion and in-position scenery.

Impact of urban expansion on regional temperature change in the Yangtze River Delta

Based on non-radiance-calibrated DMSP/OLS nighttime light imagery from 1992 to 2003, urban land area statistical data, meteorological data and land surface temperature data retrieved by MODIS and NOAA/AVHRR data, the influence of urbanization on regional climatic trend cf temperature in the Yangtze River Delta （YRD） was analyzed. Conclusions are as follows： 1） There is a significant urbanization process from 1992 to 2003 in the YRD. Four city clusters of Nanjing-Zhenjiang-Yangzhou, Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou, Shanghai and Hangzhou Bay form a zigzag city belt. The increase rate of annual mean air temperature in city-belt is 0.28-0.44℃/10a from 1991 to 2005, which is far larger than that of non-city-belt. 2） The urban heat island （UHI） effect on regional mean air temperature in different seasons is summer〉autumn〉spring〉winter. 3） The UHI intensity and the urban total population logarithm are creditably correlated. 4） The UHI effect made the regional annual mean air temperature increased 0.072℃ from 1961 to 2005, of which 0.047℃ from 1991 to 2005, and the annual maximum air temperature increased 0.162℃, of which 0.083℃ from 1991 to 2005. All these indicating that the urban expansion in the YRD from 1991 to 2005 may be regarded as a serious climate signal.

Spatial Pattern and Heterogeneity of Port & Shipping Service Enterprises in the Yangtze River Delta,2002–2016

Using the ‘theoretical hypothesis—empirical study—case verification' method, this paper studies the spatial distribution and differentiation of port & shipping service enterprises(PSSE), as well as the variation process and underlying mechanism in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD). First, through inductive and deductive reasoning, we propose the following hypothesis: the regional distribution of different types of PSSE would show different spatial agglomeration-decentralization tendency; and there would be distinct regional differentiation in the industrial structure of the enterprises. Second, based on data obtained from enterprises, empirical research is conducted using Gini coefficient and spatial interpolation simulation methods. Results show that: 1) The overall enterprise distribution is decentralized within a city. 2) Different types of enterprises show different spatial agglomeration-decentralization tendencies. At 3000 m×3000 m grid scale, there is an agglomeration tendency along seas and rivers in the spatial distribution of enterprises. Shanghai has been identified consistently as a hot spot. 3) There is significant regional differentiation in 12 port cities with respect to the industrial structures of enterprises. Finally, the transportization and the increase of shipping service demand, the globalization and the expansion of multinational corporate activities, the hierarchization and the cooperation among port cities as well as the decentralization and the behavioral difference between the central and local states can be seen as main driving mechanism of the spatial phenomenon.

Research on the Seismic Activity of the Lower Yangtze River-South Yellow Sea Seismic Zone

The Lower Yangtze River-South Yellow Sea Seismic Zone,located at the southeast of the Northern China Seismic Zone, characterized by moderate-strong earthquakes, is an intensive earthquake zone,which is controlled by a series of faults within the Lower Yangtze River-South Yellow Sea Seismic Zone. This article counts and calculates the bvalue,V 4 and energy density value of medium-small earthquakes by taking full advantage of the latest data from regional seismic stations,reviews data of historical earthquakes and seismic structure,and discusses the relationship between spatial distribution of the b-value, historical strong earthquakes and spatial distribution of energy density of medium-small earthquakes,and further investigates the seismic activity of the Lower Yangtze River- South Yellow Sea Seismic Zone. This article obtains seismic activity parameters of the Lower Yangtze River-South Yellow Sea Seismic Zone as calculation parameters for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis,and discusses the trend of this seismic zone in the next one hundred years and deduces the potential seismic hazard region within this seismic zone,which provides references and methods for long-term prediction on seismic activity. The research results are significant to seismic zoning, seismic safety evaluation of engineering sites and long-term prediction of seismic activity.

The Relationship of Land-Ocean Thermal Anomaly Difference with Mei-yu and South China Sea Summer Monsoon

Based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data for the period of 1948-2004 and the monthly rainfall data at 160 stations in China from 1951 to 2004, the relationships among the land-ocean temperature anomaly difference in the mid-lower troposphere in spring （April-May）, the mei-yu rainfall in the Yangtze River- Huaihe River basin, and the activities of the South China Sea summer monsoon （SCSSM） are analyzed by using correlation and composite analyses. Results show that a significant positive correlation exists between mei-yu rainfall and air temperature in the middle latitudes above the western Pacific, while a significant negative correlation is located to the southwest of the Baikal Lake. When the land-ocean thermal anomaly difference is stronger in spring, the western Pacific subtropical high （WPSH） will be weaker and retreat eastward in summer （June-July）, and the SCSSM will be stronger and advance further north, resulting in deficient moisture along the mei-yu front and below-normal precipitation in the mid and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and vice versa for the weaker difference case. The effects and relative importance of the land and ocean anomalous heating on monsoon variability is also compared. It is found that the land and ocean thermal anomalies are both closely related to the summer circulation and mei-yu rainfall and SCSSM intensity, whereas the land heating anomaly is more important than ocean heating in changing the land-ocean thermal contrast and hence the summer monsoon intensity.

Urban Development and Water Management in the Yangtze River Delta

Throughout the history of the world, the development of the cities are related to the large water systems and the ocean. Where the river is abundant, the trade and regional centres could be formed. However, along with the prosperity of the water-cities, massive urban construction and environmental issues are enormous challenges in human process. A “scientific” urban planning, “Sponge City”, “Resilient City”, regional and urban culture and characteristics get more and more attention. The theme of “water and city” is clearly of great historical value and practical significance for the new resilient urban and water management strategies. The paper will summarize characteristics of geographical, historical, socio-cultural and political realms in metropolitan deltas and the historical governance as well as the recent developments in the Yangtze River Delta. It will introduce urban development and water management in four water cities: the canal and the city-Yangzhou, the river and the city-Nanjing, the lake and the city-Suzhou and the sea and the city-Shanghai. And then it will analyze the inner motivation of the interaction between water and cities in Yangtze River Delta. Furthermore, learning from successful historical experiences, the paper will provide suggestions for future sustainable urban development.

Revisiting the Second EOF Mode of Interannual Variation in Summer Rainfall over East China

The second EOF（EOF2） mode of interannual variation in summer rainfall over East China is characterized by inverse rainfall changes between South China（SC） and the Yellow River-Huaihe River valleys（YH）.However,understanding of the EOF2 mode is still limited.In this study,the authors identify that the EOF2 mode physically depicts the latitudinal variation of the climatological summer-mean rainy belt along the Yangtze River valley（YRRB）,based on a 160-station rainfall dataset in China for the period 1951-2011.The latitudinal variation of the YRRB is mostly attributed to two different rainfall patterns：one reflects the seesaw（SS） rainfall changes between the YH and SC（SS pattern）,and the other features rainfall anomalies concentrated in SC only（SC pattern）.Corresponding to a southward shift of the YRRB,the SS pattern,with above-normal rainfall in SC and below-normal rainfall in the YH,is related to a cyclonic anomaly centered over the SC-East China Sea region,with a northerly anomaly blowing from the YH to SC;while the SC pattern,with above-normal rainfall in SC,is related to an anticyclonic anomaly over the western North Pacific（WNP）,corresponding to an enhanced southwest monsoon over SC.The cyclonic anomaly,related to the SS pattern,is induced by a near-barotropic eastward propagating wave train along the Asian upper-tropospheric westerly jet,originating from the mid-high latitudes of the North Atlantic.The anticyclonic anomaly,for the SC pattern,is related to suppressed rainfall in the WNP.

Wet-Dry Runoff Correlation in Western Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project,China

The Western Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is an important trans-basin diversion project to transfer water from the upstream Yangtze River and its tributaries(water-exporting area), to the upstream of the Yellow River(waterimporting area). The long-term hydrological data from 14 stream gauging stations in the Western Route area and techniques including the pre-whitening approach, non-parametric test, Bayes, law, variance analysis extrapolation, and Wavelet Analysis are applied to identify the streamflow characteristics and trends, streamflow time series cross-correlations, wetness-dryness encountering probability, and periodicities that occurred over the last 50 years. The results show that the water-exporting area, waterimporting area, and the stretch downstream of the water-exporting have synchronization in high–low flow relationship, whereas they display nonsynchronization in long-term evolution. This corresponds to the complicated and variable climate of the plateau region. There is no obvious increasing or decreasing trend in runoff at any gauging station. The best hydrological compensation probability for rivers where water is diverted is about 25% to 10%, and those rivers influenced significantly by diversion are the Jinsha and Yalong rivers. Proper planning and design of compensation reservoirs for the water-exporting area and stretch downstream of the waterexporting area can increase the hydrological compensation possibility from water-exporting area to the water-importing area, and reduce the impact on the stretch of river downstream of the waterexporting area.

A comparison study of summer-time synoptic-scale waves in South China and the Yangtze River basin using the TRMM Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis daily product

Summer-time synoptic-scale waves in South China and the Yangtze River basin are quantified and compared by means of analyzing the 6-year (1998―2004) TRMM Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) daily product. An innovative 3-dimensional spectrum analysis method is applied. The results indicate that synoptic-scale waves appearing in South China prominently propagate westward within a zonal wavenumber range of 9―21 and a frequency range of-0.12―-0.22 cycles day-1, while those in the Yangtze River basin primarily move eastward with the same characteristic wavenumbers of 9―21, but within a frequency range of 0.2―0.29 cycles day?1. Zonal and meridional distributions, and seasonal variations of these waves are further explored and compared. It shows that summer-time synoptic-scale waves in the South China result from the northward migration and oscillation of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the western Pacific, whereas the ones in the Yangtze River basin are generally related to the synoptic troughs within the westerly flow, originating from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Analysis of city centrality based on entropy weight TOPSIS and population mobility:A case study of cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt

Based on statistical data and population flow data for 2016,and using entropy weight TOPSIS and the obstacle degree model,the centrality of cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt(YREB)together with the factors influencing centrality were measured.In addition,data for the population flow were used to analyze the relationships between cities and to verify centrality.The results showed that:(1)The pattern of centrality conforms closely to the pole-axis theory and the central geography theory.Two axes,corresponding to the Yangtze River and the Shanghai-Kunming railway line,interconnect cities of different classes.On the whole,the downstream cities have higher centrality,well-defined gradients and better development of city infrastructure compared with cities in the middle and upper reaches.(2)The economic scale and size of the population play a fundamental role in the centrality of cities,and other factors reflect differences due to different city classes.For most of the coastal cities or the capital cities in the central and western regions,factors that require long-term development such as industrial facilities,consumption,research and education provide the main competitive advantages.For cities that are lagging behind in development,transportation facilities,construction of infrastructure and fixed asset investment have become the main methods to achieve development and enhance competitiveness.(3)The mobility of city populations has a significant correlation with the centrality score,the correlation coefficients for the relationships between population mobility and centrality are all greater than 0.86(P<0.01).The population flow is mainly between high-class cities,or high-class and low-class cities,reflecting the high centrality and huge radiating effects of high-class cities.Furthermore,the cities in the YREB are closely linked to Guangdong and Beijing,reflecting the dominant economic status of Guangdong with its geographical proximity to the YREB and Beijing's enormous influence as the national political and cultural center,respectively.

Observational and Modeling Studies of Impacts of the South China Sea Monsoon on the Monsoon Rainfall in the Middle-Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River During Summer

Based on the ERA-40 and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data,the NOAA Climate Prediction Center＇s merged analysis of precipitation（CMAP）,and the fifth-generation PSU/NCAR Mesoscale Model version 3（MM5v3）,we defined a monsoon intensity index over the East Asian tropical region and analyzed the impacts of summer（June-July） South China Sea（SCS） monsoon anomaly on monsoon precipitation over the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River（MLRYR） using both observational data analysis and numerical simulation methods.The results from the data analysis show that the interannual variations of the tropical monsoon over the SCS are negatively correlated with the southwesterly winds and precipitation over the MLRYR during June-July.Corresponding to stronger（weaker） tropical monsoon and precipitation,the southwesterly winds are weaker（stronger） over the MLRYR,with less（more） local precipitation.The simulation results further exhibit that when changing the SCS monsoon intensity,there are significant variations of monsoon and precipitation over the MLRYR.The simulated anomalies generally consist with the observations,which verifies the impact of the tropical monsoon on the monsoon precipitation over the MLRYR.This impact might be supported by certain physical processes.Moreover,when the tropical summer monsoon is stronger,the tropical anomalous westerly winds and positive precipitation anomalies usually maintain in the tropics and do not move northward into the MLRYR,hence the transport of water vapor toward southern China is weakened and the southwest flow and precipitation over southern China are also attenuated.On the other hand,the strengthened tropical monsoon may result in the weakening and southward shift of the western Pacific subtropical high through self-adjustment of the atmospheric circulation,leading to the weakening of the monsoon flows and precipitation over the MLRYR.

Simulation and Analysis about the Effects of Geopotential Height Anomaly in Tropical and Subtropical Region on Droughts or Floods in the Yangtze River Valley and North China

Previous study comes to the conclusion： based on the anomalies of the South Asian high （SAH）, 100-hPa geopotential height, and 100-hPa circulation over tropical and subtropical regions, we can predict precipitation anomaly in the Yangtze River Valley and North China. To test its validity, a series of experiments have been designed and operated, which include controlled experiment, sensitivity experiment （which has added anomalies into 100-hPa geopotential height and wind field）, and four-composite experiments. Experiments based on the composed initial field such as EPR-CF, EPR-CD, EPR-HF, and EPR-HD, can reproduce the floods or droughts in the Yangtze River Valley and North China. It suggests that anomalies of the SAH, 100- hPa geopotential height, and circulation over tropical and subtropical regions may probably imply summer precipitation anomalies in the two regions. Sensitivity experiment results show that anomalies of the SAH, 100-hPa geopotential height, and southwest flow in the previous period is a signal of droughts or floods for the following summer in the Yangtze River Valley and North China. And it is also one of the factors that have impact on summer precipitation anomaly in the two regions. Positive anomaly of 100-hPa geopotential height and the anomalous intensifying of the SAH and southwest flow will induce floods in the Yangtze River Valley and droughts in North China; while negative anomaly of 100-hPa geopotential height and anomalous weakening of the SAH and southwest flow will induce droughts in the Yangtze River Valley and floods in North China.

Study on the City Form of the Yangtze River Delta Region

The Yangtze River Delta is a rapiddeveloping region in China. With fast economicgrowth, it is facing many environmental problems.This paper discusses the major problems and proposessome strategies for its future development.

长江中下游城市内涝与雨季污染协同治理对策

针对长江中下游城市内涝与雨季污染协同治理的突出问题,对城市水安全、雨季水体返黑返臭风险和河湖水生态退化三方面存在的问题进行了论述。发现长江中下游城市河网密度高、降水量大、暴雨多发,同时人口密集、经济发展水平高,内涝、污染、生态退化等水问题突出;城市内涝频发,雨季污染造成某些城市水体局部返黑返臭,严重影响城市水环境品质,成为制约长江中下游城市绿色发展的重要瓶颈问题。提出了建立三级内涝协同防治体系、构建城市“绿-灰-蓝”设施耦合工程体系、协同推进水体品质提升与生态修复等建议。