An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of the Contract Book of the Civil Code on Labor Dispute Trial Practices:A Study of Four Hundred Judgments

Interpretation(I)of the Supreme People’s Court of Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Labor Dispute Cases allows for the application of pertinent laws and regulations,including the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the“Civil Code”),in labor dispute cases.This has resolved the controversy over the relationship between civil law and labor law in academic and practical communities.In view of this development,we examined four hundred judicial documents,analyzing the focal points of disputes,the reasoning behind judgments,applicable laws,and judgment results.Our study identified seven impacts of the Contract Book of the Civil Code on labor dispute trial practices,exploring the underlying logic behind these changes and proposing policy suggestions to promote consistent judgments across jurisdictions,enhance judicial credibility,and encourage employers to govern enterprises in compliance with the law while empowering employees to safeguard their rights in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.

Realization of the Right to Economic Assistance of Women with Disabilities in Divorce from the Perspective of the Civil Code

Protecting the equal human rights of persons with disabilities is an important part of human rights protection in China.The Marriage law Amendment in 2001 focused on the economic assistance system for divorce relief for a party unable maintain the local basic standard of living.The Civil Code has adjusted and expanded the system,stipulating that one party can ask for financial help from the other party if the party can’t maintain a reasonable living after divorce.To a certain extent,this economic assistance should include the assistance to the party whose living standard has decreased significantly after divorce and the party who has made more sacrifices and contribution to the marriage during the marriage.Although the economic assistance system for divorce stipulated in the Civil Code does not specifically address unequal treatment or discrimination against women with disabilities,since women with disabilities are more vulnerable after divorce,they are more likely to put forward economic assistance claims after a divorce,be more dependent on others physically and psychologically,and find it more difficult to obtain employment.Social security for women with disabilities is still insufficient and compared with other subjects,women with disabilities are likely to be in an unequal position in the realization of their right to economic assistance in divorce.Therefore,it is necessary to put forward reasonable legal interpretations and application suggestions for the relevant provisions in the Civil Code,so as to fully realize the economic assistance rights of women with disabilities in divorce,and reflect the care and protection of the human rights of women with disabilities in the Civil Code.

Human Rights Implications of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China

Putting the people first in human rights protection is the most distinctive feature of the outlook on human rights in contemporary China. The codification of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China reflects the people’s legislation for themselves, which is guided by the principle of putting the people first in its external system and internal values. Functionally, the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China reflects the obligation of the country to protect human rights, constructs the framework relationship between the country and individual people, and perfects the mechanism for human rights protection. The continuous expansion of the types, contents, and functions of civil rights in the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China is required by the broad scope of human rights, with an aim to realize a happy life for the people, the most important human rights, and protect people’s personal rights, property rights, and right to dignity through specific rules. The universal sharing of human rights requires the universality of the subjects of civil rights. The equal sharing of human rights requires the equality of forms of civil rights protection. Meanwhile, it further requires the substantive equality of civil rights protection. Attention is paid to protecting the rights and interests of specific groups in external and embedded ways.

宪法视野下的婚检制度变革与完善——基于《民法典》第1053条告知义务的履行

《民法典》第1053条对禁婚疾病传统作出重大调整,成为新时代背景下婚检制度设计的重要法律依据。在婚姻宪法保护框架下,“婚姻自由—私人告知—自愿婚检”的传统思路忽略了比“婚姻自由保护”更为根本的“婚姻传统功能保护”。婚姻的公共性及解决相关司法实践难题的客观需要,使得婚检融入履行环节成为可能。从《宪法》到《民法典》再到《婚姻登记条例》,民法典时代婚检制度设计应沿循“婚姻保护—法定告知—弱强制婚检”设计思路,采取“程序强制+形式审查”模式,即当事人于婚前相互告知专业健康检查结论,婚姻登记机关仅要求当事人填写知晓声明并进行必要口头提示而不对告知内容及其真实性进行实质审查。

养老保障视域下《民法典》赡养义务体系化之论

《民法典》使赡养义务体系化,但相关解释论的缺失影响了赡养义务功能的实现。为此,需要根植法律体系、立足社会现实,构建赡养义务体系解释论。以生存保障功能为起点,经由实践演进、理论沿革与条文修改,总则性赡养义务条款发展出全面性内涵。将赡养理解为全面性赡养,是《民法典》赡养义务实质体系化的基础。以合理性与可行性为考量,需要界分法律性赡养与道德性赡养,且子女、孙子女、外孙子女的强制性赡养义务应被限制为物质性赡养。而在以被赡养人为中心的理念下,孙子女、外孙子女赡养义务虽属次生补位性质的义务,但其履行基准不宜与子女赡养义务有所区分。有关丧偶儿媳、女婿赡养义务的条款属于权利取得条款,具有激励性、倡导性作用,其伦理基础是继承人与被继承人之间形成的家庭性、道德性关系,因而其要件不宜限定为物质性要素,而应综合考虑物质性赡养、精神性赡养、照料、保护等要素。

生态环境标准“入法”反思——基于71例生态环境损害判例的实证分析

在司法实践中,生态环境标准被纳入《中华人民共和国民法典》第一千二百三十四条、第一千二百三十五条之“国家规定”,用于生态环境损害案件的审理,国家和地方生态环境标准均有适用,主要包括污染物排放标准和生态环境质量标准。在违反生态环境标准的同时,需要造成生态环境损害,才会被认定为违反“国家规定”。生态环境标准对事实认定和法律适用产生多重影响,为深入理解这一现象,以卢曼的系统沟通理论为分析框架,基于71例生态环境损害判例,阐释由生态环境标准引起的各个系统间的互动过程,发挥法律系统相较于其他社会子系统“观察之观察”的优势。目前,生态环境标准“入法”存在生态环境标准适用的矛盾与空白导致生态环境损害赔偿不足或过度赔偿,欠缺环境公共利益与其他公共利益综合考量,过于依赖虚拟治理成本计算生态环境损害赔偿数额的问题。针对这些问题,提出以下建议:明确划定纳入“国家规定”之生态环境标准的边界及其划分标准,以确保标准的统一性和可操作性;通过完善程序和实体规则,在生态环境标准的司法适用中促进“事实”与价值的有机融合,平衡多种价值冲突;改进生态环境损害鉴定、评估及其司法适用的方法和流程,同时适时更新质量较高的生态环境标准及司法解释。

On the“News Exception”in Personal Information Protection

Protection of personal information is a significant issue in the construction of legal systems in various countries in the information age.Introducing a balanced approach for protecting personal information is an important goal of basic human rights protection and data legislation.Personal information protection involves comprehensive considerations among various values,and the balanced structure between personal information rights and other rights systems has become the key to legislation on personal information protection.The“news exception”is a prominent example representing the balanced structure of personal information protection.As a societal instrument,news not only pursues commercial value but also advocates freedom of expression and public value.There exists a natural tension between news and personal information protection.The“news exception”of the balanced structure has become a fundamental requirement and important connotation for constructing a system for protecting personal information.The balanced structure of the“news exception”requires a reasonable definition of the concept and purpose of news,and both the self-discipline within the news industry and the judicial intervention are necessary factors.China has preliminarily completed the top-level legislative design of personal information protection through laws such as the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China(PRC)and the Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China.However,the balanced mechanism of the“news exception”has not yet been fully established in China.A“news exception”based on the ideas of balance and the improvement of the institutional system is the fundamental principle for the development of China’s personal information protection system.

“法律的其他规定”所生之债解释论

《民法典》第一百一十八条第二款规定的“法律的其他规定”所生之债,是指因合同、侵权行为、无因管理和不当得利以外的民事法律事实而发生的债,它不是一种债的具体类型,而是形态各异的债的统称。“法律的其他规定”所生之债分布在民法典、民商事特别法以及公法等广阔的法律领域,既有法定之债,也有意定之债,它们与合同之债、侵权行为之债、无因管理之债和不当得利之债共同构成债的体系,体现了债的体系的开放性。

On the Legislative Concept and New Rules of the System of Marriage and Family in China's Civil Code

Twenty-four new or revised systems or rules have been incorporated in the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China for the purpose of strengthening the State's protection of marriage and family,promoting development of family civilization,and respecting the autonomy of the parties to marriage and family.Furthermore,they are designed for advancing equal marriage and family status,implementing the principle for the best interests of children,and protecting the rights and interests of the weak in marriage and family.In the Marriage and Family Section of the Civil Code,the Chapter 1“General”has got the new principle of the State protecting marriage and family,new advisory rule for promoting development of marriage and family civilization,and new principle for protecting the best interest of adoptees.Moreover,it has defined the types of relatives,close relatives and family members.In the Chapter 2“Marriage,”the lawful circumstances for prohibiting marriage and for invalidating marriage are reduced,the scheme of revoking a marriage is revised and supplemented;the obligation of telling the truth about major diseases,and the right for the innocent party to claim damages for an invalid or revoked marriage,are added.In the Chapter 3“Family Relations,”the rules of husband and wife's family agency right and its restriction,the rules of marital common debt determination,the rules of marital common property split,and the rule of litigation for the confirmation and denial of parent-child relationship,are added;in the Chapter 4“Divorce,”the pre-divorce coolingoff period and the time for dissolution of marriage relationship are added,the legal circumstances for divorce in litigation,the rules for dealing with child support during divorce,and the principle of splitting the common property of divorced couples are supplemented,the applicable conditions of divorce financial compensation and divorce financial assistance are modified,and the legal circumstances for divorce damage compensation is increased;in the Chapter 5“Adoption,”the age of adoptees and the number of adopted children are relaxed,the conditions of adopters are revised,and the adoption evaluation rules are added.

浅谈离婚冷静期制度设置

我国《民法典婚姻家庭编》增加了离婚冷静期制度,立法者创设离婚冷静期制度的目的是缓解人们仓促离婚的现象。但目前离婚冷静期制度在实施过程中仍存在诸多困境,比如有些人对于《民法典婚姻家庭编》是否应规定诉讼离婚冷静期制度上存在分歧,离婚冷静期制度是否需要建立相应的配套制度还存有争议。为此,通过分析离婚冷静期制度的价值为视角,论证《民法典》设立离婚冷静期制度的合理性,并通过借鉴国外离婚冷静期制度经验,主张在制度实施过程中应区分适用,推进离婚冷静期限内权利义务关系的适时变动,建立辅助的配套制度,以确保我国离婚冷静期制度在实践中能够更好地实施。

从“他塑”走向“自塑”:《民法典》术语系统特征及法治形象建构

长期以来,中国的法治形象由西方“他者”的话语进行塑造,无法准确、完整地表达和阐释中国的法治实践。要“自塑”中国当代法治形象,关键是有效地传播中国的法治话语。《民法典》是“自塑”中国法治形象的重要话语资源,其术语系统是话语建构的基础。《民法典》的核心术语系统、权利术语系统、多源术语系统和文本术语系统分别呈现出语符表征性、知识系统性、概念丰富性和形态生成性的系统特征。这些术语系统特征从话语主题凸显、话语逻辑构建、话语内容充实和话语形态生成四个方面,对《民法典》话语体系的建构发挥了基础性作用,塑造了具备人文之性、系统之态、多彩之色和科学之形的中国当代法治形象。

试论中国民法学自主知识体系的构建

《民法典》的颁布为中国民法学知识体系的构建提供了依据和准绳,中国民法学自主知识体系应当体现本土性、借鉴性、原创性、时代性、科学性、实践性等特点。构建中国民法学自主知识体系应当以《民法典》的体系为基础,分别构建物权、合同、人格权、婚姻家庭、继承、侵权责任的制度体系。中国民法学自主知识体系的构建应当以民事权益为中心,以私法自治和人文关怀为价值。同时,民法学研究要面向高科技、大数据时代,面向市场经济,面向中国实际需要,从而构建中国民法学知识体系。

马克思恩格斯婚姻家庭思想的时代价值旨归——以《民法典·婚姻家庭编》为中心的考察

马克思恩格斯婚姻家庭思想为中国婚姻家庭历次立法和理论研究指明了根本方向,其基于唯物史观阐明了婚姻家庭的发展动力与历史作用、道德基础与伦理本质以及核心功能与目标设想。但是,随着全球化与现代化进程的推进,婚姻家庭的观念、结构和模式等发生了巨变。因此,作为时代精神的精华,探讨马克思恩格斯婚姻家庭思想的时代价值旨归,对《民法典》时代中国婚姻家庭法制的推进具有重要意义。“婚姻家庭受国家保护”“婚姻自由”“一夫一妻”“男女平等”“保护妇女、未成年人、老人、残疾人合法权益”构成了马克思恩格斯婚姻家庭思想在《民法典》时代的制度价值主线。此外,在马克思恩格斯婚姻家庭思想的指导下,通过立法回应现实中婚姻家庭领域的突出问题也尤为必要。

“推动绿色发展”:民法典的贡献与使命

党的二十大报告提出要“推动绿色发展,促进人与自然和谐共生”,站在人与自然和谐共生的高度进行科学谋划,为推进美丽中国建设、实现全面建设社会主义现代化国家提供了价值引领和有力支撑。《民法典》作为“社会生活百科全书”,对绿色发展的时代需求做出了积极回应和应有贡献,在环境法典编纂背景下,《民法典》的落地实施肩负着推动绿色发展、建设美丽中国的时代使命,应当积极发挥《民法典》绿色规范体系的制度功效。

《民法典》背景下医学影像学科医疗法律风险管理研究

医学影像学科具有科技含量高、漏诊和误诊率高的特点,近年来成为医疗纠纷发生率高的医疗技术性科室。作者应用文献研究法,并提取某三甲医院2020年1月〜2022年6月医学影像学科医疗纠纷投诉案例进行分析,探讨现行《民法典》背景下,医学影像学科面临的法律风险,并提出相应的防范措施,从根源上积极防范医疗风险的发生。

动产功能主义担保的体系化构造

《民法典》引入功能主义担保理念是动产担保制度的重大变革。依照功能主义担保理念,只要交易实际发挥担保功能,就适用统一的动产担保规则。但在物债二分的财产法体系中,既保留了不同类型的法定动产担保物权,又引进了功能主义的担保理念,事实上造成了法律体系的不协调。基于中国的立法实际,动产功能主义担保的体系化应当在物权法的财产体系下展开。功能主义担保理念对传统物权法体系造成的影响,可通过缓和物权法定以及在其他财产担保方面准用动产担保的一般规则予以化解。

论我国侵权责任的自主知识体系

我国有关侵权责任的自主知识体系集中体现于《民法典》侵权责任编,是对中华人民共和国成立之后70多年特别是改革开放40多年法治实践经验的深刻总结。侵权责任在《民法典》中独立成编,突破了国外的债编体系,作为法典末编保护之前各编规定的民事权利,是民事责任从民事义务中分离构成民事法律关系第四要素的应然发展,使民事法律关系理论和《民法典》体系更加科学,更符合时代需求。《民法典》侵权责任编继承了中华法系“和谐”的法律文化,贯彻“公正”“和谐”等社会主义核心价值观,不同于资本主义侵权法源自亚里士多德的正义论并以个人自由主义哲学为基础。侵权责任编中环境污染和生态破坏责任的规定,以习近平生态文明思想为指导,继承中国古代“天人合一”“道法自然”的观念,明确了环境污染、生态破坏的具体赔偿范围和生态修复责任,是环境与生态一体保护的独特制度。侵权责任编中的医疗侵权责任与我国以公立医院为主体的医疗体制相适应,体现的是不同于资本主义国家医师专家责任制度的医疗单位责任制度。我国《民法典》侵权责任编融汇各国侵权法的共性,又与其有以上本质区别,形成了中国自主的侵权责任知识体系。

一种适用于高速公路土建板块养护的数字化编码体系

目前高速公路管理从建设管理向大规模运营养护管理转变。虽然各运营养护相关单位、部门有开展各自业务的信息化工作,但因缺乏统一的数据标准,各业务板块之间存在信息壁垒,无法做到高效的数据贯通,实现业财融合,也与目前提倡的精细化养护、数字交通等要求有着较大的差距。本文结合高速公路管理转变的时代特点以及目前高速公路精细化养护的痛点难点,提出了适用于高速公路土建专业板块的数字化编码体系。着力解决高速公路数字化养护过程汇总存在的问题,在实现养护作业基础资料数字化的同时,也为实现数字交通建设搭建数据底座。

《民法典》绿色规范的学理阐释与具体适用——以环境法与民法的互动关系为视角

《民法典》构筑起了以绿色原则、绿色物权、绿色义务、绿色责任为基础的绿色化规范体系,实现了环境法与《民法典》在以绿色原则为价值链接、国家环保义务为宪法依据、公民环保义务为规范基础、环境侵权为关键领域四个方面的关联。绿色规范的法律适用是《民法典》所肩负的重要实践任务,具体来说,绿色原则的法律适用有赖于法官裁判理念的更新,即在接纳私权利社会义务限制理念的同时准确理解绿色原则所蕴含的环境法价值观念;物权编绿色规则的法律适用重点是处理好环境保护与物权限制之间的关系;合同编绿色规则目前的法律适用意义不大,要结合具体的实践情况将合同环保义务具体化为当事人的行为准则,必要时合同环保义务需经司法确认使其具有强制效力;侵权责任编绿色规则的法律适用难点是环境私益损害与环境公益损害出现客体的叠合时如何实现两者的分层救济,重点要做好与环境法机制的衔接。

《民法典》视域下担保制度研究

《民法典》通过“具备担保功能的条款”将担保制度扩展到所有权保留交易、融资租赁合同等契约中的非典型担保方法,并且通过修订关于流押契约或流质契约的条款,奠定了担保制度的立法基石。虽说担保制度的外延在一定程度上得以拓展,但仍有需要严格地划分担保制度和具备担保功用的机制。《民法典》中大部分具备担保功用的机制即使并非担保制度,但对担保制度的适用性仍会形成影响。独立保函应被理解为备用信贷证的替代形态;担保函和担保协议的独立性在被确认失效之后,对于担保人应当负什么性质的民事责任仍有待进一步研究。《民法典》修订了担保方式、期限的推定,在赋予质押权追及效力的基础上容许抵押财产的自由转让。但为此应适当予以限定,而其法律基础则是《民法典》对动产和权利保障制度所作的延伸。