On China’s Civil Law Codification and the Development of China’s Civil Law Scholarship

The development of the theoretical system of civil law scholarship and the codification of civil law are closely related and of promotional function to each other.The codification of civil law can promote the systematization of civil law scholarship,perfection of the value system,development and modernization of civil law studies,and the systematization of legal hermeneutics.The subjectivity of China’s civil law scholarship,i.e.,the notions of problem-orientation,nativeness,practice,the times and innovations,can be improved during China’s civil law codification.The codification of civil law can promote the development of a theoretical system of civil law scholarship with Chinese characteristics,including the development of diversified elements such as values,content,system,hermeneutics and methods of civil law.

The Notion of Efficiency in China’s Civil Law Scholarship

The pursuit of economic efficiency is the major driver for the birth of contemporary Chinese civil law.Contemporary civil law scholarship has demonstrated a serious concern for efficiency from the very beginning.However,many examples suggest that the notion of economic efficiency is often diluted or replaced by factors like civil law doctrinal scholasticism,moral notions,inertial thinking of the planned economy or the will of the leader.It has not been systematically attended to or expressed in a detailed and precise way in the contemporary civil law scholarship in China,rendering some economic judgments uneconomical.In the 21 st century,it is necessary for the civil law studies to establish a clearer and more precise notion of efficiency,to conduct more direct and accurate evaluations on civil laws’incentives on people’s behaviors and their socio-economic effects,so as to reduce the cost of social interactions and promote deeper cooperation and winwin outcome among individuals.

The Protection of the Right to Dignity in the Connection and Interaction between the Constitution and Civil Law

In the report of 19;National Congress of the Communist Party of China,General Secretary Xi Jinping said that China seeks to"accelerate development of the crime prevention and control system,combat and punish in accordance with law all illegal and criminal activities such as pornography,gambling,drug abuse,gang violence,kidnapping,and fraud,and protect people’s personal rights,property rights,and right

General Provisions of the Civil Law and Commercial Legislation: Consensus, Problems and Options——Taking Commercial Agency as an Example

In the context of the codification of China's Civil Code, the academic consensus has been to make commercial legislation systematic and establish commercial norms with proper legislative expression. Many direct and indirect commercial norms in General Provisions of the Civil Law provide evidence that civil law has been turned into commercial law. However, a general overview shows that the absence of related norms, including agency in duty, reveals that General Provisions of the Civil Law is lacking commercial law's characteristics. In addition to the Civil Code, using General Rules of Commercial Law is a relatively reasonable choice for commercial legislative arrangements, such as norms in relation to agency in duty. Taking commercial agency as an example, legislators should adopt problem-oriented and limited systematic patterns of "residue law" instead of unified patterns of codification.

General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China

In this issue we will introduce readers to the General Principles of the Civil Lave of the People’s Republic of China, which was adopted at the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People’s Congress, promulgated by order No.37 of the President of the People’s Republic of China on April 12, 1986, and effective as of January 1, 1987.This law was formulated according to the constitution and the actual situation in our country, drawing upon our practical experience in civil actirities,for the purpose of protecting the lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons and correctly adjusting civil relations,so as to meet the needs of the developing socialist modernizationThe Civil Law of the People’s Republie of China has 156 articles and 9 chapters. The chapters are:1) Basic Principles;2) Citizen (Natural Person); 3) Legal Persons; 4) Civil Law and Agencies; 5)Civil Rights; 6) Civil Liability; 7) Limitations of Action; 8) Application of Law in Civil Relations with Foreigners; and 9)

Changes in the Social Foundation and Construction of a Dual System of Civil Law

民法体系分为内在体系与外在体系，内在体系的价值取向导引外在体系，而外在体系的各个要素——概念、规范与制度构成内在体系的载体。随着社会基础的变迁，现代民法内在体系形成了意思自治、保护弱者、信赖保护与自己责任的基本原则脉络，并渗透到外在体系的概念、规范与制度中。中国民法典的制定，应结合中国社会基础，遵循民法双重体系的建构。通过定位民法中的“人”，梳理现代民法的内在体系与外在体系在物权法与债法中的体现，检讨中国民法各个具体部门法的瑕疵，以此推动中国民法典的制定。

A SUMMARY OF THE CIVIL AVIATION LAW

Early in 1979,China beganconsidering the drawing up of alaw to govern and standardize theactivities of its civil air operations. At that time,air legislation wassomething nonexistent in China.Thedraft team assembled forces totranslate the air laws of various foreigncountries,including the United States,Britain,Japan and the former SovietUnion,and the relevant internationalconventions,and conducted a deep-going study of them.They also madeinspection tours of the United States,Canada,Britain and Germany.Onthe basis of the study of and withreference to the advanced legislativepractices in foreign countries,thedraft team put forward its first draft ofthe air law in July 1983,in accordancewith the actual conditions of thecountry.It was not,however,submitted to an executive meetingof the State Council for examinationand discussion because a series ofmajor problems such as air trafficcontrol and the control over theairworthiness of aircraft,had to befurther investigated and studied.

美国生物安全信息披露豁免制度研究——以“Civil Beat Law Center诉CDC案”为例

美国在以《自由信息法案》为核心的信息披露制度体系中,通过衔接《公共卫生安全和生物恐怖主义预防和应对法案》,将生物安全信息披露豁免纳入政府信息披露豁免规则之中。本文基于Civil Beat Law Center诉CDC信息披露豁免案来分析美国生物安全信息披露豁免所涉法律适用、解释原则、运行方式等,试洞见其相关披露制度运行的特点和所存在的问题,以期能有助于国内相关的研究。

State Policies as a Source of Civil Law

国家政策对我国民事司法影响颇深。《民法通则》第6条规定的国家政策作为民法法源，其介入民事司法的路径并不合理，且会造成国家政策的裁判困境。国家政策与法律相互融合，全国人大及其常委会制定的法律、法律解释、司法解释、行政法规、自治条例、单行条例、行政规章及其他规范性文件等均可为国家政策的表现形式。国家政策的载体不同，所适用的裁判规则也不同。最高人民法院可发挥其公共政策创制功能，通过“隐性”及“显性”两种渠道引国家政策入民事裁判。

滥用管辖权异议的规制——以涉外知识产权诉讼为切入点

违背诚实信用原则的滥用管辖权异议行为应予以规制。在现行法律体系下,我国司法机关可通过管辖权异议案件的快速审理对滥用管辖权异议行为予以训诫,甚至可以在管辖权异议未决时通过实体审理等方式遏制滥用管辖权异议行为。建议《民事诉讼法》明确滥用管辖权异议的行为构成妨碍民事诉讼行为,依法应予以惩罚;同时规定受诉法院在案件管辖权异议争议未决的情形下,对是否继续进行实体审理享有自由裁量权。

彩礼返还规则司法适用的困境与突破

彩礼是古代婚姻缔结的必经程序,后作为一种民间婚嫁习俗存在已久。近年来,随着天价彩礼的出现以及离婚率的增加,彩礼返还纠纷日益增长,但立法的缺失和现有司法解释的模糊造成了司法实践的困境。通过分析《民法典》实施以来彩礼纠纷高发地区的生效判决文书,发现司法适用中普遍存在着彩礼返还范围不同、彩礼返还比例不一、认定给付人生活困难标准缺位等问题,导致同案异裁现象严重,伤害司法权威。当前,需要从明确彩礼返还范围、建立彩礼返还比例体系、确立给付人生活困难标准三个方面入手,积极建构彩礼返还规则的司法突破路径,让司法为民更加精细化。

被执行人异议之诉的逻辑基础及内在困境

在民事执行程序中,被执行人对于自身的实体权益享有救济权利,然现有执行行为异议制度无法对被执行人实体权益实现有效救济。增设被执行人异议之诉,在对被执行人实体权益提供有效救济的同时,亦会使我国执行救济体系得到进一步完善。考察《民事强制执行法(草案)》中被执行人异议之诉规定,发现存在部分执行依据的执行正当性欠缺、异议事由时间节点适用僵化以及长期存在的“执行异议前置”的程序设置争议等问题。故基于我国现有规定,在本土化执行语境之下,就被执行人异议之诉制度从争议执行依据的执行正当性审查、异议事由适用时间节点的分类处理及“径行起诉”相较于“执行异议前置”合理性考察方面提出了相应的规制建议。

法理学视阈下的生态文明法治

党的十八大以来,习近平总书记对生态文明建设作出一系列重要论述,提出“人与自然生命共同体”理念,强调人与自然关系在新高度上的辩证统一关系,让人类对人与自然之间关系的认识达到了一个全新的高度。“生态文明”成为我国的治国方略写进了宪法,标志着“生态法治”成为我国法治一项新的重要内容。“生态法治”已经成为我国法治的一个重要价值理念,成为我国社会主义法治所要追求的目标之一,是我国社会主义法治思想的升级进步。它把此前“保护环境”的制度规范上升到“法理价值”的哲学层面,从而将对我国整个法律体系带来根本性的影响。从法理学的角度阐释“生态法治”,可以丰富我国法学理论的内容,还能为“生态法治”建设提供理论指导。

民用航空法定义及其法律体系再审视

将民用航空法定义为调整民用航空活动所产生的社会关系的法律规范,这一定义应包含狭义与广义两个方面。狭义的民用航空法仅指以民用航空法或以相关航空专业命名的法律规范的总称;从广义而言,是指调整因民用航空活动所产生的社会关系的法律规范的总称,包括狭义的航空法定义以及航空活动所涉及的其他法律规范中调整民航法律关系的法律规范(规范的集合)。与之相对应的民用航空法律体系也应有狭义和广义之区别。广义民航法律体系,既包括传统的航空法律体系,也包括调整民航活动的其他主要法律规范。

生态环境概念法典化及现代化适用

环境法典之所以以“生态环境法典”命名,除了因为实务工作中“生态环境”的使用频率较高以外,更是其蕴含了深厚中国传统文化和科学合理的学科价值,但作为环境立法的基本概念,“生态环境”一词包含的内容宽泛,缺乏论证导致其概念存在模糊。在习近平总书记关于生态文明建设和法治理念的指导下,《生态环境法典》的编纂对“生态环境”内涵的进一步现代化发展提出了深刻的要求,因而在法典的编纂问题上提出了内容非汇总、人民为本质的深刻要求。“生态环境”概念的现代化发展是拥有坚定的政治基础与强大的理论武装的理论成果,是法典化过程不可或缺的理论支撑,同时满足了适度法典化的编纂要求,更是构建现代环境治理体系新目标、新任务的明确体现,是探索“生态环境”概念及其现代化发展是编纂法典的必经之路。

人类文明形态演进的生命辩证法

马克思的世界观实现了相对于旧哲学世界观的革命性变革,这就是把价值论的维度引入世界观,从而不仅回答了“世界是什么”的本体论问题,而且回答了“世界向何处去”的价值论问题。按照马克思的世界观,人类文明形态的演进本质上是人类这一物种寻求永生的过程。于是,世界历史进程便表现为人类文明形态不断演进的过程。文明形态的演进遵循辩证法原理,而人类通过文明形态的演进,展现了人类独特的生命活动形式,即生命辩证法。共产主义社会文明形态实现了人类文明中“自然法则”和“理性法则”的辩证统一,使人类这一物种的永久生存成为可能。

抚养权直接执行的理论阐释与实现路径

抚养权执行难是长期困扰司法实践的难题。《中华人民共和国民事强制执行法(草案)》所创设的抚养权直接执行制度是纾解该难题的关键举措。为保障预期立法目的的实现,应从正当性及可行性上补强理论阐释。在正当性方面,明确抚养权判决系具备执行内容的形成判决。在可行性方面,执行标的为交出子女的行为而非子女人身,直接执行并不侵害被执行人的意志自由。针对抚养权直接执行适用中如何正确考量子女意愿的困境,需要以子女对执行行为本身的认识作为判断是否继续采取直接执行的标准。据此,提出抚养权直接执行的实现路径,即赋予执行机关考量未成年子女意愿的义务;建立有效收集未成年子女真实意愿的机制;明确未成年子女“拒绝意思”的认定标准。

关于《教师法》修订中的法律责任之完善探讨

1993年《教师法》是首部以专章形式规定教师法律责任的教育法律。该部法律在具体内容、逻辑安排和体系衔接等方面还存在不足。《教师法》修订草案征求意见稿和送审稿均对法律责任章有所修订。《教师法》修订应借鉴《公务员法》《法官法》《检察官法》《人民警察法》等公务员类立法和《医师法》《律师法》等职业类立法相关规定,细化教师法律责任,推动《教师法》有效实施,以“强师”助推“教育强国”建设。