文明1(civilized)、文明2(civilization)、文明3(civitas)——论“文明”一词的三种不同含义

学术界对于“什么是文明”存有争议的原因,是把文明(civilized)、文明社会(civilization)和国家(civitas)三个不同的概念混为一谈造成的。“文明1”大致相当于英语civilized(文明的)。文化是人群的生活方式,但是不仅彬彬有礼、琴棋书画、轻歌曼舞、美味佳肴是文化,愚昧粗鲁、恶俗陋习、野风蛮舞、吃糠咽菜也是生活方式,所以文明1不完全等同于文化,而只有被认可与受推崇的文化才被称为文明。无论古今中外,作为文化的文明1都是褒义的,文明1即“文明”的本义,也是对文化的价值判断。“文明2”相当于英语civilization(文明社会),摩尔根用以指称继蒙昧社会与野蛮社会之后出现的、高于蒙昧与野蛮状态的社会阶段。作为社会形态的文明2当然比蒙昧与野蛮社会要进步,但是文明社会并非一切都是文明的,其中充斥着种种不文明的蒙昧与野蛮,所以不能说文明2就是“文明的”社会。“文明3”相当于英语civitas(国家),是中国学者根据恩格斯的“国家是文明社会的概括”得出的概念,系指继部落联盟或酋邦之后出现的社会组织形态。因为不同国家的国体与政体各不相同,有了国家之后并非一切都变得比野蛮社会更文明了,所以作为国家的文明3也不都是“文明的”国家。

Research on Improving Artistry of Exhibitions in History Museums in China

Chinese civilization,with its long and continuous history and rich cultural heritage,plays a central role in China’s dialogue with other civilizations.Therefore,it is necessary to collect and refine the defining symbols and best elements of Chinese culture and showcase them to the world;develop discourse and narrative systems with Chinese characteristics,better tell China’s stories,and make China’s voice heard.This effort can help Chinese civilization shine globally,interact with other civilizations,and promote its communication and influence worldwide.In China,history museums,as physical carriers of Chinese civilization,are an important component in developing Chinese discourse and narrative systems and an important channel to better tell China’s stories and make China’s voice heard.Improving the artistry of museum exhibitions caters to the public’s growing demand for a more enriching cultural experience and substantially promotes Chinese culture on a global scale.With the communication of Chinese civilization as the main focal point,this study investigated the current issues related to the artistry of history museum exhibitions in China and defined the artistry of history museum exhibitions and their connotations.Based on an in-depth analysis of the artistry of historical museum exhibitions within China,this paper enumerated the areas where improvements could be made to enhance exhibition artistry,intending to promote the communication of Chinese civilization.

Progress in the Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution of Water Sediment

In recent years,as China's industrialization process and urban-rural integration strategy have continued to deepen,some industrial and domestic wastewater has been discharged directly into rivers without effective treatment.This has resulted in the continuous accumulation and enrichment of pollutants in water bodies.This phenomenon results in a significant accumulation of heavy metals in the sediment of water bodies,which not only represents a significant threat to the ecological environment but also ultimately poses a risk to human health.The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of the current status of heavy metal pollution in water sediment in China.In addition,this paper analyzes the advantages and limitations of existing techniques for the harmless treatment of heavy metal pollution and forecasts the development direction of this field.

China's Maritime Governance:Practical Evolution and Theoretical Construction

Increasingly engaged in maritime governance,China has developed its distinct vision and gradually established a complete theoretical system surrounding it.In terms of discourse,China has proposed a collection of concepts and ideas including a maritime community with a shared future,the 2lst Century Maritime Silk Road,Blue Partnerships,and marine ecological civilization.In terms of connotations,China champions such values as lasting peace,common prosperity,openness and inclusiveness,and cleanness and beautifulness.Exteriorly and interiorly,we can observe the unique character of China's vision concerning maritime governance,which will continue to upgrade and bear fruit in future practices,boosting the development of Chinese maritime governance theories,multilateral maritime cooperation,and ocean-related international legislation.Guided by its vision,China is expected to contribute more to global maritime security and marine ecological civilization.

The Positive Significance of Confucian Civilization in Peace Building

The Confucian emphasis on benevolence and empathy can be applied in conflict resolution processes.When parties in conflict embrace these values,it becomes easier to find common ground,compromise,and work towards peaceful solutions.Confucian civilization,with its emphasis on ethics,harmony,and diplomacy,offers valuable contributions to peace-building efforts in the contemporary world.By promoting virtuous leadership,fostering cross-cultural understanding,and emphasizing ethical governance,Confucianism can play a positive role in achieving and maintaining global peace.Confucianism continues to exert significant influence in the contemporary world,particularly in the context of peace-building efforts.This article explores the positive significance of Confucian civilization in contributing to peace-building endeavors globally.

The Historical Position and Value Dimensions of Human Rights Civilization

Human beings are the mainstay and the ultimate goal of civilization.The history of human civilization is a continuous struggle to realize the respect,liberation,protection,and development of humanity.Human rights are an achievement of humanity and a symbol of progress,and the human rights civilization is an important component of human civilization.Understanding and interpreting human rights from the perspective of human rights civilization means that human rights are not only a concept or an idea but also a grand historical and long-term social practice.Up to now,the development of human rights civilization has roughly experienced four awakening eras:initialization,revolution,popularization,and globalization.In terms of its value dimensions,it has the characteristics of progressiveness,diversity,commonality,inclusiveness,indivisibility,openness,and so on.The historical position of human rights civilization and the development of its value dimensions have shown to the world that human rights are the common wealth of humanity,and human rights belong to all mankind;human rights are historical,concrete,and developmental;the concept of human rights is constantly evolving,and its connotations and categories are constantly expanding;achieving the free and well-rounded development of every person is the highest value realm of human rights civilization.The Chinese modernization endows Chinese civilization with modern strength and opens up new horizons for human rights civilization.The new pattern of human rights civilization to be created by Chinese modernization not only possesses the common characteristics of human rights civilization but also enjoys Chinese characteristics based on its own national conditions,enriching and developing the diversity of human rights civilization for all mankind.

Exchanges,Mutual Learning and Looking Forward to the Future The Exhibition of Oil Paintings of China and Five Central Asian Countries

Exchanges and mutual learning between the Chinese and foreign civilizations are an important part of human cultural development.The Chinese civilization adopts an all-embracing,open and inclusive attitude to understand the different views of different civilizations on the connotation of values.The ancient Silk Road has opened a new window of friendship between countries and written a new chapter in the development of mankind.

Pioneering a New Realm of Human Rights Civilization in the Chinese Path to Modernization——An Overview of the Symposium on“The Chinese Path to Modernization and the Promotion of Free and Comprehensive Human Development”

On October 14,2023,a symposium themed“The Chinese Path to Modernization and the Promotion of Free and Comprehensive Human Development”was held in Changchun,Jilin Province,China.More than fifty experts,scholars,and researchers from national institutions and universities engaged in discussions and exchanges on human rights on the Chinese path to modernization,including the path,practice,knowledge systems,and civilization forms of human rights.This symposium played a significant role in advancing the construction of the disciplinary system,academic system,and discourse system of human rights in China.

Problem Analysis and Effective Strategies of Ecological Civilization Education for Undergraduates in the New Age

The ecological civilization in the new age is one important aspect for undergraduates.We must enhance the concept of their civilization and improve the quality of civilization.Carrying out ecological civilization education in colleges and universities has a practical significance for enriching the contents of ideological and political education to realize their all-round development.Nowadays,some undergraduates lack awareness of ecological civilization and ignore its importance.For this reason,undergraduates need to pay attention to ecological civilization and improve their own ecological civilization literacy to promote the all-round development in qualities in the new age.This paper mainly analyzes the current problems in undergraduates’ecological civilization education and explores effective strategies to solve the current problems in undergraduates’ecological civilization education.The strategies include integrating ecological civilization resources,innovating methods of ecological civilization,strengthening ecological educator team construction,embodying ecological culture in campus construction and creating the atmosphere,emphasizing innovative practices for ecological civilization,strengthening publicity of social-ecological civilization,and attaching importance to family education of ecological civilization.

The Path,Trends,and Approaches of the Civilization Evolution of Rural Marriage Forms

Rural marriage has characteristics such as close relationship with labor production,deep integration of traditional culture,shy and introverted expression of subjective emotions,and illegal and rough marriage.The civilization evolution of rural marriage forms is moving towards a path that is conducive to the development of production and the pursuit of happiness for farmers,the construction of rural spiritual civilization,and the comprehensive development of rural society.This study analyzes the direction of the evolution of rural marriage form civilization,predicts the trend of rural marriage form civilization evolution,and proposes the future path of rural marriage form civilization evolution,including adhering to human’s most original value expectations of marriage life,drawing nourishment from excellent traditional Chinese culture,and continuously adjusting marriage and family policy tools to keep up with changes in the world of life.

Research on the Development Path of Green Marine Economy in the Era of Ecological Civilization

This article explores the development path of the green marine economy in the era of ecological civilization.It highlights the importance of developing a green marine economy and how it has become a global consensus.The article suggests that China should take proactive measures to optimize its marine industrial structure,promote marine scientific and technological innovation,strengthen marine resource protection and environmental governance,and enhance the competitiveness of the marine economy.The ultimate objective is to achieve sustainable development of the ocean,expand the blue economic space,and accomplish the goal of green marine economic development.

The Translation of Chinese Literature under the Theory of Translation Compensation

In order to promote the exchange of Chinese culture with foreign countries,translators bear an important mission in the process of cross-cultural communication.Although there are cultural differences,we can achieve cultural dissemination and exchange through continuous cultural dialogue.As an important way for foreign scholars to understand the history of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties in China,the translation of historical texts is crucial.Multiple typical cases are selected under the guidance of the translation theory of compensation to use relevant methods or techniques from the three levels of language,culture,and aesthetics to compensate for the loss of Li Xueqin’s The Origin of Ancient Chinese Civilization in English translation proofreading.

Characteristics and Trends of Urban Waterfront Human Settlements Based on CiteSpace

Urban waterfront human settlements have gradually become a hot topic for research in recent years.Using CiteSpace,597 publications from 2017 to 2023 that were retrieved from the Web of Science were analyzed and sorted out,and the following characteristics were found:(1)The research hotspots transitioned from thermal comfort evaluation to the functional mechanism of water bodies,and then to the impact on the environment and residents’behavior.(2)The integration of disciplines has promoted the diversification of perspectives on urban waterfront human settlements,and the content has become more concentrated in interdisciplinary fields.Research on corresponding technology and methods of urban waterfront human settlement has improved,and so has the extensiveness of the experiments.(3)The research on urban waterfront human settlement from the perspective of ecology has been improving.The research focuses more on the harmonious coexistence of ecological and cultural values and human beings.

Exploring the unique characteristics of environmental sustainability in China: Navigating future challenges

With the pace of global sustainable development,China has improved significantly in tackling environmental problems such as carbon emissions,climate change,air,water,and soil pollution,and wildlife extinction.Our study shows that despite China’s economic policy reform,several issues persist,including inequality between society and region,depletion and waste of resources,and damage to the natural environment.The study ob‐served that China shuts low-level oil and coal-based power plants to prevent air pollution,promote a zero carbon world,and reduce carbon intensity to 18.8%.The country also increased forest coverage by nearly 23.4%,declared five national parks in 2021,cleaned 98%of polluted water bodies,and improved the air qual‐ity in many big cities.A country like China has shown deep concern for environmental sustainability and has formulated many policies,laws,and regulations to prevent and conserve the environment and biodiversity and ensure sustainable economic development.This study argues that the Chinese concept of ecological civili‐zation construction adheres to global sustainable development as both pursuits of achieving sustainable conser‐vation of natural resources and improving the livelihoods of the people.Therefore,this paper reviews China’s policies toward ecological civilization(EC),which aim to create a beautiful China by 2035 on the outline of the UN Sustainable Development Goals 2030.The present study also addresses the issues the Chinese govern‐ment faces while implementing environmental sustainability.

多电子电池体系的关键技术与工程发展

1.Introduction:Opportunities for new energy systems With the rapid development of next-generation technologies-including the Internet,information technology,quantum technology,micro-nano technology,big data,and artificial intelligence-human civilization is rapidly moving toward an intelligent era(following the electrification and information age).

History dynamics of unified empire in China(770 BC to 476 BC)

The laws and regulations in human history can be revealed by computational models.From 221 before Christ(BC)to 1912 Anno Domini(AD),the unification pattern has dominated the main part of Chinese history for 2132 years.Before the emergence of the first unified empire,the Qin Empire in 221 BC,there existed the Eastern Zhou dynasty(770 BC to 221 BC).This long dynasty has two stages,and here we focus on the first stage.This Spring-Autumn stage was from 770 BC(with 148 states)to 476 BC(with 32 states).The whole country(China)is modelled as a multi‐agent system,which contains multiple local states.They behave autonomously under certain action rules(wars and conflicts),which forms the main reason for the annexations and disappearance of most states.Key factors(power,loyalty,bellicosity and alliance)have been considered in our model settings,and simulation outcomes will be monitored and collected.Eventually,an optimal solution is obtained,which well unveils the internal mechanism and statistical features of real big history.Furthermore,counterfactuals are used to explore the non‐linear effects of the key factors,which deepens the authors’understanding of civilisa-tion evolutions in human history.

Ecological Economic Analysis of the Ecological Turn in the Development of Modern Civilization

During the primitive civilization and agricultural civilization periods,the functions and structures of various elements within the ecological and economic system were able to develop synergistically.But humans were always passive in the face of nature and cannot yet break free from its constraints and oppression.During the period of industrial civilization,the contradiction between the unlimited expansion of economic system demand and the relative reduction of ecosystem supply became increasingly severe.Its development model had obvious non ecological economic characteristics,which posed a great threat to the sustainable development of human society.The ecological turn in the development of human civilization is an inevitable trend,and the gradual replacement of industrial civilization by ecological civilization will become an objective fact.Ecological civilization has overcome the non ecological economic nature of industrial civilization and established an ecological economic operation mode that promotes and transforms economic and ecological systems in both directions.It has achieved a perfect combination of ecological operation of social and economic systems and economic operation of natural ecosystems,and harmonious,coordinated,and win-win development of economic society and natural ecology.

Creating a New Era for Global Civilization Development by Deepening Exchanges and Mutual Learning

On March 15, 2023, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed for the first time the Global Civilization Initiative(GCI) at the CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-level Meeting. The GCI, like the Global Development Initiative and the Global Security Initiative, is another important public good provided by China in the new era to address common global challenges and build a shared future for humanity.

中国三大全球倡议的战略逻辑

With the answers China has found in resolving its challenges,the Global Development Initiative,Global Security Initiative,and Global Civilization Initiative have actively responded to the questions posed by the world and the times,establishing the direction for countries worldwide to jointly build a human community with a shared future.This article discusses the historical background,strategic connotations,and philosophies of these three initiatives,offering insight into their holistic approach and development perspective in assessing the world’s evolution.Furthermore,these initiatives consider both domestic and international imperatives and ensure security while pursuing development.The strategic thinking that the world should seek sustainable development through cooperation on the basis of civilizations highlights a people-centered orientation;advocates respecting others’interests in the pursuit of one’s own and advancing common interests of all;follows a result-oriented approach;promotes win–win collaborations;and emphasizes China’s contributions.Finally,the author proposes strategic pathways for implementing these global initiatives:namely,devising strategies centered on development;enhancing reciprocal learning between civilizations;avoiding excessive securitization;upholding the principle of extensive consultation,joint contribution,and shared costs and benefits;and demonstrating China’s sense of duty as a major country through pragmatic actions.

TRADE AND CULTURAL INTERACTION BETWEEN THE INDUS VALLEY AND ANCIENT NEAR EAST:A SURVEY,REVIEW,AND PERSONAL OUTLOOK

Introduction On September 20,1924,archaeologists all over the world were taken by surprise by John Marshall’s identification of a civilization as old and great as that of Mesopotamia in the Indus Valley,at the time still part of the British Empire.1 Published in the Illustrated London News,Marshall’s article was the result of preliminary excavations by Daya Ram Sahni at Harappa in 1921 and by Rakhal Das Banerjee at Mohenjo-daro in 1922.