文明1(civilized)、文明2(civilization)、文明3(civitas)——论“文明”一词的三种不同含义

学术界对于“什么是文明”存有争议的原因,是把文明(civilized)、文明社会(civilization)和国家(civitas)三个不同的概念混为一谈造成的。“文明1”大致相当于英语civilized(文明的)。文化是人群的生活方式,但是不仅彬彬有礼、琴棋书画、轻歌曼舞、美味佳肴是文化,愚昧粗鲁、恶俗陋习、野风蛮舞、吃糠咽菜也是生活方式,所以文明1不完全等同于文化,而只有被认可与受推崇的文化才被称为文明。无论古今中外,作为文化的文明1都是褒义的,文明1即“文明”的本义,也是对文化的价值判断。“文明2”相当于英语civilization(文明社会),摩尔根用以指称继蒙昧社会与野蛮社会之后出现的、高于蒙昧与野蛮状态的社会阶段。作为社会形态的文明2当然比蒙昧与野蛮社会要进步,但是文明社会并非一切都是文明的,其中充斥着种种不文明的蒙昧与野蛮,所以不能说文明2就是“文明的”社会。“文明3”相当于英语civitas(国家),是中国学者根据恩格斯的“国家是文明社会的概括”得出的概念,系指继部落联盟或酋邦之后出现的社会组织形态。因为不同国家的国体与政体各不相同,有了国家之后并非一切都变得比野蛮社会更文明了,所以作为国家的文明3也不都是“文明的”国家。

Civil3d技术在河道治理中的应用分析

为了切实加强水环境保护及水资源管理与利用,近年来我国一直在加快和加大力度落实河道治理,要想保证河道治理达到预期效果,并最大程度提高河道治理工程生态效益,首先要确保河道治理设计与施工方案的科学合理性,可见借助现代化技术手段,优化和改进河道治理设计与规划是很有必要的。基于此本文首先进行Civil3d技术的梳理与说明,继而详细分析Civil3D软件在某河道治理项目的具体应用,旨在与相关工作人员相互交流、共同探讨。

基于移动端的水工建筑物轻量化模型展示研究

针对三维水工建筑物模型在电脑端使用中存在交互能力受限、便携性差等问题,以提高水工建筑物信息化程度为目标,搭建了一个以移动端为主的三维模型展示平台,以满足水工建筑物模型在实际工程和研究中的需求。平台基于微信小程序云端与Cesium组合而成,整体研发分为3个步骤:首先是结合Revit与Civil 3D两类建模软件各自优势完成参数化建模;之后利用Cesium平台对模型纹理、数据、材质等进行压缩,完成模型的轻量化处理;最后通过云函数引用微信小程序云端中的模型,将三维模型展示在移动端,以此实现三维模型与微信小程序结合,旨在克服传统展示方式的局限性,为用户提供更加便捷、沉浸式的体验。

BIM技术在市政道路设计中的应用研究

为提高市政道路设计水平,总结了BIM技术的应用特点和实现方式,以某城市快速路为研究对象,探讨了Civil 3D软件在市政道路平纵线形设计、横断面装配、土石方计算、三维视距计算、碰撞检测、驾驶模拟等方面的具体应用,研究成果可为推动市政道路设计的转型和升级提供理论指导。

矮塔斜拉桥双肢薄壁墩0#块托架M型反力架预压技术研究

以渠江特大斜拉桥双肢薄壁墩0#块托架预压施工为研究背景,设计并提出了一种M型反力架,并采用Midas Civil建立有限元模型,对预压施工过程中M型反力架的受力和变形进行计算分析。研究表明,预压荷载作用下M型反力架的受力和变形均满足设计要求,表明该型反力架可有效保障双肢薄壁墩0#块托架预压施工的顺利进行。同时,有限元数值计算可有效应用于相关预压施工的反力架设计中。

Utilization of Basalt Saw Mud as a Spherical Porous Functional Aggregate for the Preparation of Ordinary Structure Concrete

To promote the production and application of artificial aggregates,save natural sand resources and protect the ecological environment,we evaluated the feasibility of using spherical porous functional aggregates(SPFAs) formed by basalt saw mud under autoclave curing in ordinary structural concrete.In our work,two types of prewetted functional aggregates were taken as replacements for natural aggregates with different volume substitution rates(0%,5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,and 30%) in the preparation of ordinary structural concrete with water-to-binder ratios(W/B) of 0.48 and 0.33.The effects of the functional aggregate properties and content,W/B,and curing age on the fluidity,density,mechanical properties and autogenous shrinkage of ordinary concrete were analyzed.The experimental results showed that the density of concrete declined at a rate of not more than 5%,and the 28 d compressive strength could reach 31.0-68.2 MPa.Low W/B,long curing age and high-quality functional aggregates were conducive to enhancing the mechanical properties of SPFAs concrete.Through the rolling effects,SPFAs can optimize the particle gradation of aggregate systems and improve the fluidity of concrete,and the water stored inside SPFAs provides an internal curing effect,which prolongs the cement hydration process and considerably reduces the autogenous shrinkage of concrete.SPFAs exhibits high strength and high density,as well as being more cost-effective and ecological,and is expected to be widely employed in ordinary structural concrete.

Research on Improving Artistry of Exhibitions in History Museums in China

Chinese civilization,with its long and continuous history and rich cultural heritage,plays a central role in China’s dialogue with other civilizations.Therefore,it is necessary to collect and refine the defining symbols and best elements of Chinese culture and showcase them to the world;develop discourse and narrative systems with Chinese characteristics,better tell China’s stories,and make China’s voice heard.This effort can help Chinese civilization shine globally,interact with other civilizations,and promote its communication and influence worldwide.In China,history museums,as physical carriers of Chinese civilization,are an important component in developing Chinese discourse and narrative systems and an important channel to better tell China’s stories and make China’s voice heard.Improving the artistry of museum exhibitions caters to the public’s growing demand for a more enriching cultural experience and substantially promotes Chinese culture on a global scale.With the communication of Chinese civilization as the main focal point,this study investigated the current issues related to the artistry of history museum exhibitions in China and defined the artistry of history museum exhibitions and their connotations.Based on an in-depth analysis of the artistry of historical museum exhibitions within China,this paper enumerated the areas where improvements could be made to enhance exhibition artistry,intending to promote the communication of Chinese civilization.

BDSec:Security Authentication Protocol for BeiDou-Ⅱ Civil Navigation Message

Due to the lack of authentication mechanism in BeiDou navigation satellite system(BDS),BD-Ⅱ civil navigation message(BDⅡ-CNAV) are vulnerable to spoofing attack and replay attack.To solve this problem,we present a security authentication protocol,called as BDSec,which is designed by using China’s cryptography Shangyong Mima(SM) series algorithms,such as SM2/4/9 and Zu Chongzhi(ZUC)algorithm.In BDSec protocol,both of BDⅡ-CNAV and signature information are encrypted using the SM4 algorithm(Symmetric encryption mechanism).The encrypted result is used as the subject authentication information.BDSec protocol applies SM9 algorithm(Identity-based cryptography mechanism) to protect the integrity of the BDⅡ-CNAV,adopts the SM2 algorithm(Public key cryptosystem) to guarantee the confidentiality of the important session information,and uses the ZUC algorithm(Encryption and integrity algorithm) to verify the integrity of the message authentication serial number and initial information and the information in authentication initialization sub-protocol respectively.The results of the SVO logic reasoning and performance analysis show that BDSec protocol meets security requirements for the dual user identity authentication in BDS and can realize the security authentication of BDⅡ-CNAV.

基于Civil 3D进行符合国标的超高加宽设计

BIM的快速发展为道路设计提供了新的发展契机。作为一款成熟的道路设计BIM软件,无论是设计规范,还是装配部件,Civil 3D都支持自主定义,这为道路行业BIM的发展提供了一个很好的设计平台。在各等级道路中,道路的超高加宽设计对于行车的安全性与舒适性至关重要,但是在进行路线超高加宽设计时,Civil 3D所依托的是美国标准规范。为了让设计更适合中国道路实际情况,根据中国路线设计规范修编Civil 3D的超高加宽设计文件是至关重要的,可以为中国标准下的公路行业BIM设计发展提供一定的帮助。

China's Maritime Governance:Practical Evolution and Theoretical Construction

Increasingly engaged in maritime governance,China has developed its distinct vision and gradually established a complete theoretical system surrounding it.In terms of discourse,China has proposed a collection of concepts and ideas including a maritime community with a shared future,the 2lst Century Maritime Silk Road,Blue Partnerships,and marine ecological civilization.In terms of connotations,China champions such values as lasting peace,common prosperity,openness and inclusiveness,and cleanness and beautifulness.Exteriorly and interiorly,we can observe the unique character of China's vision concerning maritime governance,which will continue to upgrade and bear fruit in future practices,boosting the development of Chinese maritime governance theories,multilateral maritime cooperation,and ocean-related international legislation.Guided by its vision,China is expected to contribute more to global maritime security and marine ecological civilization.

The Positive Significance of Confucian Civilization in Peace Building

The Confucian emphasis on benevolence and empathy can be applied in conflict resolution processes.When parties in conflict embrace these values,it becomes easier to find common ground,compromise,and work towards peaceful solutions.Confucian civilization,with its emphasis on ethics,harmony,and diplomacy,offers valuable contributions to peace-building efforts in the contemporary world.By promoting virtuous leadership,fostering cross-cultural understanding,and emphasizing ethical governance,Confucianism can play a positive role in achieving and maintaining global peace.Confucianism continues to exert significant influence in the contemporary world,particularly in the context of peace-building efforts.This article explores the positive significance of Confucian civilization in contributing to peace-building endeavors globally.

基于无人机倾斜摄影技术的工程土方量测算

基于无人机倾斜摄影技术,通过对土方工程各阶段工序的理论分析与应用实践,利用信息集成技术辅助施工项目节约成本、提高施工效率,提炼无人机精确计算土方量测算的关键技术,形成科学、经济、高效的作业流程,提供精确的土方工程量的测算新思路。

Assessing Barriers to Mental Healthcare Interventions for Deaf People in Ghana

While mental health issues are increasingly gaining attention in Ghana, little is known about the situation among deaf people. This study assessed the mental health care needs of deaf people in Ghana. A descriptive design, consisting of interviews and focus group discussions, was used to collect data from 97 participants. Findings indicated that participants had limited knowledge on mental health issues. Mental health stigma, inaccessible mental health information and exclusion from mental health programmes were the major barriers hindering access to mental health care services. This study bridges the knowledge gap and provides evidence for the implementation of deaf-friendly services.

Exchanges,Mutual Learning and Looking Forward to the Future The Exhibition of Oil Paintings of China and Five Central Asian Countries

Exchanges and mutual learning between the Chinese and foreign civilizations are an important part of human cultural development.The Chinese civilization adopts an all-embracing,open and inclusive attitude to understand the different views of different civilizations on the connotation of values.The ancient Silk Road has opened a new window of friendship between countries and written a new chapter in the development of mankind.

Work-Related Accidents on a Hospital Construction Site in Benin

Introduction: Work-related accidents are frequent and serious in the construction sector. The aim of the study was to determine the frequency and factors associated with occupational accidents on the construction site of a referral hospital in Benin. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out. The sample size was calculated using the Schwartz form adjusted for the number of workers on site and was 129 workers. Random sampling was used. The dependent variable was work-related accidents. The other variables were socio-demographic and occupational characteristics. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey. Medians and proportions were calculated. An association was sought using Chi-square and Fisher tests with a threshold of p Results: A total of 132 workers were included. Their median age was 30 years with an ITQ of [27 - 38];men were the most represented 126 (95.45%) with a level of education higher than or equal to high school in 101 (76.52%) and in the majority with a permanent status 85 (64.39%). Seniority of more than 5 years was observed in 92 (69.7%). Workers working more than 8 hours of overtime per week numbered 57 (43.18%). Exposure to vibrating objects was 49 (37.12%). In terms of psychosocial constraints, 82.58% had high psychological demands;79.53% low decision-making latitude;50.76% low social support. The frequency of work-related accidents was 6.82%, and the only associated factor was the type of worker (p = 0.016). On the other hand, there were 10.2% accidents among workers handling vibrating objects versus 4.98% among those not using them. With regard to psychosocial constraints, the following frequencies were recorded respectively: 6.42% among those with high psychological demand versus 8.7% among those with low psychological demand;7.62% among those with low decision-making latitude versus 3.7% among those with high decision-making latitude;8.96% among those with low social support versus 4.62% among those with high support. Conclusion: Work-related accidents on construction sites must be avoided by all possible means including the management of psychosocial constraints.

The Historical Position and Value Dimensions of Human Rights Civilization

Human beings are the mainstay and the ultimate goal of civilization.The history of human civilization is a continuous struggle to realize the respect,liberation,protection,and development of humanity.Human rights are an achievement of humanity and a symbol of progress,and the human rights civilization is an important component of human civilization.Understanding and interpreting human rights from the perspective of human rights civilization means that human rights are not only a concept or an idea but also a grand historical and long-term social practice.Up to now,the development of human rights civilization has roughly experienced four awakening eras:initialization,revolution,popularization,and globalization.In terms of its value dimensions,it has the characteristics of progressiveness,diversity,commonality,inclusiveness,indivisibility,openness,and so on.The historical position of human rights civilization and the development of its value dimensions have shown to the world that human rights are the common wealth of humanity,and human rights belong to all mankind;human rights are historical,concrete,and developmental;the concept of human rights is constantly evolving,and its connotations and categories are constantly expanding;achieving the free and well-rounded development of every person is the highest value realm of human rights civilization.The Chinese modernization endows Chinese civilization with modern strength and opens up new horizons for human rights civilization.The new pattern of human rights civilization to be created by Chinese modernization not only possesses the common characteristics of human rights civilization but also enjoys Chinese characteristics based on its own national conditions,enriching and developing the diversity of human rights civilization for all mankind.

BIM正向设计在互通立交桥中的应用

为了提升互通立交桥梁设计的精确性和可靠度,文章结合具体工程实例,采用BIM正向设计,对其实施过程以及设计成果进行了分析,包括数据收集、模型构建、专业间的协同合作、模型优化和最终成果的输出,通过BIM技术优化成桥整体计算和顶推施工过程,提升了互通立交桥梁设计质量和效率,为互通立交桥梁的工程设计和施工提供了技术保障,具有工程实践意义。

连续梁桥的抗倾覆稳定性及加固方案研究

为了提升连续梁桥的设计水平,总结了连续梁桥的倾覆机理和倾覆影响因素,分析了规范法计算连续梁桥的抗倾覆稳定性存在的问题。同时,以某高速公路上的预应力混凝土连续箱梁桥为研究对象,利用MIDAS/Civil软件建立计算模型,分析了曲率半径和支承方式对其抗倾覆安全系数的影响,并提出了多个加固方案来改善连续梁桥的抗倾覆稳定性。

连续梁桥的抗倾覆稳定性及加固方案研究

为提升连续梁桥的设计水平,以某高速公路预应力混凝土连续箱梁桥为研究对象,总结了连续梁桥的倾覆影响因素、倾覆条件等,计算了不同荷载工况下支座的受力情况,分析了中墩单铰支座预偏心距和曲率半径对桥梁抗倾覆稳定系数的影响。同时,探讨了单点支撑改多点支撑、上部结构压重、安装抗拉支座等加固措施在连续箱梁桥抗倾覆加固中的具体应用,供同类工程参考。

基于Midas Civil在大型履带吊车作用下的钢栈桥结构设计

为保证钢栈桥可以在大型履带吊车作用下安全使用,以四川省成都市某景观人行桥项目为例,对钢栈桥进行针对性的结构设计,采用Midas Civil有限元软件进行钢栈桥建模和结构分析,并简要阐述了钢栈桥的施工要点。通过模型建立过程的加载方式、工况的介绍,计算分析了各个工况的钢栈桥的变形值、应力、稳定性,计算结果均满足容许值,为工程的实施提供了理论数据支持。