Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of liver damage, with virus-induced end-stage disease such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma resulting in a high rate of morbidity and mortality worldwi...Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of liver damage, with virus-induced end-stage disease such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma resulting in a high rate of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Evidence that CD4+ T cell responses to HCV play an important role in the outcome of acute infection has been shown in several studies. However, the mechanisms behind viral persistence and the failure of CD4+ T cell responses to contain virus are poorly understood. During chronic HCV infection, HCV-specific CD4+ T cell responses are rela- tively weak or absent whereas in resolved infection these responses are vigorous and multispecific. Persons with a T-helper type I profile, which promotes cellular effec- tor mechanisms are thought to be more likely to experi- ence viral clearance, but the overall role of these cells in the immunopathogenesis of chronic liver disease is not known. To define this, much more data is required on the function and specificity of virus-specific CD4+ T cells, especially in the early phases of acute disease and in the liver during chronic infection. The role and possible mechanisms of action of CD4+ T cell responses in deter- mining the outcome of acute and chronic HCV infection will be discussed in this review.展开更多
以氨基-1,2,4-三唑和2-偕二硝甲基-5-硝基四唑(HDNMNT)为原料,通过中和反应合成出两种新型含能离子盐——2-偕二硝甲基-5-硝基四唑3-氨基-1,2,4-三唑盐(3-ATDNMNT)和2-偕二硝甲基-5-硝基四唑4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑盐(4-ATDNMNT),收率分别为9...以氨基-1,2,4-三唑和2-偕二硝甲基-5-硝基四唑(HDNMNT)为原料,通过中和反应合成出两种新型含能离子盐——2-偕二硝甲基-5-硝基四唑3-氨基-1,2,4-三唑盐(3-ATDNMNT)和2-偕二硝甲基-5-硝基四唑4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑盐(4-ATDNMNT),收率分别为95.4%和96.7%;利用FT-IR、1 H NMR、13C NMR、15 N NMR及元素分析等方法对其结构进行表征;采用量子化学方法计算了3-ATDNMNT和4-ATDNMNT的爆轰性能;在标准状态下(膨胀比为70∶1),利用最小自由能原理,分别计算了两种离子盐在丁羟复合推进剂中的能量性能。结果表明,3-ATDNMNT的爆速和爆压分别为8.587km/s和33.58GPa,4-ATDNMNT的爆速和爆压分别为8.693km/s和34.31GPa。以3-ATDNMNT部分取代丁羟复合推进剂中的AP后,丁羟复合推进剂的理论比冲可达2 635.7N·s/kg。以4-ATDNMNT部分取代丁羟复合推进剂中的AP后,当HTPB、Al、AP及4-ATDNMNT各组分质量分数分别为10%、5%、15%及70%时,获得该丁羟复合推进剂的最高理论比冲为2 677.2N·s/kg。展开更多
基金the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Wellcome Trust and the James Martin School for the 21st century, Oxford
文摘Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of liver damage, with virus-induced end-stage disease such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma resulting in a high rate of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Evidence that CD4+ T cell responses to HCV play an important role in the outcome of acute infection has been shown in several studies. However, the mechanisms behind viral persistence and the failure of CD4+ T cell responses to contain virus are poorly understood. During chronic HCV infection, HCV-specific CD4+ T cell responses are rela- tively weak or absent whereas in resolved infection these responses are vigorous and multispecific. Persons with a T-helper type I profile, which promotes cellular effec- tor mechanisms are thought to be more likely to experi- ence viral clearance, but the overall role of these cells in the immunopathogenesis of chronic liver disease is not known. To define this, much more data is required on the function and specificity of virus-specific CD4+ T cells, especially in the early phases of acute disease and in the liver during chronic infection. The role and possible mechanisms of action of CD4+ T cell responses in deter- mining the outcome of acute and chronic HCV infection will be discussed in this review.
文摘以氨基-1,2,4-三唑和2-偕二硝甲基-5-硝基四唑(HDNMNT)为原料,通过中和反应合成出两种新型含能离子盐——2-偕二硝甲基-5-硝基四唑3-氨基-1,2,4-三唑盐(3-ATDNMNT)和2-偕二硝甲基-5-硝基四唑4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑盐(4-ATDNMNT),收率分别为95.4%和96.7%;利用FT-IR、1 H NMR、13C NMR、15 N NMR及元素分析等方法对其结构进行表征;采用量子化学方法计算了3-ATDNMNT和4-ATDNMNT的爆轰性能;在标准状态下(膨胀比为70∶1),利用最小自由能原理,分别计算了两种离子盐在丁羟复合推进剂中的能量性能。结果表明,3-ATDNMNT的爆速和爆压分别为8.587km/s和33.58GPa,4-ATDNMNT的爆速和爆压分别为8.693km/s和34.31GPa。以3-ATDNMNT部分取代丁羟复合推进剂中的AP后,丁羟复合推进剂的理论比冲可达2 635.7N·s/kg。以4-ATDNMNT部分取代丁羟复合推进剂中的AP后,当HTPB、Al、AP及4-ATDNMNT各组分质量分数分别为10%、5%、15%及70%时,获得该丁羟复合推进剂的最高理论比冲为2 677.2N·s/kg。
