Effect of slice scope on data slice-based class cohesion metrics

This paper suggests that a single class rather than methods should be used as the slice scope to compute class cohesion. First, for a given attribute, the statements in all methods that last define the attribute are computed. Then, the forward and backward data slices for this attribute are generated by using the class as the slice scope and are combined to compute the corresponding class data slice. Finally, the class cohesion is computed based on all class data slices for the attributes. Compared to traditional cohesion metrics that use methods as the slice scope, the proposed metrics that use a single class as slice scope take into account the possible interactions between the methods. The experimental results show that class cohesion can be more accurately measured when using the class as the slice scope.

Exploring Design Level Class Cohesion Metrics

In object oriented paradigm, cohesion of a class refers to the degree to which members of the class are interrelated. Metrics have been defined to measure cohesiveness of a class both at design and source code levels. In comparison to source code level class cohesion metrics, only a few design level class cohesion metrics have been proposed. Design level class cohesion metrics are based on the assumption that if all the methods of a class have access to similar para-meter types then they all process closely related information. A class with a large number of parameter types common in its methods is more cohesive than a class with less number of parameter types common in its methods. In this paper, we review the design level class cohesion metrics with a special focus on metrics which use similarity of parameter types of methods of a class as the basis of its cohesiveness. Basically three metrics fall in this category: Cohesion among Methods of a Class (CAMC), Normalized Hamming Distance (NHD), and Scaled NHD (SNHD). Keeping in mind the anomalies in the definitions of the existing metrics, a variant of the existing metrics is introduced. It is named NHD Modified (NHDM). An automated metric collection tool is used to collect the metric data from an open source software program. The metric data is then subjected to statistical analysis.

Improving Class Cohesion Measurement: Towards a Novel Approach Using Hierarchical Clustering

Class cohesion is considered as one of the most important object-oriented software attributes. High cohesion is, in fact, a desirable property of software. Many different metrics have been suggested in the last several years to measure the cohesion of classes in object-oriented systems. The class of structural object-oriented cohesion metrics is the most in-vestigated category of cohesion metrics. These metrics measure cohesion on structural information extracted from the source code. Empirical studies noted that these metrics fail in many situations to properly reflect cohesion of classes. This paper aims at exploring the use of hierarchical clustering techniques to improve the measurement of cohesion of classes in object-oriented systems. The proposed approach has been evaluated using three particular case studies. We also used in our study three well-known structural cohesion metrics. The achieved results show that the new approach appears to better reflect the cohesion (and structure) of classes than traditional structural cohesion metrics.

中职生同伴关系对班级凝聚力的影响研究——以新乡市S中职学校为例

随着我国职业教育的不断发展,班级凝聚力不足已成为中职学校发展和人才培养质量的关键问题。同伴关系作为影响班级凝聚力的核心要素,对提升班级凝聚力起到了关键作用。基于群体凝聚力理论,在对新乡市S中职学校440名中职生进行问卷调查的基础上,使用SPSS 23.0软件对获取的数据进行统计分析。研究发现:同伴接纳、友谊关系对班级凝聚力具有显著正向影响。据此,可通过加深中职生相互认识、加强同伴关系正面引导、鼓励学生积极参与班级管理与决策等方式,提升班级凝聚力水平及班风学风建设。

Impact of Coupling and Cohesion in Object-Oriented Technology

The interaction between the classes or within the classes shows the complexity of the design. For one smaller problem, there may be more than one software design but who will be the best;depends on the complexity level of software design. Therefore, coupling and cohesion which shows the interlinking of classes and strength of classes;control the complexity of the design. The best software object oriented design is based upon the low coupling and high cohesion level. In the present work, a real case study of Life Insurance policy for handicapped person is demonstrated through the UML Class Diagram;coupling and cohesion levels are measured and results are demonstrated in the form of tables.

Existence of Two Limit Cycles in Zeeman’s Class 30 for 3D Lotka-Volterra Competitive System

Gyllenberg and Yan(Discrete Contin Dyn Syst Ser B 11(2):347–352,2009)presented a system in Zeeman’s class 30 of 3-dimensional Lotka-Volterra(3D LV)competitive systems to admit at least two limit cycles,one of which is generated by the Hopf bifurcation and the other is obtained by the Poincaré-Bendixson theorem.Yu et al.(J Math Anal Appl 436:521–555,2016,Sect.3.4)recalculated the first Liapunov coefficient of Gyllenberg and Yan’s system to be positive,rather than negative as in Gyllenberg and Yan(2009),and pointed out that the Poincaré-Bendixson theorem is not applicable for that system.Jiang et al.(J Differ Equ 284:183–218,2021,p.213)proposed an open question:“whether Zeeman’s class 30 can be rigorously proved to admit at least two limit cycles by the Hopf theorem and the Poincaré-Bendixson theorem?”This paper provides four systems in Zeeman’s class 30 to admit at least two limit cycles by the Hopf theorem and the Poincaré-Bendixson theorem and gives an answer to the above question.

An Analysis on the Discourse Cohesion Techniques in Children's English Books

Discourse cohesion techniques analysis attracts much attention both at home and abroad and many scholars have conducted their research in this field, however, few of them focus on children's English books which has its own characteristics and cohesion techniques and deserves our research.

Analysis of Hailstone Bugs from Perspectives of Cohesion and Coherence

As a beloved children's story, Hailstone Bugs written by Paul Jennings is worthy of being analyzed with the methods of dis-course analysis. In this paper cohesive devices and coherent signals are made use of to detect whether the story is both cohesive and co-herent and as the same time functions of these devices are explored. Firstly, five types of cohesive devices including reference, substitu-tion, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical ties are exploited to analyze the text. Then the coherence of the story is also analyzed. Furthermore,suggestions for writers of children's story are given according to the research of this paper.

Analysis on the Cohesive and Coherent Features of John Kennedy's First Inaugural Address

John Kennedy's first inaugural address is one of the widely appreciated speeches worldwide. It is famous not only for calling up the American people to well serve the country, but also for its extraordinary linguistic power to arouse the listeners' emotions, which lies to a great extent in the marvelous employment of the cohesive and coherent devices in the process of its delivery. Cohesion and coherence are two elementary and significant concepts in the theoretical system of discourse analysis. There-fore, they play an important role in the structuring, arrangement, interpretation and analysis of a discourse. In this sense, it is significant to analyze the cohesive and coherent features of John Kennedy's first inaugural address in order to obtain a penetrating comprehension of the speech in many aspects. A detailed analysis on the cohesive and coherent features of the speech has been conducted in this paper. In the aspect of cohesion in the address, the devices employed fall into two categories: structural cohesion and non-structural cohesion. Structural cohesive devices used in the discourse are mainly grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion like repetition, ellipsis, conjunction, etc. Non-structural methods adopted in the speech are transitivity, mood and modality, thematic progression, parallel structure and so on. In the aspect of coherence, five levels of coherent methods have been employed, namely, lexical level, syntax level, semantic level, phonological level and social semiotic level. The neat intermingling of the cohesive and coherent methods function cooperatively and lead to the smooth going of the text.

ClassⅡ细菌素乳酸菌的筛选与定性及群体感应系统鉴定

筛选具有Class Ⅱ细菌素群体感应系统广谱抑菌作用的乳酸菌并进行鉴定,为产Class Ⅱ细菌素乳酸菌的研究应用奠定基础。将排除过氧化氢和有机酸干扰作用的10株乳酸菌,经胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶和蛋白酶K处理,采用牛津杯法筛选具有分泌细菌素广谱抑菌效果的乳酸菌和最小抑菌实验检测其最小抑菌浓度,通过16S rDNA同源性分析构建系统发育树,设计合成乳杆菌Class Ⅱ细菌素5个操纵子plnEFI、plnJKLR、plnGHSTUV、plnABCD和plnMNOP的特异性引物,PCR和电泳鉴定L-4分泌Class Ⅱ细菌素基因群体感应系统,通过UPLC和尿素-SDS-PAGE确定细菌素的分子质量。L-4为可能具有广谱抑菌作用革兰氏阳性植物乳杆菌,它对指示菌产生的抑菌圈分别为(18.83±0.39)mm和(19.96±0.49)mm,最小抑菌浓度分别为55μg/mL和57μg/mL;L-4具有分泌Class Ⅱ细菌素群体感应基因系统,能够分泌分子质量为10 ku蛋白类细菌素且符合Class Ⅱ细菌素分子量大小范围。L-4是1株具广谱抑菌作用且能分泌10 ku Class Ⅱ细菌素的植物乳杆菌。

草药S抑制大鼠移植肾排斥反应中MHC Class Ⅱ分子表达的研究

为探索草药Ｓ抗大鼠同种异体肾移植急性排斥的作用机理，采用改进的Ｆａｂｒｅ和Ｋａ－ｍａｄａ大鼠原位肾移植模型，将ＳＤ大鼠肾移植给Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠为同种异体移植，Ｗｉｓｔａｒ移植给Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠为同品系移植（空白对照），共设五个实验组，观察移植后受体鼠存活、检测移植肾功能及定量测定移植肾内ＭＨＣＣｌａｓⅡ抗原分子的表达。结果表明，草药Ｓ能延长受体鼠存活时间，并抑制ＭＨＣＣｌａｓⅡ在移植肾内的表达（与不用药物组比较Ｐ＜０．０１），Ｓ药加小剂量环孢素Ａ（ｃｙｃｌｏｓｐｏｒｉｎｅＡ，ＣｓＡ）治疗组与同系组相比差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。这些结果提示，移植肾内ＭＨＣＣｌａｓｓⅡ表达水平的高低与其排斥的强弱有相关性。

Conversion relationship of rainfall-soil moisture-groundwater in Quaternary thick cohesive soil in Jianghan Plain,Hubei Province,China

The scientific field test site of rainfall-soil moisture-groundwater conversion in Dabie Mountain Area–Jianghan Plain is located in the northern region of the Jianghan Plain,the transition zone between the Dabie Mountain Area and Jianghan Plain.It’s a great field test site to study the material and energy exchange among rainfall,soil moisture,and groundwater of the Earth’s critical zone in subtropical monsoon climate plain areas.This paper analyzed the connection between rainfall and volume water content(VWC)of soil at different depths of several soil profiles,and the dynamic feature of groundwater was discussed,which reveals the rainfall infiltration recharge of Quaternary Upper Pleistocene strata.The results show that the Quaternary Upper Pleistocene aquifer groundwater accepts a little direct rainfall recharge,while the lateral recharge is the main supplement source.There were 75 effective rainfall events among 120 rainfall events during the monitoring period,with an accumulated amount of 672.9 mm,and the percentages of effective rainfall amount and duration time were 62.50%and 91.56%,respectively.The max evaporation depth at the upper part in Quaternary cohesive soil was no less than 1.4 m.The soil profile was divided into four zones:(1)The sensitive zone of rainfall infiltration within 1.4 m,where the material and energy exchange frequently near the interface between atmosphere and soil;(2)the buffer zone of rainfall infiltration between 1.4 m and 3.5 m;(3)the migration zone of rainfall infiltration between 3.5 m and 5.0 m;and(4)the rainfall infiltration and groundwater level co-influenced zone below 5.0 m.The results revealed the reaction of soil moisture and groundwater to rainfall in the area covered by cohesive soil under humid climate in Earth’s critical zone,which is of great theoretical and practical significance for groundwater resources evaluation and development,groundwater environmental protection,ecological environmental improvement,drought disaster prevention,and flood disaster prevention in subtropical monsoon climate plain areas.

LEIBNIZ′FORMULA OF GENERALIZED DIFFERENCE WITH RESPECT TO A CLASS OF DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS AND RECURRENCE FORMULA OF THEIR GREEN′S FUNCTION

In this paper, Leibniz' formula of generalized divided difference with respect to a class of differential operators whose basic sets of solutions have power form, is considered. The recurrence formula of Green function about the operators is also given.

On M–Term Approximations of the Nikol'skii–Besov Class in the Lorentz Spaces

In this paper, we consider a Lorentz space with a mixed norm of periodic functions of many variables. We obtain the exact estimation of the best M-term approximations of Nikol＇skii＇s and Besov＇s classes in the Lorentz space with the mixed norm.

On Approximation of Function Classes in Lorentz Spaces with Anisotropic Norm

In this paper, Lorentz space of functions of several variables and Besov＇s class are considered. We establish an exact approximation order of Besov＇s class by partial sums of Fourier＇s series for multiple trigonometric system.

A Gauss-Newton-Based Broyden’s Class Algorithm for Parameters of Regression Analysis

In this paper, a Gauss-Newton-based Broyden’s class method for parameters of regression problems is presented. The global convergence of this given method will be established under suitable conditions. Numerical results show that the proposed method is interesting.

Calculation of passive earth pressure of cohesive soil based on Culmann's method

Based on the sliding plane hypothesis of Coulumb earth pressure theory, a new method for calculation of the passive earth pressure of cohesive soil was constructed with Culmann＇s graphical construction. The influences of the cohesive force, adhesive force, and the fill surface form were considered in this method. In order to obtain the passive earth pressure and sliding plane angle, a program based on the sliding surface assumption was developed with the VB.NET programming language. The calculated results from this method were basically the same as those from the Rankine theory and Coulumb theory formulas. This method is conceptually clear, and the corresponding formulas given in this paper are simple and convenient for application when the fill surface form is complex.

Understanding the Effects of Various Factors on the Public Response to Congestion Charge: A Latent Class Modeling Approach

The standard ordered response model (SORM) is a common disaggregate approach with ordered outcomes in which the effects of various exogenous attributes are assumed constant across ordinal choices. In this study, an innovative latent class based generalized ordered response model (LC-GORM) is formulated and used to assess the effects of various factors on respondents’ choice behavior with respect to congestion charge proposal for Jakarta, Indonesia. The proposed model probabilistically assigns respondents into selfish and altruistic class memberships (latently) based on their knowledge of the proposed scheme and their specific attributes. Aiming to capture observable preference heterogeneity across ordinal choices and allow the thresholds to be varied across observations, we parameterize the thresholds as a linear function of the exogenous variables for each ordinal preference. Using stated preference data collected in Jakarta in December 2013, we incorporate the influence of a comprehensive set of explanatory variables into four categories: charges, latent variables related to respondent’s psychological motivations, mobility attributes and socio-demographic characteristics. Empirical results obviously verify the existence of preference heterogeneity across outcomes. The findings confirm that the altruistic class are more sensitive with respect to acceptance of the scheme, while the selfish class are more sensitive with respect to rejection. The key factors influencing public acceptability include the charge level and respondent variables such as car dependency, awareness of the problem of cars in society, frequency of visits to the city center and frequency of private mode usage.

PNY 8GB Class 4 SDHC存储卡容量大速度快

晕近必恩威（PNY）推出了一款特别的SDHC闪存卡新品——Class 4规格的SDHC卡。我们以前曾经介绍过，SDHC卡是SD卡的下一代产品，主要优势在于容量更大，分为Class 6、Class4和Class 2三种规格，要求写入速度分别达到6MB／s、4MB／s和2MB／s。

Study of the learner-centered interactive teaching model in the EFL classroom

With the change of the teaching approach, people have realized that language is not only knowledge, but also a skill and ability. Today＇s English teaching should emphasize the college student＇s English comprehensive skills. This paper is intended to introduce the traditional English teaching method, and by using the comparison of the force-feeding mode of English teaching with interactive approach to language pedagogy. It emphasizes the analysis of the modem communicative teaching mode, and it also elaborates the English teacher＇s role in interactive class, and proves the effectivity and feasibility of the theory based on the student-centered mode.