Background： Cross-country skiing （XCS） racing, a popular international winter sport, is complex and challenging from physical, technical, and tactical perspectives. Despite the vast amount of research focusing on t...Background： Cross-country skiing （XCS） racing, a popular international winter sport, is complex and challenging from physical, technical, and tactical perspectives. Despite the vast amount of research focusing on this sport, no review has yet addressed the pacing strategies of elite XCS racers or the factors that influence their performance. The aim was to review the scientific literature in an attempt to determine the effects of pacing strategy on the performance of elite XCS racers. Methods： Four electronic databases were searched using relevant subject headings and keywords. Only original research articles published in peerreviewed journals and the English language and addressing performance, biomechanics, physiology, and anthropometry of XCS racers were reviewed. Results： All 27 included articles applied correlative designs to study the effectiveness of different pacing strategies. None of the articles involved the use of an experimental design. Furthermore, potential changes in external conditions （e.g.,weather, ski properties） were not taken into consideration. A comparable number of studies focused on the skating or classical technique. In most cases, positive pacing was observed, with certain indications that higher-level athletes and those with more endurance and strength utilized a more even pacing strategy. The ability to achieve and maintain a long cycle length on all types of terrain was an important determinant of performance in all of the included studies, which was not the case for cycle rate. In general, uphill performance was closely related to overall race performance, with uphill performance being most closely correlated to the success of female skiers and performance on flat terrain being more important for male skiers. Moreover, pacing was coupled to the selection and distribution of technique during a race, with faster skiers employing more double poling and kick double poling, less diagonal stride, and more V2 （double dance） than V1 （single dance） skating across a race. Conclusion： We propose that skiers at all levels can improve their performance with more specific training in techniques （i.e., maintaining long cycles without compromising cycle rate and selecting appropriate techniques） in combination with training for endurance and more strength. Furthermore, we would advise less experienced skiers and/or those with lower levels of performance to apply a more even pacing strategy rather than a positive one （i.e., starting the race too fast）.2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. （http：//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/）.展开更多
The article explores the morphological evolution of China’s 20^(th)-century architecture chronologically.Chinese Neoclassicism has played a major role in forming the 20^(th)-century heritage buildings surviving today...The article explores the morphological evolution of China’s 20^(th)-century architecture chronologically.Chinese Neoclassicism has played a major role in forming the 20^(th)-century heritage buildings surviving today.The phenomenon of Neoclassicism emerged because of the late arrival of China’s modernisation and industrialisation process compared with the West.In turn,in accepting and contesting Western culture,the Chinese elite have consciously relied upon architecture as a vehicle to uphold visible symbols of national Chinese identity and traditional Chinese culture.Meanwhile,in the foreign settlements of the treaty ports such as Shanghai,the Western Neoclassical style,along with other imported construction trends,also forms part of China’s 20^(th)-century architectural heritage.Western Neoclassicism’s influence on China’s new architecture became even more evident in the mid-20^(th) century,with the modern architectural heritage in Tiananmen Square as its exemplar.Nevertheless,the impact of Western modernist architecture on China’s architecture was minimal.It was not until the 1980s,as China reopened to the world,that various schools of thought from the post-industrial West flowed into China,which significantly enriched the types and sources of China’s 20^(th)-century architectural heritage.Modern Classicism,late Modernism and Postmodernism all found their way into China’s contemporary architecture.展开更多
文摘Background： Cross-country skiing （XCS） racing, a popular international winter sport, is complex and challenging from physical, technical, and tactical perspectives. Despite the vast amount of research focusing on this sport, no review has yet addressed the pacing strategies of elite XCS racers or the factors that influence their performance. The aim was to review the scientific literature in an attempt to determine the effects of pacing strategy on the performance of elite XCS racers. Methods： Four electronic databases were searched using relevant subject headings and keywords. Only original research articles published in peerreviewed journals and the English language and addressing performance, biomechanics, physiology, and anthropometry of XCS racers were reviewed. Results： All 27 included articles applied correlative designs to study the effectiveness of different pacing strategies. None of the articles involved the use of an experimental design. Furthermore, potential changes in external conditions （e.g.,weather, ski properties） were not taken into consideration. A comparable number of studies focused on the skating or classical technique. In most cases, positive pacing was observed, with certain indications that higher-level athletes and those with more endurance and strength utilized a more even pacing strategy. The ability to achieve and maintain a long cycle length on all types of terrain was an important determinant of performance in all of the included studies, which was not the case for cycle rate. In general, uphill performance was closely related to overall race performance, with uphill performance being most closely correlated to the success of female skiers and performance on flat terrain being more important for male skiers. Moreover, pacing was coupled to the selection and distribution of technique during a race, with faster skiers employing more double poling and kick double poling, less diagonal stride, and more V2 （double dance） than V1 （single dance） skating across a race. Conclusion： We propose that skiers at all levels can improve their performance with more specific training in techniques （i.e., maintaining long cycles without compromising cycle rate and selecting appropriate techniques） in combination with training for endurance and more strength. Furthermore, we would advise less experienced skiers and/or those with lower levels of performance to apply a more even pacing strategy rather than a positive one （i.e., starting the race too fast）.2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. （http：//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/）.
基金This paper is a substantial rewrite of a first text published in Chinese‘On the Form Models and Their Context of the China’s 20th-Century Heritage Architecture’,(Chang 2019)with new sections added and major updates in texts and figures.
文摘The article explores the morphological evolution of China’s 20^(th)-century architecture chronologically.Chinese Neoclassicism has played a major role in forming the 20^(th)-century heritage buildings surviving today.The phenomenon of Neoclassicism emerged because of the late arrival of China’s modernisation and industrialisation process compared with the West.In turn,in accepting and contesting Western culture,the Chinese elite have consciously relied upon architecture as a vehicle to uphold visible symbols of national Chinese identity and traditional Chinese culture.Meanwhile,in the foreign settlements of the treaty ports such as Shanghai,the Western Neoclassical style,along with other imported construction trends,also forms part of China’s 20^(th)-century architectural heritage.Western Neoclassicism’s influence on China’s new architecture became even more evident in the mid-20^(th) century,with the modern architectural heritage in Tiananmen Square as its exemplar.Nevertheless,the impact of Western modernist architecture on China’s architecture was minimal.It was not until the 1980s,as China reopened to the world,that various schools of thought from the post-industrial West flowed into China,which significantly enriched the types and sources of China’s 20^(th)-century architectural heritage.Modern Classicism,late Modernism and Postmodernism all found their way into China’s contemporary architecture.
