Peri-urban Development:Discussion with Land Use Zoning,Statutory Provision,and Issues inside Katahari Rural Municipality,Nepal

The peri-urban area is a transitional zone between the city and its hinterlands characterized by mixed land use and intensive flows of resources,people,goods,and services from and to the city center.These zones are generally misguided and haphazardly developed without a proper planning framework.The peri-urban area at present will be the urban area in the future;therefore,it needs planning intervention in its initial stage of growth.Katahari,a peri-urban area of Biratnagar metropolitan city,is developing a spontaneous lack of land use plans.Recently,the Government of Nepal has encouraged the local government to implement land use plans in the provided framework,policy,and guidelines.This study,in this context,attempts to analyze and identify land use issues and potential zones for Katahari rural municipality that also supports planning urban development in the future.The study is based on primary and secondary data and information supported by maps and figures.It is concluded that Katahari has been developed as a multi-function center adjoining the Biratnagar metropolitan city,and future expansion of the city will cover a wide range of rural municipalities.The postal highway that passes through it has attracted a wide range of urban functions.Agriculture,residential,commercial,and industrial are the main land use category at present and needs development control through providing land use zoning and related planning instruments through the increasing role of the stakeholder and the government agencies in the decision-making processes and implementation of spatial development frameworks to regulate peri-urban development in the area which will guide the future planning for liability,economic viability,social inclusion,and environmental sustainability in the area.Spill-over development activities of Biratnagar,have increased the number of economic activities,population growth,and mixed-use development.

Analyzing land use characteristics of rural settlements on the urban fringe of Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing, China

The objective of this paper is to analyze land use characteristics of rural settlements in urban fringe so as to provide references for optimizing the regional distribution of rural settlements, consolidating rural settlements, and coordinating urban-rural integrated development. The methods of spatial statistical analysis, buffer analysis, Ripley's K function, kernel density analysis based on GIS(Geographic Information System) were used to analyze the characteristics of scale, spatial differentiation and spatial patterns of the rural settlements in Liangjiang New Area in Chongqing Municipality of China. The fractal dimension formula was also developed to reflect fractal feature of the rural settlements. The results show that, the scale of rural settlements in Liangjang New Area takes on distinct characteristics of spatial differentiation along with changes in elevation, gradient, location, geohazards distribution, and the like. The fractal characteristic of rural settlements has obvious regional variations subject to the 6 factors of location in the Liangjiang New Area. Overall, the worse the terrain conditions are, the larger the fractal dimension values become. The better the locationconditions, the larger the fractal dimension values are. The spatial pattern in the township scale presents three kinds of distribution as being aggregated, uniform and random. In contract, the spatial pattern in the plaque scale displays a banding distribution from a general view with several aggregation zones centering on each town center. From the results, we can see that the characteristics of rural settlements in urban fringe are more complicated. For such kind of rural settlements in special regions, in the rural land consolidation more attention should be paid to improve the rural living environments and public services, as well as to promote the harmonious relationship between the urban and rural areas.

Mutual Conversion of Land Use between Urban and Rural Area in the Process of Urbanization: A Case Study of Shandong Province

Urbanization is one of the driving forces for the land use change in type and structure, and its prominent effect is to convert rural land to urban land. This paper takes Shan-dong Province as an example to analyze the current situation of the mutual conversion between the urban and rural areas from the aspects of the structure of land use, the decreasing tendency of the cultivated land, the changes of land use in urban and rural residential areas. It points out that cultivated land is converted to residential area land, industrial and/or mining area land. The relationship between the urban area land and the cultivated land is more direct; meanwhile, the changes of rural residential area lag behind obviously. The decrease of the cultivated land and the decline of soil quality will be the two difficult problems in the process of urbanization.

Land cover changes in the rural-urban interaction of Xi’an region using Landsat TM/ETM data

Landsat ETM/TM data and an artificial neural network （ANN） were applied to analyse the expansion of the city of Xi＇an and land use/cover change of its surrounding area between 2000 and 2003. Supervised classification and normalized difference barren index （NDBI） were used respectively to retrieve its urban boundary. Results showed that the urban area increased by an annual rate of 12.3%, with area expansion from 253.37 km^2 in 2000 to 358.60 km^2 in 2003. Large areas of farmland in the north and southwest were converted into urban construction land. The land use/cover changes of Xi＇an were mainly caused by fast development of urban economy, population immigration from countryside, great development of infrastructure such as transportation, and huge demands for urban market. In addition, affected by the government policy of “returning farmland to woodland”, some farmland was converted into economic woodland, such as Chinese goosebeerv garden, vineyard etc.

The Use of Remote Sensing and Landscape Metrics to Analyze Land Use Evolution in Rural Areas of the Municipality of Passo Fundo/RS(Brazil)

The use of remote sensing in the design of land use mapping allows analyses of landscape evolution during a certain period of time which helps studies in a global scope.The objective of this study is to identify and analyze changes in characteristics of rural land use in the municipality of Passo Fundo,located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul,Brazil,during the years 2001 and 2020,through images taken from the Landsat TM-7 and TM-8 satellites.Methodologically,satellite images were classified by supervised methods,generating thematic maps,and taking into account the following groups:tillage(growing area),forest,exposed soil and water resources.Results demonstrated that the process of connecting agricultural crop patches went from 5.495 in 2001 to a figure of 10.812 in 2020,thus having an increase of 96%.

Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection in the Saudi Arabian Desert Cities of Makkah and Al-Taif Using Satellite Data

Land use/land cover (LULC) changes have become a central issue in current global change and sustainability research. Saudi Arabia has undergone significant change in land use and land cover since the government embarked on a course of intense national development 30 years ago, as a result of huge national oil revenues. This study evaluates LULC change in Makkah and Al-Taif, Saudi Arabia from 1986 to 2013 using Landsat images. Maximum likelihood and object-oriented classification were used to develop LULC maps. The change detection was executed using post-classification comparison and GIS. The results indicated that urban areas have increased over the period by approximately 174% in Makkah and 113% in Al-Taif. Analysis of vegetation cover over the study area showed a variable distribution from year to year due to changing average precipitation in this environment. Object-based classification provided slightly greater accuracy than maximum likelihood classification. Information provided by satellite remote sensing can play an important role in quantifying and understanding the relationship between population growth and LULC changes, which can assist future planning and potential environmental impacts of expanding urban areas.

Assessing the Impact of Using Different Land Cover Classification in Regional Modeling Studies for the Manaus Area,Brazil

Land cover classification is one of the main components of the modern weather research and forecasting models, which can influence the meteorological variable, and in turn the concentration of air pollutants. In this study the impact of using two traditional land use classifications, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), were evaluated. The Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF, version 3.2.1) was run for the period 18 - 22 August, 2014 (dry season) at a grid spacing of 3 km centered on the city of Manaus. The comparison between simulated and ground-based observed data revealed significant differences in the meteorological fields, for instance, the temperature. Compared to USGS, MODIS classification showed better skill in representing observed temperature for urban areas of Manaus, while the two files showed similar results for nearby areas. The analysis of the files suggests that the better quality of the simulations favorable to the MODIS file is straightly related to its better representation of urban class of land use, which is observed to be not adequately represented by USGS.

Study the Urban Expansion of Taif City Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques for Decision Support System

The goal of this study is to spatially portray Taif’s urban expansion and determine for last 30 years, from 1990 to 2020. It is only including the residential neighborhoods approved by the Taif Municipality, which is responsible and organized for urban planning in the city. The geographical location of the city of Taif is a vital crossroad between eastern and western parts of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which made it a tourist destination, as well as commercial and agricultural preference for many years, as it was considered the summer capital of the KSA. Moreover, it serves as the entrance to Makkah city from the eastern side. The proposed study has necessitated because the lack of recent scientific studies that dealt with the spatial analysis of urban expansion and its trends in the city of Taif and follow the stages of expansion during periods of time by relying on remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) techniques. The many development projects in the city of Taif, such as Taif International Airport, the new Taif project, and other projects, which will cause an increase in demand for residential, commercial, industrial and service units have also prompted the proposed study. This was investigated using a multitemporal Landsat data for the years of 1990, 2002 and 2020, as well as census data from 1990 to 2020, along with Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. The results revealed that over the last 30 years, urban land cover has increased by 20,448 (ha) whereas other land covers, such as green area, have decreased significantly by 14,554 (ha). The results also indicate that the increase in urban areas amounted to 114.8% during the period from 1990 to 2020. The locations of new developments such as Taif airport, Taif university, Ministry of Housing projects, etc. were located to the North and Northeast. This is due to the area’s topography, which played a major role in determining the direction of urban expansion. According to the study, multiple urban centers, rising low-density dispersed communities, and leapfrogging growth were all hallmarks of urban expansion in Taif. The study demonstrated that Taif is at risk of ecosystem loss as a result of continued urban expansion. To ensure environmental sustainability, the current effort asks for actions that will restrict urban sprawl and prepare the city for future growth.

Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection in Pokhara Metropolitan, Nepal Using Remote Sensing

Land use and land cover are essential for maintaining and managing the natural resources on the earth surface. A complex set of economic, demographic, social, cultural, technological, and environmental processes usually result in the change in the land use/land cover change (LULC). Pokhara Metropolitan is influenced mainly by the combination of various driving forces: geographical location, high rate of population growth, economic opportunity, globalization, tourism activities, and political activities. In addition to this, geographically steep slope, rugged terrain, and fragile geomorphic conditions and the frequency of earthquakes, floods, and landslides make the Pokhara Metropolitan region a disaster-prone area. The increment of the population along with infrastructure development of a given territory leads towards the urbanization. It has been rapidly changing due to urbanization, industrialization and internal migration since the 1970s. The landscapes and ground patterns are frequently changing on time and prone to disaster. Here a study has been carried to study on LULC for the last 18 years (2000-2018). The supervised classification on Landsat Imagery was performed and verified the classification through computing the error matrix. Besides, the water bodies and vegetation area were extracted through the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDWI) respectively. This research shows that during the last 18 years the agricultural areas diminishing by 15.66% while urban area is increasing by 13.2%. This research is beneficial for preparing the plan and policy in the sustainable development of Pokhara Metropolitan.

The Influence of the Two-child Policy on Urbanization in China

Family planning has been China's basic national policy since 1980, but it changed from a onechild policy to a two-child policy at the end of 2015 as which will further stimulate the rapid growth of China's population and have a profound impact on the population structure and land use in China. Based on the forecast of total population change in national and provincial dimensions after the two -child policy, the paper forecasted the spatial pattern of China's population and provincial differentiation over the next 15 years, and discussed the far-reaching impact on the future urban and rural land use and planning. Conclusions as follows: the two-child policy will achieve rapid population growth in the next 5 years, then there will be a stable growth phase;the peak of China's population increase will occur in 2030 with a total population of about 1.55 billion people, which will continue the regional differentiation of urbanization, and urbanization level in southeastern region will remain generally higher than that of the northwest. In addition, population growth brings new demands in urban and rural construction land, therefore, more intensive use of land will be the inevitable choice for the future development for China.

A Multi-agent Model to Simulate Regional Land Use Change with an Application to the Poyang Lake Area of China

In many regions both urban expansion and rural development take place simultaneously, and for the purpose of understanding the dynamic process of land use/cover change （LUCC） in such large areas, this study develops a multi-agent based land use model. Taking the Poyang Lake area of China as a typical case, this study applies the mechanism of diffusion-limited aggregation to simulate the behavior of urban agents, while rural land use is illustrated with a bottom-up based model consisting of agent and environment layers. In the agent layer, each household agent makes its own decisions on land use, and at each time interval a government agent takes control of land use by implementing policies. According to incomes and the rate of migrant workers, household agents are divided into six categories, among which different decision rules are followed. For complex LUCC in the Poyang Lake area of China from 1985 to 2005, the artificial society model developed in this study yields results highly consistent with observations. Importantly, it is shown that governmental policies can impose significant effects on the decisions of individual household agents on land use and the multi-agent-based land use model developed in this study provides a robust means for assessing the effectiveness of governmental policies.

Mapping essential urban land use categories(EULUC)using geospatial big data:Progress,challenges,and opportunities

Urban land use information that reflects socio-economic functions and human activities is critically essential for urban planning,land-scape design,environmental management,health promotion,and biodiversity conservation.Land-use maps outlining the distribution,pattern,and composition of essential urban land use categories(EULUC)have facilitated a wide spectrum of applications and further triggered new opportunities in urban studies.New and improved Earth observations,algorithms,and advanced products for extracting thematic urban information,in association with emer-ging social sensing big data and auxiliary crowdsourcing datasets,all together offer great potentials to mapping fine-resolution EULUC from regional to global scales.Here we review the advances of EULUC mapping research and practices in terms of their data,methods,and applications.Based on the historical retrospect,we summarize the challenges and limitations of current EULUC studies regarding sample collection,mixed land use problem,data and model generalization,and large-scale mapping efforts.Finally,we propose and discuss future opportunities,including cross-scale mapping,optimal integration of multi-source features,global sam-ple libraries from crowdsourcing approaches,advanced machine learning and ensembled classification strategy,open portals for data visualization and sharing,multi-temporal mapping of EULUC change,and implications in urban environmental studies,to facil-itate multi-scale fine-resolution EULUC mapping research.

Simulating the Impacts of the New-type Urbanization Policy on Rural Settlement Changes:A Case Study in Dingzhou,China

To cope with the difficulties of integrating migrant workers into urban life and inefficient land use caused by conventional urbanization,China has proposed a new type of urbanization policy.This policy may have a significant impact on the spatial patterns of rural settlements in China.Exploring this potential impact is conducive to the proposal of scientific plans for the spatial patterns of rural settlements.Therefore,this paper chooses Dingzhou,one of the pilot cities of this new-type urbanization,as the research area to carry out a simulation study on the impact of the new-type urbanization policy.Dingzhou has invested heavily in the new-type urbanization construction in recent years,but the influence of the policy on rural settlements remains unclear.Based on the theoretical framework of previous studies,this paper set up three scenarios,namely“conventional urbanization”,“new-type urbanization”,and“counter-urbanization”.This paper used FLUS(Future Land Use Simulation)Model and various spatial data to simulate the spatial patterns of rural settlements in Dingzhou in 2030 under the different scenarios.By comparing the different scenarios,the impacts of the new-type urbanization policy on the spatial patterns of rural settlements in Dingzhou were evaluated.The results indicated that:(1)From 2000 to 2015,the area of rural settlements in Dingzhou increased by 11.12%.Spatially,the density of rural settlements around the cities and towns increased,and rural settlement areas were mainly converted from cultivated land.Rural settlements were mainly transformed into urban land and cultivated land.(2)The overall simulation accuracy of FLUS was 0.89,so it can be well applied to the simulation of rural settlements.(3)In all three scenarios,rural settlements expanded along their edges,and the closer they were to towns,the more obvious the expansion was.In the counter-urbanization scenario,the change of rural settlements was most dramatic.(4)The new-type urbanization policy makes the spatial patterns of rural settlements in Dingzhou more stable and more intensive.

A spatio-temporal assessment and prediction of Ahmedabad's urban growth between 1990–2030

Analyzing long term urban growth trends can provide valuable insights into a city’s future growth.This study employs LANDSAT satellite images from 1990,2000,2010 and 2019 to perform a spatiotemporal assessment and predict Ahmedabad’s urban growth.Land Use Land Change(LULC)maps developed using the Maximum Likelihood classifier produce four principal classes:Built-up,Vegetation,Water body,and“Others”.In between 1990-2019,the total built-up area expanded by 130%,132 km^(2) in 1990 to 305 km^(2) in 2019.Rapid population growth is the chief contributor towards urban growth as the city added 3.9 km^(2) of additional built-up area to accommodate every 100,000 new residents.Further,a Multi-Layer Perceptron-Markov Chain model(MLP-MC)predicts Ahmedabad’s urban expansion by 2030.Compared to 2019,the MLP-MC model predicts a 25%and 19%increase in Ahmedabad’s total urban area and population by 2030.Unaltered,these trends shall generate many socio-economic and environmental problems.Thus,future urban development policies must balance further development and environmental damage.

水库农村移民集中居民点用地指标体系构建

水利水电工程建设征地农村移民居民点的规划主要以GB 50188-2007《镇规划标准》为依据,规划过程中往往会出现镇规划技术指标与集中居民点特征不匹配的矛盾。从用地性质和分类不适用、用地比例不符、基础设施和公共服务设施配置标准与发展需求不符等方面论述了镇规划标准的不适用性。通过对新中国成立以来的移民安置目标进行梳理,明确了新时代乡村振兴要求下的移民安置目标,将“增加移民收入,使移民生活水平不断提高,逐步达到当地农村平均水平”的安置目标分解为用地控制指标,参考镇规划标准九大类用地指标体系、村庄三大类用地指标分类,结合农村移民集中居民点与村庄在形成基础和属性、形态特点、建设主体和规划设计依据等方面的异同,在“五级三类四体系”的国土空间规划体系的大框架下,提出了适应于农村移民集中居民点规划设计的用地分类,并构建了移民安置用地指标体系。

立足统筹,面向转型的用地规划技术规章--《城市用地分类与规划建设用地标准(GB50137-2011)》阐释

1990年颁布施行的《城市用地分类与规划建设用地标准(GBJ137-90)》是我国城乡规划领域的重要技术规范,是城市规划编制与管理不可或缺的重要技术支撑。为适应我国城乡发展宏观背景的变化,落实《城乡规划法》和国家节约集约用地的要求,住房和城乡建设部于2008年4月正式启动了对这一标准的修订,新标准2010年12月获得批准,自2012年1月1日起正式实施。基于对原标准的客观评价,本文细述新标准修订的由来、指导思想和工作过程,进而对标准中的用地分类和规划建设用地标准的主要创新做了具体介绍,并对标准修订和实施中的若干问题做了后续思考。

城乡建设用地挂钩中补充耕地质量等别确定方法

针对目前城乡建设用地增减挂钩工作补充耕地质量无法保证的现状,该文以农用地分等成果为基础,构建了"事先(专项规划环节)—事中(实施规划环节)—事后(归还环节)"3个环节的补充耕地等别评定程序;并针对"挂钩"不同环节中补充耕地的"状态"不同,构建补充耕地等别不同评定方法。诸如:在专项规划环节构建运用相邻地域法、最低限值法来"模拟"补充耕地的自然质量属性值,并计算相应自然质量等别,最后利用各等别面积权重值计算出全部拆旧地块补充耕地的自然质量综合等别的评定方法;在实施规划环节构建利用复垦方案中复垦工程标准,采用目标值法给拆旧地块补充耕地自然质量属性赋值,并计算相应的自然质量等别。最后利用构建的"挂钩"中补充耕地评定程序和方法,对沈北新区城乡建设用地增减挂钩项目进行实证分析,并取得了较好预期效果。

城乡统筹视角下的规划用地分类探讨

梳理了已有的城市用地分类相关研究,比较了国标中的用地分类方案。根据我国城市土地利用所面临的主要问题以及城市规划管理的客观要求,从城乡统筹的视角对城乡规划用地分类方案进行了探讨,提出了具有覆盖全市域、强化建设空间管制、突出城乡差异特征的分类体系,为新形势下我国的城乡规划编制和管理工作提供了基础。

基于高分辨率遥感影像分类的城镇土地利用规划监测

城镇土地利用规划是城镇化健康有序推进的基础,规划实施监测是其实施的保障。遥感和GIS相结合的方法可快速监测城镇土地利用规划实施情况,保障土地利用规划实施的动态管理。利用0.5 m分辨率的World View-2卫星遥感影像,采用面向对象的影像分析方法,针对基于知识规则分类特征选取及阈值确定难点,将CART决策树与面向对象分类方法结合,实现参与分类最优对象特征的选择以及特征阈值的自动确定。在分类基础上,对每个规划图斑计算地类规划实施完成率,实现对土地利用规划实施过程进行监测评价。最后,以北京市房山区某区域为研究区,进行了试验验证。结果表明:最终分类总体精度达0.89,Kappa系数为0.87,表明构建的分类算法基本能满足城镇土地利用规划监测的需求。研究区东北部土地利用规划实施情况比西部好,公共绿地、水域等地类需重点调查监测,同时二类居住用地的建筑密度偏高,绿化率偏低。

新旧《城市用地分类与规划建设用地标准》对比分析研究

"90国标"在长期的城市发展过程中不断呈现其不适应性,"新国标"在城乡统筹规划、区域协调发展的时代背景和规划工作需求转变的影响下应运而生。文章详细分析了国标更新的成因机制,接着从出台背景、适用范围、用地分类体系和规划建设用地标准四个方面对新旧国标进行了详细的对比分析,指出"新国标"与"90国标"在规范和指导城乡用地分类方面的统一性和差异性,并对"新国标"的继承性和现实意义进行了深入思考,阐明"新国标"仍存在对混合用地控制不足、对土地的过程性控制不足、分类深度不足及绿地分类与绿地标准衔接不足等问题,最后提出增加混合用地类型、深化分类层级性、建立地方标准等建议,旨在使我国的用地标准更加合理化和科学化,以满足城市发展和建设的需要。