R/S Analyses of Some Geochemical Indexes for Tianshuihai Lake Core in West Kunlun Mountain and Their Environmental Implications

With the decrease of global temperature, glacial epoch came over the earth and global climate fluctuated over a great range since the beginning of Quaternary. Paleoclimotologists of various countries have focussed attention to the periodic characteristics and dynamics of climatic fluctuation in the past many years (Berger, 1977; Imbrie and Hays, 1984; Ding Zhongli et al., 1990; Yu Zhiwei et al., 1992; Liu Youmei et al., 1996). Although some of the workers have paid their attention to the nonlinear characteristics of the global Quaternary environmental evolution (Nicolis and Nicolis, 1984; Lu Houyuan et al., 1993), it is worth while to do this kind of work in some special areas in the world, for example the Qinghai\|Tibet Plateau.\; Using R/S analysis, the authors calculated the Hurst indexes H of some geochemical proxies, including organic carbon, FeO, Fe\-2O\-3 and FeO/ Fe\-2O\-3, from the Tianshuihai Lake core in West Kunlun Mountain of the Qinghai\|Tibet Plateau. The proxies satisfy the Hurst law with H\-\{org.carbon\}=0.735, H\-\{Fe\-2O\-3\}=0.757, H\-\{FeO\}=0.848 and H\-\{FeO/Fe\-2O\-3\}=0.646. All the indexes are greater than 0.5, meaning that from 240 to 15 ka B.P., there were some long\|run dependencies\|persistence in the climatic and environmental evolution around the Tianshuihai Lake area. This is in accordance with the climate there from 240 to 15 ka B.P. (Yu Suhua et al., 1996). The paleo\|climate and paleo\|environment evolution around the Tianshuihai Lake area is of persistence as well as of fluctuation and is a combination of these two components. There are some differences between the four Hurst indexes, which probably resulted from the different intensities of persistence of the four proxies, organic carbon, FeO, Fe\-2O\-3 and FeO/ Fe\-2O\-3, or from the change of drainage system around the Tianshuihai Lake area from openness to closeness(Li Bingyuan et al., 1991; Sun Honglie, 1996; Shi Yafeng et al., 1998).\; The Qinghai\|Tibet plateau was the starter and sensor of the climatic and environmental variation of the surrounding areas (Yao Tandong et al., 1991; Feng Song et al., 1998) and some other scientists even regarded it as the driver and amplifier of global climatic variations (Pan Baotian and Li Jijun, 1996). The persistence in which the climate and environment around the Tianshuihai Lake area evolved from 240 to 15 ka B.P. is probably a function of the continuous uplift of the plateau in the same period of time.

Organic geochemical and petrographic characteristics of the Cambrian-Ordovician organic-rich marine shales in Scandinavia

This work used organic geochemistry and organic petrology to study the depositional environment,organic matter characteristics,and thermal maturity of the Cambrian-Ordovician organic-rich marine shales in the Baltic Basin.The main macerals in Cambrian samples include alginite,bituminite and solid bitumen,while zooclastic macerals become the major proportion of organic matter in the Ordovician samples.As the maturity increase,solid bitumen becomes abundant and dispersed.Semifusinite-like maceral was observed only in Furongian of well DBH15/73,which probably indicates the local intrusion of Permo-Carboniferous dolerite dikes.The programmed pyrolysis results show that immature,early mature,and over-mature samples are developed.However,the data of high-uranium Furongian samples were greatly altered by igneous intrusives from local dikes.HIo calculation model is simulated based on pyrolysis data and fitted according to the least-square fitting method.The simulated fitting HIo:400mg HC/g TOC(369.5 mg HC/g TOC,430.5 mg HC/g TOC as 95%confidence bounds)is within the worldwide marine shale HI_(o)and indicates a marine anoxia and transgressive sea with shallow water column(organofacies B).

Evaluation of hydro-chemistry in a phreatic aquifer in the Vindhyan Region, India, using entropy weighted approach and geochemical modelling

Groundwater quality monitoring and geochemical characterization in the phreatic aquifer are critical for ensuring universal and equitable access to clean,reliable,and inexpensive drinking water for all.This research was intended to investigate the hydrogeochemical attributes and mechanisms regulating the chemistry of groundwater as well as to assess spatial variation in groundwater quality in Satna district,India.To accomplish this,the groundwater data comprising 13 physio-chemical parameters from thirty-eight phreatic aquifer locations were analysed for May 2020 by combining entropy-weighted water quality index(EWQI),multivariate statistics,geochemical modelling,and geographical information system.The findings revealed that the groundwater is fresh and slightly alkaline.Hardness was a significant concern as 57.89% of samples were beyond the permissible limit of the World Health Organisation.The dominance of ions were in the order of Ca^(2+)> Na^(+)> Mg^(2+)> K^(+) and HCO_(3)^(-)> SO_(4)^(2-)> Cl^-> NO_(3)^(-)> F^(-).Higher concentration of these ions is mainly concentrated in the northeast and eastern regions.Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis(PCA) demonstrated that both natural and human factors regulate groundwater chemistry in the region.The analysis of Q-mode agglomerative hierarchical clustering highlighted three significant water clusters.Ca-HCO_3 was the most prevalent hydro-chemical facies in all three clusters.Geochemical modelling through various conventional plots indicated that groundwater chemistry in the research region is influenced by the dissolution of calcite/dolomite,reverse ion exchange,and by silicate and halite weathering.EWQI data of the study area disclosed that 73.69% of the samples were appropriate for drinking.Due to high salinity,Magnesium(Mg^(2+)),Nitrate(NO_(3)^(-)),and Bicarbonate(HCO_(3)^(-)) concentrations,the north-central and north-eastern regions are particularly susceptible.The findings of the study may be accomplished by policymakers and groundwater managers to achieve sustainable groundwater development at the regional scale.

Application of isolation forest to extract multivariate anomalies from geochemical exploration data

Constructing a statistical model that best fits the background is a key step in geochemical anomaly identification. But the model is hard to be constructed in situations where the sample population has unknown and/or complex distribution. Isolation forest is an outlier detection approach that explicitly isolates anomaly samples rather than models the population distribution. It can extract multivariate anomalies from huge-sized high-dimensional data with unknown population distribution. For this reason,we tentatively applied the method to identify multivariate anomalies from the stream sediment survey data of the Lalingzaohuo district,an area with a complex geological setting,in Qinghai Province in China. The performance of the isolation forest algorithm in anomaly identification was compared with that of a continuous restricted Boltzmann machine. The results show that the isolation forest model performs superiorly to the continuous restricted Boltzmann machine in multivariate anomaly identification in terms of receiver operating characteristic curve,area under the curve,and data-processing efficiency. The anomalies identified by the isolation forest model occupy 19% of the study area and contain 82% of the known mineral deposits,whereas the anomalies identified by the continuous restricted Boltzmann machine occupy 35% of the study area and contain 88% of the known mineral deposits. It takes 4. 07 and 279. 36 seconds respectively handling the dataset using the two models. Therefore,isolation forest is a useful anomaly detection method that can quickly extract multivariate anomalies from geochemical exploration data.

Geochemical baseline determination and contamination of heavy metals in the urban topsoil of Fuxin City,China

Urban topsoil is the most frequent interface between human society and natural environment.The accumulation of heavy metals in the urban topsoil has a direct effect on residents'life and health.The geochemical baseline of heavy metals is an objective description of the general level of heavy metals in the urban topsoil.Meanwhile,the determination of geochemical baseline is necessary for regional environmental management,especially in coal cities prone to heavy metal pollution.Heavy metal pollution has become an environmental problem in Fuxin City,China for a long time.To establish the geochemical baseline of heavy metals in the topsoil of Fuxin City and to evaluate the ecological risk of the topsoil,we collected 75 topsoil samples(0–20 cm)and analyzed the concentrations of Cu,Ni,Zn,Pb,Cr,Cd,Hg and As through X-ray fluorescence spectrometry,atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.We determined the geochemical baseline of heavy metals in the topsoil of Fuxin City by using iteration removal,box-whisker plot,cumulative frequency curve and reference metal normalization;evaluated the contamination risk and ecological risk of the topsoil by using the baseline factor index,Nemerow index and Hakanson potential ecological risk index;and identified the source category of heavy metals in the topsoil by using a pedigree clustering heatmap.Results showed that the geochemical baseline values were 42.86,89.34,92.23,60.55,145.21,0.09,0.08 and 4.17 mg/kg for Cu,Ni,Zn,Pb,Cr,Cd,Hg and As,respectively.The results of Nemerow index and Hakanson potential ecological risk index indicated that the urban topsoil in the study area was slightly contaminated and suffering low potential ecological risk.The main contaminated areas dominated in the middle part and northeast part of the study area,especially in the western Haizhou Strip Mine.The result of baseline factor index indicated that Hg and Cd were the major pollution elements.Using a pedigree clustering heatmap,we divided the sources of these heavy metals into three types:type I for Ni and Cr,largely represented the enrichment of heavy metals from natural sources;type II for Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd and As,mainly represented the enrichment of heavy metals from anthropogenic sources;and type III for Hg,represented the form of both natural and anthropogenic inputs.

Identification model of geochemical anomaly based on isolation forest algorithm

The methods for geochemical anomaly detection are usually based on statistical models, and it needs to assume that the sample population satisfies a specific distribution, which may reduce the performance of geochemical anomaly detection. In this paper, the isolation forest model is used to detect geochemical anomalies and it does not require geochemical data to satisfy a particular distribution. By constructing a tree to traverse the average path length of all data, anomaly scores are used to characterize the anomaly and background fields, and the optimal threshold is selected to identify geochemical anomalies. Taking 1∶200 000 geochemical exploration data of Fusong area in Jilin Province, NE China as an example, Fe2O3 and Pb were selected as the indicator elements to identify geochemical anomalies, and the results were compared with traditional statistical methods. The results show that the isolation forest model can effectively identify univariate geochemical anomalies, and the identified anomalies results have significant spatial correlation with known mine locations. Moreover, it can identify both high value anomalies and weak anomalies.

Petrography and Geochemical Characteristic of Koohrig Intrusive Rocks in Kerman, Iran

Koohrig intrusive mass is located in the east of Rafsanjan, Kerman Province, Iran and it is part of because it has cut the sandstone, limestone, shale units and conglomerate of Upper Cretaceous. Its intrusive rock includes quartz, plagioclase and alkali feldspar and its ferromagnesian mineral which is biotite has changed into chlorite. This Intrusive mass is characterized by the presence of metamorphic geochemical studies led to the detection of granite and granodiorite and quartz monzonite rocks.

贵州省灰岩分布区土壤镉地球化学基线研究

为判别贵州省灰岩分布区土壤中Cd的元素来源,分析土壤中Cd的富集程度,按标准化方法获取了全省灰岩分布区不同地质年代形成的土壤Cd地球化学基线值,并进行地质累积指数评价.结果表明:二叠系和石炭系灰岩发育形成的土壤Cd基线值明显高于灰岩其他地层发育形成土壤.将土壤Cd基线值与岩石Cd平均含量对比分析显示,岩石自然风化是贵州灰岩发育土壤中Cd元素的主要来源.根据地质累积指数评价结果,贵州省灰岩分布区土壤Cd污染程度总体处于较低水平.

Geochemistry, Paleoenvironment and Mechanism of Organic-Matter Enrichment in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation Shale in the Sichuan Basin, China

To investigate the mechanism of the organic-matter enrichment in the Lower Longmaxi Formation shale,the geochemistry and total organic carbon(TOC)of the Longmaxi Formation black shales in the Jiaoshiba,Zhaotong,and Weiyuan areas of the Sichuan Basin were analyzed.Paleoproductivity proxy parameters(Babio,Siex,and Ni/Al),clastic influx proxies(TiO2 and Ti/Al),redox indices(V/Cr,Ni/Co,V/(V+Ni),and U/Th),and hydrothermal indicators(Fe,Mn,and Y concentrations;Fe/Ti ratio and a Ni-Zn-Co diagram)were employed to decipher the paleoenvironment of the Lower Longmaxi Formation shales.TiO2 and Ti/Al indicated low terrigenous detrital influx in all three areas.However,Babio,Siex,and Ni/Al indicated high productivity in the Jiaoshiba area.V/Cr,Ni/Co,and U/Th indicated higher oxygen content with larger fluctuations in the Zhaotong and Weiyuan areas.Fe,Mn,and Y concentrations and the Fe/Ti ratio implied greater active hydrothermal activity in the Weiyuan area.These heterogeneities were considered to be closely related to the paleoenvironment and paleogeography,and the large basement faults that developed during the Chuanzhong paleo-uplift could have provided vents for deep-hydrothermal-fluid upwelling.The redox indices(V/Cr,Ni/Co,and U/Th)and a paleoproductivity proxy(Ni/Al)displayed a significant correlation with the TOC,suggesting that both excellent preservation conditions and high paleoproductivity were the controlling factors for the enrichment of organic matter in the Longmaxi Formation shale.There was no obvious correlation between the clastic influx proxy(Ti/Al)and the TOC due to the extremely low supply of terrigenous debris.The hydrothermal indicator(Fe/Ti)was negatively correlated with the TOC in the Weiyuan area,indicating that hydrothermal activity may have played a negative role in the accumulation of organic matter.This study suggests that the enrichment of organic matter in the Longmaxi Formation marine shale varied according to the paleogeography and sedimentary environment.

鄂尔多斯盆地杭锦旗地区山西组-太原组烃源岩地球化学特征对比研究及意义

以鄂尔多斯盆地杭锦旗地区山西组太原组煤系烃源岩为研究对象,通过总有机碳测定、岩石热解分析、碳同位素测定及GC-MS分析等多种技术手段对两套烃源岩的地球化学特征进行了系统研究。结果表明,研究区山西组太原组烃源岩有机质含量均较高,有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主,生烃潜力好。其中山西组烃源岩整体生烃潜力较太原组强,而太原组烃源岩成熟度则较山西组高。通过将两套烃源岩生物标志化合物特征进行对比分析发现,山西组烃源岩具有高姥植比,高(C_(19)三环萜烷+C_(20)三环萜烷)/C_(21)三环萜烷值,高C_(24)四环萜烷、C_(29)规则甾烷、氧芴相对含量和低伽马蜡烷相对丰度的特征,反映其可能形成于氧化偏氧化的淡水环境,有机质来源以高等陆生植物为主;太原组烃源岩则具有低姥植比,低(C_(19)三环萜烷+C_(20)三环萜烷)/C_(21)三环萜烷值,低C_(24)四环萜烷、C_(29)规则甾烷相对含量,低伽马蜡烷相对丰度和高硫芴相对含量的特征,说明其形成环境可能为相对偏还原的淡水环境,有机质来源中低等水生生物的贡献较多。基于两套烃源岩生物标志化合物组成特征上的差异,选取合适的生标参数建立了相应的有机地化判识指标将两套烃源岩区分开,这对研究区后续的油源对比及油气勘探工作有着较为重要的意义。

冷泉渗漏对海洋沉积物氧化还原环境地球化学识别的影响--以南海东北部F站位活动冷泉为例

氧化还原敏感元素(Mo、U、V、Re、Ni、Co、Cr)已被广泛用于判别沉积环境的氧化还原状态,以及计算上覆水体和大气层中的氧气浓度。然而海底冷泉活动由于微生物作用形成的硫化氢可以导致这些元素指示的氧化还原信号发生变化和模糊,进而影响氧化还原状态判别的有效性。文章通过对南海活动冷泉F站位海底3根插管沉积物的氧化还原敏感元素地球化学特征分析,发现冷泉活动区海底沉积物相比正常海底环境普遍表现为较高的Mo含量,并指示孔隙水为硫化环境,表明甲烷厌氧氧化作用形成的硫化氢对沉积物中Mo富集具有促进作用。冷泉沉积物的U/Th、V/Cr和Ni/Co显示底层海水具有较高的氧浓度,与正常海底特征相一致。但是V/(V+Ni)>0.7指示了沉积物形成时的环境缺氧,可能与陆源碎屑中较低的Ni含量有关。冷泉沉积物Re/Mo比值接近现代海水值,与现代海洋硫化盆地的特征类似,指示了冷泉附近海洋硫化分层特征。因此冷泉活动区海底沉积物的Re和Mo容易受到甲烷渗漏的影响,不能可靠指示真实的氧化还原状态。

西藏伦坡拉盆地牛堡组二段晚始新世-早渐新世地球化学特征与古气候意义

伦坡拉盆地位于青藏高原腹地,是感应高原隆升过程和环境变化效应的核心地带,不仅能够记录大陆碰撞过程、岩石圈和地壳变形历史,也是获取高原腹地地形地貌演化环境和气候变迁信息最理想的场所。为揭示伦坡拉盆地晚始新世-早渐新世古气候信息,选取盆地西南缘382道班剖面牛堡组二段细粒沉积物样品,通过主、微量元素分析,采用元素组合(C值)、Rb/Sr、Sr/Cu和Sr/Ba等比值以及化学蚀变指数(CIA)、元素风化指数(α)、Ln(Al_(2)O_(3)/Na_(2)O)等多种化学风化指数研究了源区风化作用强度,讨论了古气候演化特征。结果表明:伦坡拉盆地牛堡组二段沉积期古气候整体较为干旱,但在始新世-渐新世之交存在一个明显的降温事件,该降温事件并不局限于伦坡拉盆地,在青藏高原及周缘其它地区也被广泛记录,是新生代始新世-渐新世全球降温事件的陆内响应。

大厂凹陷MIS3阶段以来沉积物地球化学特征分析

深海氧同位素3-1阶段是指深海沉积物有孔虫氧同位素记录的第四纪末次冰期至冰后期的一个时期,期间气候表现为间冰阶、极端寒冷、多次千年尺度气候事件至最后转暖多个变化特征,相关气候变化沉积响应及影响因素等科学问题一直以来备受关注。然而,该时期相关千年尺度气候事件的记录及讨论在华北平原地区仍有争议,为探讨华北平原西北地区在该阶段的气候特征,大厂凹陷区天然剖面进行高密度碳14断代样品测试,并开展常量和微量元素地球化学含量分析,获得地球化学数据变化趋势特征,结果表明,该剖面年代从32.5 ka至8.2 ka,处于深海氧同位素3阶段末期至深海氧同位素1阶段早期。在该时段,主量元素氧化物TFe_(2)O_(3)、Al_(2)O_(3)、SiO_(2)、MgO、CaO、Na_(2)O与K_(2)O与微量元素Sr、V、Ni、Co、Ga、Cu、Ba、Cr和Zn均呈现一致的变化趋势;在MIS2末次冰盛期和MIS1早期中的BФlling-AllerФd暖期和新仙女木冷期,K/Na、Al/Na、化学蚀变指数、化学风化指数和古温度等指标与东亚季风区气候呈现一致的变化,同时与全球尺度的事件具有同步性,因此认为晚更新世晚期华北平原的气候变化可归因于全球气候系统下东亚季风区的演化。

高原黄土Sr、CaO的古气候意义以及记录的环境变化

青藏高原东北部的西宁盆地紧邻柴达木盆地戈壁沙漠,沉积了厚层的、序列完整的黄土物质,对其进行研究可望得到高原古气候演化信息。通过对西宁盆地盘子山黄土剖面酸溶相Sr、CaO含量变化的测试分析,获得了自末次间冰期以来多次不同时间尺度变化的信息,证明Sr、CaO可以作为该地区黄土研究更为灵敏的气候代用指标。

应用地质累积指数评价沉积物中重金属污染:选择地球化学背景的影响

地质累积指数是评价沉积物中重金属污染的常用参数。选择地球化学背景对地质累积指数的影响 ,在应用地质累积指数评价沉积物中的重金属污染时 ,应选择与该沉积物有直接联系的地球化学背景 ,由此而进行的污染状况分析才更真实。

海相沉积氧化还原环境的地球化学识别指标

全球海洋在10～5．4亿年间演变成氧化环境，此后历经多次全球性的缺氧事件后演变到现在的氧化环境。海水和沉积物中多种元素的循环、分异和富集明显受氧化还原条件的影响。Mn、Mo、Cr、V和u等变价元素的溶解度随氧化还原条件的改变产生极大变化，导致沉积物中的元素含量分异；Ni、Co、Cu和Zn等在还原条件下形成硫化物沉淀，导致沉积物中对应元素的富集。这些元素的地球化学行为是古海洋氧化还原条件变化的灵敏指示剂，可以作为恢复古海洋氧化还原环境变化的地球化学指标。黄铁矿化程度（DOP）、生物标志化合物和Ce异常等也是沉积环境氧化还原条件的常用判别指标。泥岩研究中通常采用DOP、U/Th、自生U、V/Cr、Ni/Co和生物标志化合物等指标，碳酸盐岩则主要采用Ce异常指标。当前各种指标的定性分析都取得比较一致的结果，但是用一种或几种定量的地球化学指标来恢复整个古海洋的氧化还原环境目前还有很大的问题。

地球化学模拟及其在水文地质中的应用

从正向地球化学模拟、反向地球化学模拟和水文地球化学模拟三方面系统概述了地球化学模拟的研究进展；结合笔者近年来的科研实践，对其在水文地质中的应用作了介绍，并着重讨论了在地下水化学组分存在形式、矿物饱和指数的计算、水化学组分预测及地下水地球化学演化等方面的应用；最后，指出了这一领域中当前存在的问题和今后的研究方向。

冀东平原土壤中重金属元素的地球化学特征

通过分析冀东平原土壤中有害重金属元素Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg的含量变化特征,显示有害重金属元素Hg、Cd、Pb在冀东平原表层土壤的富集已较为明显,Cr、As也形成局部的异常,原有的地球化学特征发生较大变化。初步认为表层土壤中重金属元素的高含量与当地地质背景和人为活动有关,局部异常成因需要进一步研究。研究区地积累指数污染评价结果表明:以全国土壤背景值计算,重金属未造成污染;以研究区背景值计算,Hg表现为轻度—中度污染状况,As、Cd、Cr、Pb未造成污染。

斑岩型铜矿床地球化学勘查中岩石化学指标

依据江西城门山和内蒙古乌努格吐山2个斑岩型铜矿床试验资料,探讨了用于斑岩型铜矿床勘查的岩石化学指标。结果表明,常量化学组分MgO、CaO和Na2O等在斑岩型矿化体中的含量显著低于其在中酸性岩中的丰度值,w(Na2O)/w(K2O)、w(CaO)/w(MgO)值随Cu矿化强度增强有规律地变化,可以有效指示斑岩型矿化体的存在及其矿化强度。此项成果丰富了地球化学勘查指标。

地下水矿物饱和度的水文地球化学模拟分析——以娘子关泉域岩溶水为例

通过分析娘子关泉域岩溶水的水文地质条件、岩溶发育规律以及水文地球化学特征 ,发现在该泉域内不应出现方解石、白云石、石膏等矿物溶解饱和状态。运用地球化学模拟软件 PHREEQC模拟该区可能的化学条件 (地下水中二氧化碳分压 )及相应条件下的矿物溶解状态 ,同时结合野外溶解实验推断所处条件范围。这一研究推测出地下水与其溶解矿物所处极限状态应为饱和状态 ,而实际常常应处于非饱和状态 ,若计算为过饱和状态 ,则应可能是分析数据错误所致。