High-temperature geothermal water has abundant lithium(Li)resources,and research on the development and utilization of geothermal-type lithium resources around the world are increasing.The Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau con...High-temperature geothermal water has abundant lithium(Li)resources,and research on the development and utilization of geothermal-type lithium resources around the world are increasing.The Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau contains huge geothermal resources;especially,Li-rich geothermal resources in southern Xizang,southwestern China,are widely developed.The Li-rich geothermal spots in Xizang are mainly distributed on both sides and to the south of the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone.Such resources are often found in the intensely active high-temperature Li-rich geothermal fields and,compared with other Li-rich geothermal fields around the world,the Li-rich geothermal fluid in the Xizang Plateau,southern Xizang is characterized by good quality:the highest reported Li concentration is up to 239 mg/L;the Mg/Li ratio is extremely low and ranges from 0.03 to 1.48 for most of the Li-rich geothermal fluid;the Li/TDS value is relatively high and ranges from 0.25–1.14%compared to Zhabuye Li-rich salt lake(0.19%)and Salar de Uyuni(Bolivia)(0.08–0.31%).Continuous discharge has been stable for at least several decades,and some of them reach industrial grades of salt lake brine(32.74 mg/L).In addition,elements such as boron(B),caesium(Cs),and rubidium(Rb)are rich and can be comprehensively utilized.Based on still-incomplete statistics,there are at least 16 large-scale Li-rich hot springs with lithium concentration of 20 mg/L or more.The total discharge of lithium metal is about 4300 tons per year,equivalent to 25,686 tons of lithium carbonate.Drilling data has shown that the depth is promising and there is a lack of volcanism(non-volcanic geothermal system).With a background of the partial-melting lower crust caused by the collision of the Indo-Asia continent and based on a comprehensive analysis of the tectonic background of southern Xizang and previous geological,geophysical,and geothermal research,deep molten magma seems to provide a stable heat source for the high-temperature Li-rich geothermal field.The Li-rich parent geothermal fluid rushes to the surface to form hot springs along the extensively developed tectonic fault zones in southern Xizang;some of the Li-rich fluid flows in to form Li-rich salt lakes.However,most of the Li-rich geothermal fluid is remitted to seasonal rivers and has not been effectively exploited,resulting in great waste.With the continuous advance of lithium extraction technologies in Li-rich geothermal fluid,the lithium resource in geothermal water is promising as a new geothermal type of mineral deposit,which can be effectively exploited.This is the first study to undertake a longitudinal analysis on the characteristics,distribution and scale,origin and utilization prospects of Li-rich geothermal resources in southern Xizang,research that will contribute to a deeper understanding of Li-rich geothermal resources in the area and attract attention to these resources in China.展开更多
1 Introduction The conflict between resources and the environment has been increasingly outstanding as the population,economy and society around the globe have developed rapidly since the 21st century.An important cha...1 Introduction The conflict between resources and the environment has been increasingly outstanding as the population,economy and society around the globe have developed rapidly since the 21st century.An important challenge that the human展开更多
This article gives an introductory exposition of the growing demands of lithium on the market against the background of current rapid S&Tprogress and booming economic development, the worldwide trend in the produc...This article gives an introductory exposition of the growing demands of lithium on the market against the background of current rapid S&Tprogress and booming economic development, the worldwide trend in the production of lithium salts and the rich lithium reserves in China’s salt lakes as well as the brilliant prospects for its exploitation in the future. The article proposes that a sustainable exploitation of the lithium trove from these salt lakes should be rooted in comprehensive utilization of the trove and take a long-term approach, emphasizing high value proliferation in developing quality lithium-based products. Also, it expresses some tentative ideas on building demonstration bases for all-round exploitation and utilization of the salt lake resources and the development of lithium cells.展开更多
A reasonable classification of deposits holds great significance for identifying prospecting targets and deploying exploration. The world ’s keen demand for lithium resources has expedited the discovery of numerous n...A reasonable classification of deposits holds great significance for identifying prospecting targets and deploying exploration. The world ’s keen demand for lithium resources has expedited the discovery of numerous novel lithium resources. Given the presence of varied classification criteria for lithium resources presently, this study further ascertained and classified the lithium resources according to their occurrence modes, obtaining 10 types and 5 subtypes of lithium deposits(resources) based on endogenetic and exogenetic factors. As indicated by surveys of Cenozoic exogenetic lithium deposits in China and abroad,the formation and distribution of the deposits are primarily determined by plate collision zones, their primary material sources are linked to the anatectic magmas in the deep oceanic crust, and they were formed primarily during the Miocene and Late Paleogene. The researchers ascertained that these deposits,especially those of the salt lake, geothermal, and volcanic deposit types, are formed by unique slightly acidic magmas, tend to migrate and accumulate toward low-lying areas, and display supernormal enrichment. However, the material sources of lithium deposits(resources) of the Neopaleozoic clay subtype and the deep brine type are yet to be further identified. Given the various types and complex origins of lithium deposits(resources), which were formed due to the interactions of multiple spheres, it is recommended that the mineralization of exogenetic lithium deposits(resources) be investigated by integrating tectono-geochemistry, paleoatmospheric circulation, and salinology. So far, industrialized lithium extraction is primarily achieved in lithium deposits of the salt lake, clay, and hard rock types. The lithium extraction employs different processes, with lithium extraction from salt lake-type lithium deposits proving the most energy-saving and cost-effective.展开更多
磷酸铁锂(LFP)电池产量在我国处于领先地位,伴随着其产量的增加,资源耗竭潜力日渐增大,有必要对LFP电池的资源消耗强度进行评估。目前生命周期评价影响评价过程中有众多资源耗竭特征化方法。在本研究中,选取非生物资源耗竭潜值(ADP)、...磷酸铁锂(LFP)电池产量在我国处于领先地位,伴随着其产量的增加,资源耗竭潜力日渐增大,有必要对LFP电池的资源消耗强度进行评估。目前生命周期评价影响评价过程中有众多资源耗竭特征化方法。在本研究中,选取非生物资源耗竭潜值(ADP)、人为储量扩展的非生物资源耗竭潜值(AADP)、盈余矿石潜力(SOP)、热力学稀有度(TheRy)和累计㶲需求(CExD)五种方法评价LFP电池的资源消耗情况。结果表明:LFP电池生产过程的ADP值为2.29E-01 kg Sb eq,其中BMS制备过程的贡献最高,占85.24%,金为主要贡献资源;AADP值为2.38E-03 kg Sb eq,电池正极制备过程的贡献最高,占50.75%,镉为主要贡献资源;SOP值为1.26E+01 kg Cu eq,电池负极制备过程和正极制备过程的贡献均较高,分别占48.53%和44.82%,锂和石墨为主要贡献资源;TheRy值为3.18E+03 MJ,电池正极制备过程的贡献最高,占55.40%,铝和锂为主要贡献资源;CExD值为2.91E+02 MJ,电池负极制备过程的贡献最高,占56.19%,铜为主要贡献资源。展开更多
基金This work was financially supported by the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project Grant No.91962219)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U1407207)+1 种基金the Beijing Dizhiguang New Energy Technology Research Institute Co.,Ltd,China Geological Survey(Project Grant No.DD20190172)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2017YFC0602806 and 2017YFC0602802).
文摘High-temperature geothermal water has abundant lithium(Li)resources,and research on the development and utilization of geothermal-type lithium resources around the world are increasing.The Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau contains huge geothermal resources;especially,Li-rich geothermal resources in southern Xizang,southwestern China,are widely developed.The Li-rich geothermal spots in Xizang are mainly distributed on both sides and to the south of the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone.Such resources are often found in the intensely active high-temperature Li-rich geothermal fields and,compared with other Li-rich geothermal fields around the world,the Li-rich geothermal fluid in the Xizang Plateau,southern Xizang is characterized by good quality:the highest reported Li concentration is up to 239 mg/L;the Mg/Li ratio is extremely low and ranges from 0.03 to 1.48 for most of the Li-rich geothermal fluid;the Li/TDS value is relatively high and ranges from 0.25–1.14%compared to Zhabuye Li-rich salt lake(0.19%)and Salar de Uyuni(Bolivia)(0.08–0.31%).Continuous discharge has been stable for at least several decades,and some of them reach industrial grades of salt lake brine(32.74 mg/L).In addition,elements such as boron(B),caesium(Cs),and rubidium(Rb)are rich and can be comprehensively utilized.Based on still-incomplete statistics,there are at least 16 large-scale Li-rich hot springs with lithium concentration of 20 mg/L or more.The total discharge of lithium metal is about 4300 tons per year,equivalent to 25,686 tons of lithium carbonate.Drilling data has shown that the depth is promising and there is a lack of volcanism(non-volcanic geothermal system).With a background of the partial-melting lower crust caused by the collision of the Indo-Asia continent and based on a comprehensive analysis of the tectonic background of southern Xizang and previous geological,geophysical,and geothermal research,deep molten magma seems to provide a stable heat source for the high-temperature Li-rich geothermal field.The Li-rich parent geothermal fluid rushes to the surface to form hot springs along the extensively developed tectonic fault zones in southern Xizang;some of the Li-rich fluid flows in to form Li-rich salt lakes.However,most of the Li-rich geothermal fluid is remitted to seasonal rivers and has not been effectively exploited,resulting in great waste.With the continuous advance of lithium extraction technologies in Li-rich geothermal fluid,the lithium resource in geothermal water is promising as a new geothermal type of mineral deposit,which can be effectively exploited.This is the first study to undertake a longitudinal analysis on the characteristics,distribution and scale,origin and utilization prospects of Li-rich geothermal resources in southern Xizang,research that will contribute to a deeper understanding of Li-rich geothermal resources in the area and attract attention to these resources in China.
文摘1 Introduction The conflict between resources and the environment has been increasingly outstanding as the population,economy and society around the globe have developed rapidly since the 21st century.An important challenge that the human
文摘This article gives an introductory exposition of the growing demands of lithium on the market against the background of current rapid S&Tprogress and booming economic development, the worldwide trend in the production of lithium salts and the rich lithium reserves in China’s salt lakes as well as the brilliant prospects for its exploitation in the future. The article proposes that a sustainable exploitation of the lithium trove from these salt lakes should be rooted in comprehensive utilization of the trove and take a long-term approach, emphasizing high value proliferation in developing quality lithium-based products. Also, it expresses some tentative ideas on building demonstration bases for all-round exploitation and utilization of the salt lake resources and the development of lithium cells.
基金funded by the major research program of the of National Natural Science Foundation of China entitled Metallogenic Mechanisms and Regularity of the Lithium Ore Concentration Area in the Zabuye Salt Lake, Tibet (91962219)Science and Technology Major Project of the Tibet Autonomous Region ’s Science and Techonlogy Plan (XZ202201ZD0004G01)a geological survey project of China Geological Survey (DD20230037)。
文摘A reasonable classification of deposits holds great significance for identifying prospecting targets and deploying exploration. The world ’s keen demand for lithium resources has expedited the discovery of numerous novel lithium resources. Given the presence of varied classification criteria for lithium resources presently, this study further ascertained and classified the lithium resources according to their occurrence modes, obtaining 10 types and 5 subtypes of lithium deposits(resources) based on endogenetic and exogenetic factors. As indicated by surveys of Cenozoic exogenetic lithium deposits in China and abroad,the formation and distribution of the deposits are primarily determined by plate collision zones, their primary material sources are linked to the anatectic magmas in the deep oceanic crust, and they were formed primarily during the Miocene and Late Paleogene. The researchers ascertained that these deposits,especially those of the salt lake, geothermal, and volcanic deposit types, are formed by unique slightly acidic magmas, tend to migrate and accumulate toward low-lying areas, and display supernormal enrichment. However, the material sources of lithium deposits(resources) of the Neopaleozoic clay subtype and the deep brine type are yet to be further identified. Given the various types and complex origins of lithium deposits(resources), which were formed due to the interactions of multiple spheres, it is recommended that the mineralization of exogenetic lithium deposits(resources) be investigated by integrating tectono-geochemistry, paleoatmospheric circulation, and salinology. So far, industrialized lithium extraction is primarily achieved in lithium deposits of the salt lake, clay, and hard rock types. The lithium extraction employs different processes, with lithium extraction from salt lake-type lithium deposits proving the most energy-saving and cost-effective.
文摘磷酸铁锂(LFP)电池产量在我国处于领先地位,伴随着其产量的增加,资源耗竭潜力日渐增大,有必要对LFP电池的资源消耗强度进行评估。目前生命周期评价影响评价过程中有众多资源耗竭特征化方法。在本研究中,选取非生物资源耗竭潜值(ADP)、人为储量扩展的非生物资源耗竭潜值(AADP)、盈余矿石潜力(SOP)、热力学稀有度(TheRy)和累计㶲需求(CExD)五种方法评价LFP电池的资源消耗情况。结果表明:LFP电池生产过程的ADP值为2.29E-01 kg Sb eq,其中BMS制备过程的贡献最高,占85.24%,金为主要贡献资源;AADP值为2.38E-03 kg Sb eq,电池正极制备过程的贡献最高,占50.75%,镉为主要贡献资源;SOP值为1.26E+01 kg Cu eq,电池负极制备过程和正极制备过程的贡献均较高,分别占48.53%和44.82%,锂和石墨为主要贡献资源;TheRy值为3.18E+03 MJ,电池正极制备过程的贡献最高,占55.40%,铝和锂为主要贡献资源;CExD值为2.91E+02 MJ,电池负极制备过程的贡献最高,占56.19%,铜为主要贡献资源。
