Flavanoids from Clematis hexapetala

Aim To study the chemical constituents from the roots and rhizomes of Clematis hexapetala Pall.. Methods The components were isolated by means of solvent extraction, repeated chromatography with silica gel, sephadex LH-20 and prep-HPLC. The structures were determined by spectrum analysis. Results Twelve flavonoids were isolated and their structures were identified as 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 3＇, 4＇-heptamethoxyflavone （1）, nobiletin （2）, liquiritigenin （3）, hesperetin （4）, naringenin （5）, liquiritigen-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （6）, 5,7, 4＇ -trihydroxy-3＇- methoxyflavanone -7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl （ 1→6 ） -β-D-glucopyranoside （7）, 6-hydroxybiochain A （ 8）, formononetin （9）, daidzein （10）, genistein （11）, and tectoridin （12）. Conclusion All the said compounds were isolated from the plant for the first time.

Leaf Epidermal Feature in Clematis (Ranunculaceae) with Reference to Its Systematic Significance

For finding valuable systematic characters, leaf epidermis of 77 taxa, representing 12 sections of the genus Clematis and three related genera in the Ranunculaceae, were examined mainly by means of light microscopy (LM), and partially by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was shown that the leaf epidermal cells were usually irregular or polygonal in shape. The patterns of anticlinal walls were straight, arched or undulate. The stomatal apparatus is anomocytic and exists in abaxial epidermis of all species, and in the adaxial epidermis of some species. Under SEM observation, the leaf epidermis was often striated, seldom nearly smooth, and often with flakes attached. Evidence from leaf epidermis serves as a criterion for distinguishing the subsections in sect. Meclatis (Spach) Tamura and in sect. Fruticella Tamura. The results also support that there are several separate evolutionary processes in the genus Clematis .

单叶铁线莲Clematis henryi愈伤组织诱导与植株再生

以单叶铁线莲老枝、嫩茎、叶片和叶柄为外植体,在附加各种激素的MS培养基上进行诱导培养,以探讨愈伤组织诱导和植株再生的条件。结果表明,嫩茎为最佳外植体,适用于愈伤组织的诱导,在MS+1.2 mg.L-16-BA+0.35 mg.L-1NAA培养基中,嫩茎的出愈率为88.6%;MS+4.0 mg.L-1KT+0.4 mg.L-1NAA为最佳不定芽诱导培养基,不定芽发生率为90.0%;MS+0.04 mg.L-1NAA为最佳生根培养基,生根率达95.0%。

铁线莲品种Clematis‘Bill MacKenzie’愈伤组织的诱导

以铁线莲Clematis‘Bill MacKenzie’优良单株的嫩茎为外植体,研究了不同灭菌时间、基本培养基类型对C.‘Bill MacKenzie’愈伤组织诱导的影响,并在初代愈伤诱导的基础上,研究了不同外源激素组合对C.‘Bill MacKenzie’愈伤组织诱导及状态的影响。结果表明:最佳的灭菌时间为12min;基本培养基类型为MS,诱导率为68.4%;不同的外源激素组合均能诱导出愈伤,但是愈伤状态不同,其中MS+1.0mg/L 6-BA+0.4mg/L IBA时愈伤状态最好。

不同光照强度和光质对铁线莲品种繁星(Clematis‘nelly moser’)不定芽诱导和生长的影响

以铁线莲品种繁星(Clematis‘nelly moser’)的带节茎段为材料,研究不同光照强度和光质对铁线莲不定芽繁殖的影响.以MS为基本培养基(含有0.2mg/L 1-萘乙酸和2mg/L 6-苄氨基腺嘌呤),设置光照强度梯度为0、500、2 000、3 000和4 000Lux的白光光照;用透明玻璃纸得到蓝(440nm)、绿(560nm)、红(650nm)3种光质,以白光为对照组,强度均为3 000Lux.结果表明:在光照强度为3 000Lux的白光光照下,不定芽的诱导效果最好,其诱导频率和每个外植体上不定芽的数量分别为100%和4.4,每个外植体上不定芽的平均高度为5.66cm,平均节数为4.6个;蓝光能够显著提高不定芽的诱导数量,是相同光强白光诱导数量的1.27倍,蓝光下不定芽SOD和CAT的最大值显著高于其它光质下的数值,且叶绿素a和b的比值最大.

Comparison on Four Extraction Methods of Genomic DNA from Clematis fasciculiflora Franch

[Objective] This study aimed at comparing the four extraction methods of genomic DNA from Clematis fasciculiflora Franch and determining the optimal extraction method for extracting the genomic DNA from Clematis fasciculiflora Franch.[Method] Leavies of Clematis fasciculiflora Franch were used as materials for comparing the purity and concentration of extracted DNA and extracting time among the four extraction methods of genomic DNA including improved CTAB method Ⅰ,improved CTAB method Ⅱ,improved CTAB method Ⅲ and improved SDS method.[Result] The four extraction methods could all be successfully used for extracting the genomic DNA from Clematis fasciculiflora Franch.The purity of genomic DNA was the highest using improved CTAB method Ⅰ,with the longest extracting time;while the concentration of genomic DNA was the maximum using the improved SDS method,with the shortest extracting time and relatively low purity;the extracting time of improved CTAB method Ⅲ was the shortest.[Conclusion] This study had established the optimal extraction method for extracting the genomic DNA from Clematis fasciculiflora Franch and supported for the further research using molecular biological methods.

Studies on the Chemical Components of Clematis chinensis

Two novel compounds, clemaphenol A and dihydro-4-hydroxy-5-hyroxymethyl-2(3H)-fura-none were isolated together with eight known compounds, isoferulic acid, b-sitosterol, daucosterol, 5-hy-droxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde, 5-hydroxy-4-oxo-pentanoic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid and anemonin from the root of Clematis chinensis Osbeck.

Two Novel Antifungal Saponins from Tibetan Herbal Medicine Clematis tangutica

Antifungal assay-guided isolation of the ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Clematis tangutica yielded two novel triterpene saponins. Their structures were determined to be 3-O-a-L-arabinopyranosyl hederagenin 28-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl ester (1) and 3-O-b-D- glucopyranosyl(14)-a-L-arabinopyranosyl hederagenin 28-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl ester (2) on the basis of spectral data and chemical reactions.

槭叶铁线莲(Clematis acerifolia Maxim.)群落物种生态位研究

槭叶铁线莲(Clematis acerifolia)为太行山特有植物,但数量稀少且分布零散,其生存状况受到学者和政府部门的高度关注。本文通过对河北省易县葫芦峪沟谷新发现的槭叶铁线莲群落的典型样地调查,以物种重要值作为生态位计量指标,对各物种生态位宽度、生态位重叠和生态位相似性进行了定量分析,对槭叶铁线莲的生存安全状况进行了评估。结果表明:在调查样地中共记录到14科15属17种植物,群落物种组成较为简单,槭叶铁线莲在大部分调查样地中的重要值最大,占据优势地位,其他物种重要值相对较低;群落内所有物种中,槭叶铁线莲的生态位宽度最大(B_(i)=6.264),绒毛绣线菊(Spiraea dasyantha)次之(B_(i)=5.144),其他种类较小;所有物种组成的136个种对中,生态位完全重叠(Q_(ik)=1)、重叠程度较高(0.5≤Q_(ik)<1)和重叠程度较低(Q_(ik)<0.5)的种对比例分别为8.09%、16.91%和75.00%,生态位完全相似(C;=1)、相似程度较高(0.5≤C;<1)和相似程度较低(C;<0.5)的种对比例分别为8.09%、5.88%和86.03%,大部分物种之间生态位重叠程度和相似性都处于较低水平;槭叶铁线莲与其他物种构成的16个种对中,62.50%的种对生态位重叠程度较低(Q_(ik)<0.5),81.25%的种对生态位相似性程度较低(C;<0.5),反映出群落内各物种间对资源和空间的竞争较为温和,群落较为稳定,槭叶铁线莲在其分布生境中生存状况相对安全;本文研究表明,利用生态位分析方法可以作为珍稀濒危物种生存状态和安全风险评估的一种方法。

A revision of Clematis sect.Atragene(Ranunculaceae)

Clematis sect. Atragene is revised in this paper based on the examination of a large number of herbarium specimens, extensive field observations, and morphometric analyses. Brief taxonomic history and geographical distribution of the section are given, the relationships among the species are discussed, and the evolutionary trends of some characters in the section are evaluated. The staminodes of the plants in this section may have evolved from the outer stamens with petaloid filaments and gradually disappearing anthers. Subsequently, they may have evolved in two different ways. One possibility is that the staminodes elongate and become lanceolate, as long as sepals, and their apices turn into attenuate. The other is that the staminodes are spathulate, but not elongating, as long as stamens, and their apices turn into retuse from obtuse and rounded. The evolutionary trend of sepals may be from thin to thick in texture, and the veins from non-prominent to prominent. As a result, five new series are established and nine species, two subspecies and nine varieties （including three new ranks） are recognized in this section. An identification key is provided, and each taxon is described and illustrated. Clematis sibirica and Clematis ochotensis are treated as subspecies of Clematis alpina due to their subtle differences and lack of, or few, overlapping distributions. Clematis fusijamana and Clematisfauriei are recognized as varieties of C. alpina ssp. ochotensis for the continuous variation of the velutinous strips on the sepal margins. Clematis iliensis is treated as variety of C. alpina ssp. sibirica for the continuous variation of leaf division types. Extensive variations in sepal color and basal caruncle size support degrading Clematis chiisanensis as a variety of Clematis koreana. The North American ser. Occientales may be primitive, whereas ser. Macropetalae may be the most advanced taxon in this section. Ser. Alpinae and ser. Koreanae are closely related to each other. However, the systematic position of ser. Tomentosae cannot be determined based on morphological characters alone in the present study.

A new triterpenoid saponin from Clematis ganpiniana

A new triterpenoid saponin, named clematiganoside A (1), was isolated from the whole plant of Clematis ganpiniana. Its structure was elucidated on the basis of 1D, 2D NMR, TOF-MS and ESI-MS techniques, and physicochemical properties.

Diabetic retinopathy:Role of inflammation and potential therapies for anti-inflammation

Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness among working-age adults.Despite many years of research,treatment options for diabetic retinopathy remain limited and with adverse effects.Discovery of new molecular entities with adequate clinical activity for diabetic retinopathy remains one of the key research priorities in ophthalmology.This review is focused on the therapeutic effects of cannabidiol(CBD),a nonpsychoactive native cannabinoid,as an emerging and novel therapeutic modality in ophthalmology based on systematic studies in animal models of inflammatory retinal diseases including diabetic retinopathy-a retinal disease associated with vascular-neuroinflammation.Special emphasis is placed on novel mechanisms which may shed light on the pharmacological activity asso c iated with CBD preclinically.These include a selfdefence system against inflammation and neurodegeneration mediated by inhibition of equilibrat ive nucleoside transporter and activation of adenosine receptor by treatment with CBD.

Triterpenoid Saponins from Clematis tangutica

Two new triterpenoid saponins, tanguticoside A and B were isolated from aerial part of Clematis tangutica. Their structures were elucidated as 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl hederagenin 28 O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl- (1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl- (1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosidel and 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ranosyl- (1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl hederagenin 28-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl- (1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl- (1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside2, respectively.

CLEMOCHINENOSIDE A, A MACROCYCLIC COMPOUND FROM CLEMATIS CHINENSIS

The structure of a new macrocyclic compound, clemochinenoside A obtained from Clematis chinensis was identified by NMR, FAB-MS, NOE and chemical hydrolysis.

Antifungal,molluscicidal and larvicidal assessment of anemonin and Clematis flammula L.extracts against mollusc Galba truncatula,intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica in Tunisia

Objective: To investigate the potential of anemonin and Clematis flammula(C.flammula) extracts against infective organisms.Methods: The molluscicidal activities of anemonin and C.flammula extracts against Galba truncatula Mull.(Lymnaeidae) and Fasciola hepatica larval stages contaminating this snail in Tunisia were assessed by testing six groups of snails in 250 mL of extracts and aqueous dechlorinated solutions with different concentrations(ranging from 2.5 to 20.0 mg/L) for 48 h.Besides, the antifungal potential of C.flammula leaves and flowers was evaluated by using the diffusion agar and broth dilution methods against four fungal strains: Aspergillus niger, Pythium catenulatum, Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium phyllophilum.Results: As a result, hexane and ethyl acetate flower extracts exhibited significant molluscicidal activities with LC_(50) median lethal concentrations values of 11.87 and 11.65 mg/L, respectively while LC_(50) value of anemonin was 9.64 mg/L after 48 h exposure.The flower extracts showed a larvicidal effect with a deterioration rate exceeding 35.39% where flower ethyl acetate residue gave a deterioration rate of cercariae close to 97%.Moreover, C.flammula extracts were not noxious to the associated fauna survival.All extracts inhibited the growth of P.catenulatum, the leaves and flowers methanolic extracts had the more important fungicide action with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 1.56 and 3.12 mg/mL together with minimum fungistatic concentrations of 3.12 and 6.25 mg/mL respectively.Only flower extracts were active against Rhizoctonia solani with minimum inhibitory concentrations varying between 0.70 and 1.56 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL of minimum fungistatic concentration.Phytochemical tests showed that the antifungal activity may be attributed to the presence of the flavonoids/saponins in the methanolic extracts and the molluscicide effects could be due to the richness of hexane and ethyl acetate extracts on sterols and triterpenoids.Conclusions: This study emphasizes the important molluscicidal and antiparasitic effects of flower ethyl acetate extracts and anemonin compound as well as the considerable antifungal activities of methanolic extracts.These results improve the therapeutic virtues of C.flammula aerial part extracts.

A revision of Clematis sect. Aspidanthera s.l. (Ranunculaceae)

In this paper Clematis sect. Aspidanthera s.l. is revised. Seventy_ two species and 15 varieties are recognized. They are keyed, described, and in most cases illustrated, and are classified into six subsections. Of them, on e series, five species, and two varieties are described as new, and two new rank s are proposed. Brief taxonomic history and geographical distribution of the sec tion are given, the evolutionary trends of several important morphological characters observed are e numerated, and the relationships of its subsections are discussed. As a resul t, subsect. Dioicae, which shows striking resemblance in both habit an d floral structure to sect. Clematis subsect. Clematis, is regar ded as t he primitive group, while subsect. Insidiosae, bearing pistillate flower wit h erect sepals and no staminodes, is regarded as the advanced group within the s ection.

Neuroprotective mechanisms of rutin for spinal cord injury through anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation and inhibition of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase pathway

Rutin has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-viral, anti-tumor and immune regulatory effects. However, the neuroprotective effects of rutin in spinal cord injury are unknown. The p38 mitogen activated protein kinase （p38 MAPK） pathway is the most important member of the MAPK family that controls inflammation. We assumed that the mechanism of rutin in the repair of spinal cord injury is associated with the inhibition of p38 MAPK pathway. Allen’s method was used to establish a rat model of spinal cord injury. The rat model was intraperitoneally injected with rutin （30 mg/kg） for 3 days. After treatment with rutin, Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor function scores increased. Water content, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, and interleukin 6 levels, p38 MAPK protein expression and caspase-3 and -9 activities in T8–9 spinal cord decreased. Oxidative stress related markers superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels increased in peripheral blood. Rutin exerts neuroprotective effect through anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis and inhibition of p38 MAPK pathway.

NEW MACROCYCLIC COMPOUND,CLEMOCHINENOSIDE B FROM CLEMATIS CHINENSIS

The structure of a new macrocyclic compound,clemochinenoside B, isolated from the root of Clematis chinensis was elucidated by means of NMR,FAB-MS,NOE and chemical hydrolysis.

Anti-inflammation Activities of Essential Oil and Anti-microbial Activities Of Ethanol Extraction from China's Rosemary

Rosemary(Rosmarius officinalis L.), an endemic plant species in south region of China, is traditionally used as a spice. In this research, the anti-inflammatory activities of essential oil and the antibacterial activities of ethanol extraction were determined, respectively. Results showed that based on the GC-MS analysis there were 35 kinds of active ingredients in the essential oil in totally, mainly including D-limonene(24.158 ml/L), α-Pinene(23.325 ml/L), Camphor(9.855 ml/L),Camphene(7.076 ml/L), Verbenone(6.685 ml/L), Borneol(5.580 ml/L), etc. The LCUV determination indicated that the main components in the ethanol extractionwere rosmarinic acid(3 910 mg/kg) and carnosic acid(2 970 mg/kg). By mice peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis of chicken erythrocytes experiment, the essential oil of rosemary was shown having a significant role in anti-inflammation. And the ethanol extraction had broad-spectrum antibacterial effects, but had no effect on mold by the agar diffusion method of 8 bacteria. As a result, both rosemary essential oil and ethanol extraction had good potential medicinal values.

Tetraploid Induction and Cytology Identification of Clematis heracleifolia

[ Objective] This study aimed to induce the tetraploid of Clematis heracleifolia. [ Method ] Mixture of 0.2% colchicine solution and 1% agar were heated into a gel smeared on the apical meristem top bud of Clematis heracleifolia seedling to induce its tetraploid. The induction lasted for 24, 48 and 72 h respectively in three treatments to determine the best induction time. Finally, the morphological and cytological characteristics were identified and compared between the mutants and the controls. [Result] The variation rate was the highest, up to 80% when the induction time was 48 h. Compared with controls, the leaf of mutant was longer, wider and thicker, and the leaf index was smaller. The stomata size and density of lower leaf epidermis between the mutants and controls were significantly different. Chloroplast number in guard cells and chlorophyll content of mutants were all increased significantly compared with the controls through microscope observation of lower leaf epidermis and SPAD value. Chromosome number of most mutants was 32 （2n =4x）, while that of controls was 16 （2n =2x） by cytology observation of root tip cells. [ Conclusion] Tetraploid of Clematis heracleifolia was successfully obtained.