The ocean response to climate change guides both adaptation and mitigation efforts

The ocean’s thermal inertia is a major contributor to irreversible ocean changes exceeding time scales that matter to human society.This fact is a challenge to societies as they prepare for the consequences of climate change,especially with respect to the ocean.Here the authors review the requirements for human actions from the ocean’s perspective.In the near term(∼2030),goals such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)will be critical.Over longer times(∼2050–2060 and beyond),global carbon neutrality targets may be met as countries continue to work toward reducing emissions.Both adaptation and mitigation plans need to be fully implemented in the interim,and the Global Ocean Observation System should be sustained so that changes can be continuously monitored.In the longer-term(after∼2060),slow emerging changes such as deep ocean warming and sea level rise are committed to continue even in the scenario where net zero emissions are reached.Thus,climate actions have to extend to time scales of hundreds of years.At these time scales,preparation for“high impact,low probability”risks—such as an abrupt showdown of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation,ecosystem change,or irreversible ice sheet loss—should be fully integrated into long-term planning.

Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Agriculture

Mitigation and adaptation are two principle strategies for managing human-induced climate change. Agriculture plays a duet role in climate change. It has been a major source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. It is also one of the sectors most vulnerable to the risks and impacts of global climate change. This paper first indentified the mitigative and adaptative options and potential in agriculture, then addressed the integrated analysis of mitigation and adaptation and its benefits for agriculture. Finally, it discussed the implications to Chinese agriculture in dealing with the global climate change.

Climate Changes in Brazil： the Expected Financial Benefits by Implementing Smart Grids as a Mitigation and Adaptation Strategy

This research aims to estimate the long-term financial benefits of using smart grids to mitigate and adapt the power sector to climate change. In order to do that, twelve scenarios were analyzed applying an energy accounting model （LEAP （Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System）） that was developed using Brazilian historical data from 1970 to 2015. To conduct the analysis, the Sathaye and Ravindranath＇s three steps methodology was used. The main final results include a long-term cost-benefit analysis that is developed for each considered scenario. The initial phase includes the analysis of the projections for the power sector up to 2030. The following phase consists on the estimation of costs for operation, maintenance, losses and new electrical projects investments. And finally, all scenarios＇ results were compared and the benefits of implementing smart grids in the sector were estimated. The attained results show that smart grid implementation would contribute to reduce electricity tariffs, the generation costs as well as the costs associated with theft and fraud.

Framework for Mainstreaming Climate Change into African Blue Economy Strategies to Enhance Adaptation, Mitigation, and Resilience in Sustainable Development

This article outlines a framework for mainstreaming climate change into African blue economy Strategies. We underscore that the proliferation of the blue economy in climate change has gained momentum, however, there remains no standardized approach, mechanism or framework for mainstreaming and integrating climate change into blue economy. The economic pillars of economic development, social equity, and environmental management, conservation and sustainability are at the center of the blue economy frontier. The surrounding blue economy components have led to discrepancies in how the blue economy is mainstreamed, integrated, implemented and what is prioritized on agile basis. This article takes a continental overview of current approaches to regional and national levels of blue economy realignment. In doing so this article provides the continental, regional and national assessments of blue economy implementation approaches, through the development of a stepwise innovative process. Using the available literature, data and information from blue economy strategies and other publicly available online information, we analyzed each region and national blue economy strategies to assess the levels of blue economy components mainstreamed into climate change. Throughout this article we outline the methodological approach we took in order to develop a stepwise process innovation for mainstreaming climate change into blue economy at national and regional levels This approach will allow for ongoing and continued mainstreaming and integrating of climate change into blue economy realignment, operationalization and implementation as the concept of blue economy continues to evolve. The approach entails a collective action process for an informed decision making to direct, guide and inform actions for climate change that will effectively and efficiently enhance adaptation, mitigation and resiliency anchored to sustainable development. It establishes linkages to blue economy strategies through an integrated approach. The article addresses the question “How does mainstreaming climate change into African blue economy strategies contribute to achieving sustainable development?” The methodology is based on desk-top study and literature review. This explores the process of mainstreaming, drawing on the countries and regional blue economy strategies, that have made progress in development of blue economy strategies, plans, guidelines and frameworks for governance coordination mechanism. In conclusion, the article states that mainstreaming climate change in Africa reflects a complex pathway of processes and stakeholders that need to be taken into consideration in further research, with particular focus on institutional policy change, administrative structures and transformation.

China’s Climate Change Response in the Context of Global Change: from Domain Response to Mitigation and Adaptation then to Scientific and Technological Progress

Climate change has become one of the key issues affecting global society and economic development,and it is related to the sustainable development of mankind and the earth’s ecological system.Firstly,this research begins with the important international conferences and agreements on Global Climate Governance,and analyzes the recent progress of the Paris Agreement,the Marrakech climate conference and the major progress of China&US climate cooperation and China’s contribution.Secondly,from the perspective of China’s adaptation and response to climate change,the main progress of climate change in China is reviewed from a multi-level perspective.The main scientific and technological progress and achievements in China’s response to climate change have been tracked.Finally,from the environmental risk areas,the future risks of climate change are predicted from six aspects,to contribute to the scientific and technological support program for climate change governance.

The Role of Certificates and Labels for Cocoa in the Face of Climate Change: A Scientific Review

Climate change threatens cocoa quality, raising concerns regarding sustainable premium cocoa production. Evaluating the effectiveness of certification standards is imperative to address this concern effectively. A multi-stage method was employed for a systematic review of 39 peer-reviewed articles to highlight the impacts of climate change on the biophysical environment of cocoa and its implications for adapting Geographical Indications (GIs). Additionally, a comprehensive review was conducted on climate-relevant standards of certificates in Ecuador, Indonesia, and Ghana. The findings of this study provide practical insights into possible difficulties that cocoa-producing countries may encounter in maintaining the distinctive flavours and quality trademarks of cocoa in the face of changing climate. Moreover, the findings emphasize the need for producer countries to prioritize viable adaptation and product differentiation strategies that meet sustainable marketing standards to protect GIs or place-based intellectual property. Furthermore, the findings indicate certificates require effective multi-level climate change management and environmental-social-governance principles that promote scientifically proven mitigation strategies, such as increasing soil organic carbon, zero deforestation, and reducing emissions while striving to leverage local adaptation policies to reduce location-specific vulnerability. Finally, certificates can accelerate the expansion, intensification, and redistribution of sustainable production for gains that outweigh the inconveniences caused by climate change.

Climate Change and Its Impacts on Coastal Tourism

This study assessed the impacts of climate change on coastal tourism in coastal area of Tanzania.The coastal areas of Bagamoyo district have become an important area for tourist activities.The main interests include cultural and natural attractions,archaeological sites,historical sites,old buildings and ruins such as Kaole built in 13th century to the attractive

The Evil Couple:Illegal Mining in Water Bodies and Climate Change:A Case Study of Ghana

For the past few decades,illegal mining sector in Ghana popularly known as galamsey has received public outcry due to its negative impacts on quantity and quality of water resources.The purpose of this study was to explore the combined effects of mining in water bodies and climate change on water resources in Ghana.The methodology explored in the study was quantitative approach.The quality and quantity of most water bodies in Ghana had been compromised due to extraction of minerals,and such contaminants(heavy metals)include mercury,zinc,cyanide,sulphur etc.This phenomenon had made most water resources(e.g.River Fena,River Pra)unwholesome or inhabitable.Apart from this,climate change had also dried up some streams and rivers such as Anyinam,Offin and Goa.These unfortunate events had made water resources precarious which could spike water scarcity in the country in the near future.This paper,therefore,commends that stringent measures are to be taken to protect water bodies in the country as a menace of climate will continue to get worse.

The electricity,industrial,and agricultural sectors under changing climate:Adaptation and mitigation in China

Climate change is a pressing global concern with far-reaching consequences that vary across sectors.Addressing the adverse impacts of climate change on various sectors is a challenging issue faced by countries worldwide,including China.It is imperative for China to address climate change to foster sustainable development and make meaningful contributions to global climate mitigation efforts.This paper presented a comprehensive analysis of the impacts of climate change on the electricity,agriculture,and industry sectors,which together account for over 80%of the greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions in China.Additionally,the strategies employed by these sectors to address climate change were reviewed,and potential future developments were explored.This review article could shine light on climate change practices and evidence-based policies aimed at addressing climate-related challenges across various sectors in China.

Synergies and trade-offs of climate-smart agriculture(CSA)practices selected by smallholder farmers in Geshy watershed,Southwest Ethiopia

Studies on mainstreaming climate-smart agriculture(CSA)practices can increase smallholder farmers’capacity and awareness to improve food security and establish sustainable livelihoods through resilient agricultural systems,while achieving adaptation and mitigation benefits.Hence,valuable insights can be obtained from smallholder farmers in responding to present and forthcoming challenges of climate change impacts.However,there is little research work on trade-off and synergy assessments.Taking Geshy watershed in Southwest Ethiopia as a case study area,both quantitative and qualitative data analysis were undertaken in this study.The data were collected from 15 key informant interviews,6 focus group discussions,and 384 households to answer the following questions:(1)what are the top 5 preferred CSA practices for smallholder farmers in Geshy watershed when coping with the impacts of climate change?(2)What is the performance of the preferred CSA practices?And(3)which trade-offs and synergies are experienced upon the implementation of CSA practices?The study came up with the most preferred CSA practices such as the use of improved crop varieties,small-scale irrigation,improved animal husbandry,the use of efficient inorganic fertilizers,and crop rotation with legumes.The selected CSA practices showed that the productivity goal exhibit the best synergy,while the mitigation goal has trade-offs.The study also indicated that the use of improved crop varieties causes high synergies in all 3 goals of CSA practices;small-scale irrigation provides a medium synergy on productivity goal but high synergy for adaptation and mitigation goals;improved animal husbandry shows a high synergy with the adaptation goal,a relatively lower synergy with the productivity goal,and a trade-off with the mitigation goal;the use of efficient inorganic fertilizers shows maximum synergy for the productivity and adaptation goals;and crop rotation with legumes exhibits high synergy with the productivity and mitigation goals but a relatively lower synergy with the adaptation goal.These results can provide evidence to various stakeholder farmers in the value chain that the impacts of climate change can be addressed by the adoption of CSA practices.In general,CSA practices are considered indispensable.Smallholder farmers prefer CSA practices that help to increase crop productivity and household resilience to climate change impacts.The results generate a vital foundation for recommendations to smallholder farming decision-makers.It also sensitizes actions for innovative and sustainable methods that are able to upscale the preferred CSA practices in the agricultural system in Geshy watershed of Southwest Ethiopia and other regions.

Mitigation Strategies of Land Use for Zengwen Reservoir and Its Catchment: Post-Disaster of Typhoon Morakot

Mitigation and adaptation have become two main strategies that governments around the world are focusing on in response to the threat of global climate change. In August 2009, Typhoon Morakot heavily damaged the central and southern parts of Taiwan, causing irreversible damage to the environment, especially in the mountain areas. In this study, the goal is to attain sustainable reservoir management, thus comprehensive storm water management is used to develop mitigation strategies. Overlay-map methods of GIS, along with vulnerability analysis and land use sustainability analysis, are used to map out optimal land use patterns containing development potentials, growth limits, and suitability concerns that aim to reduce the impact of human development on the ecological environment. Finally, the mitigation strategies proposed by this study for the land use of Zengwen Reservoir and its catchment will be implement shortly.

Macro to Micro Viewpoint of Climate Change - Linking Karnataka to Global Issue

A numerous studies have been done on climate change at regional, national and global levels. Several climate models have predicted the global scenarios for climate in different parts of the world. However, the significance and practical implementation of such models at local level yet to be validated. This is because those national or global models do not consider micro variables such as such as environmental resources for example ‘land availability, local climatic conditions, socioeconomic factors such as ‘labour and capital’, policy aspects such as ‘subsidies, nature conservation strategies’ and competition for labor and capital in relation of ‘national economy’. India, with a huge diversity in land, topography, climate and socioeconomic conditions, divided into 15 agro-ecological zones. Further, to help develop location specific research and development strategies at the micro level, a total of 127 sub-zones (agro-climatic sub regions) have been identified in India. Therefore, research on climate change and its impact only at the regional or national level may not be a sound approach to provide solutions for adaptation to climate change at micro level. Thus the micro-level research needs to be undertaken that might help us understand climate change impacts on the landscape i.e. biodiversity, health, natural resource management, land use and land cover development, adaptation and the development of socio-ecological systems. The concepts presented in this article should provide the basis for a discussion on decision-making issues among multidisciplinary experts with regard to climate change and sustainable development within complex environments.

Adaptation and mitigation for combating climate change - from singletojoint

Introduction:Adaptation and mitigation are two main approaches to combating climate change.Mitigation is considered as the most important tasks in dealing with climate change in scientific res earch,financial support and technical practices as global warming intensifes;while currently the warming trend still cannot be reversed,and adaptation task seemed to gain urgency although it is late-starting.The synergies and tradeoffs of these two strategies revealed increasingly importance on reduding adverse dimate effects.Research on synergistic relationships has developed from definition and feasible analysis,to the development of quantitative tools and exploration in practice and application,though the latter aspect is still in its initial stage.Outcomes/other.Our review shows that the traits of mitigation and adaptation,the difer-ences and similarities between them,then ilustrate the significance and mechanism of their synergies and tradeoffs.And it is explained that methods and applications of single and integrated models,and cost-effectiveness analysis.Discussion/Conclusion:We hold the opinion that the future research and applications should be enhanced in terms of four aspects:reinforcement of interrelations and common mecha nisms between mitigation and adaptation actions study;building and improving the monitoring and evaluating systems;promoting departmental and regional scale investiga-tions and applications;and establishing policy and security systems.

Governing Climate Change Risks： Implications for Mitigation and Adaptation

This article analyzed climate change risks from the perspective of con- temporary environmental risks and how they have been internalized by policy. In order to do so, the main characteristics of this type of risk were analyzed based on the contributions from social theory authors on contemporary environmental risks. Next, the implications of these characteristics for the production of policy responses to climate change risks were discussed. The two main types of policy responses to climate change in the literature were presented： mitigation and adaptation. Finally, their interaction, differences and possibilities for synergy were analyzed. Under- standing climate change as a contemporary environmental risk, the way it was presented in this article, implies a radical change in the development bases of society, since greenhouse gases emissions from human activities contribute to the aggravation of global warming. Climate change challenges the traditional ways of governing in many ways, since climate change policy should involve the ques- tioning of the current processes of development. Profound changes in ways of thinking and established political action are needed.

Biodiverse,Productive,and Socially Just Silvopastures:a Solution for the Brazilian Drylands

Drylands constitute more than 40%of global land and are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.In many of these drylands,livestock activities are a major form of land-use.In Brazil,the two major dryland biomes,Cerrado and Caatinga,play a key role in the country’s livestock activities.While important economically,these activities also contribute to the emission of high amounts of greenhouse gases.One suggested strategy for mitigating the impacts of climate change is the adoption of silvopastoral systems(SPS)which combine trees,pasture,and animals simultaneously on the same unit of land.Farmers in the drylands of Brazil have a long history of practicing SPS.The practice of silvopasture is relevant to both climate change and the economy,but not necessarily to the issues of biodiversity loss and economic inequality.The lack of interdisciplinarity in rural agricultural development projects in the past,such as those related to the“Green Revolution”,resulted in the aggravation of economic inequalities and biodiversity loss.The present work,focusing on the Brazilian Drylands,reviews these issues to justify the need for interdisciplinary projects considering multiple variables like soil quality,tree density,biodiversity richness,and farmers’perception.

气候变化影响下的文化遗产全球行动——文化、遗产与气候变化国际共同倡议会议综述

气候变化已成为全球文化遗产保护领域关注的重要议题。“文化、遗产与气候变化国际共同倡议研讨会”讨论了气候变化背景下全球自然、文化遗产与非物质文化遗产的保护行动经验。本文综合会议议程及形成的三份白皮书,从会议关注的三个关键方面阐述:其一,文化遗产与气候变化的系统联系。不同主体在气候行动中开展保护文化遗产的实践,形成多元的知识系统,在气候应对行动中发挥着不同的作用。文化遗产作为连接不同政府间的桥梁,需通过共同的努力应对全球气候变化的影响。其二,气候变化对文化遗产的影响。国际组织和政府的相关机构已经开展了对气候变化影响下文化遗产的监测工作,通过系统地收集与保护相关的信息进而开展评估和预测气候变化带来的影响程度,同时影响评估也将逐渐量化。其三,文化遗产保护在应对气候变化时主要体现在适应和缓解两方面。本文基于对上述综述的分析和研究,提出我国文化遗产应对气候行动建议,旨在完善全球气候变化背景下我国文化遗产可持续性保护方法和体系。

应对气候变化:教育的时代使命与行动路径

气候变化正在威胁着人类的生存和发展。作为全人类面临的共同挑战,气候变化的长期影响将不可逆转,究其根源,除了不可抗拒的自然因素,人类活动才是导致气候变化的主要原因。应对气候变化迫在眉睫,它既是一项科学议题和社会议题,也是一项重要的教育议题,教育必须积极行动起来。对于教育而言,其功能主要体现在能够通过传授气候相关知识、价值观、技能等,引导学生主动适应气候变化和积极参与减缓气候变化的行动,甚至还能依托全球集智来助力扭转气候变化的态势。为了响应应对气候变化的时代使命,在开展教育时,亟需从理念更新、教育形式创新、多学科融合、校内外资源联动以及提升教师素养等多维度着手努力。

气候变化投资框架在低碳转型金融效果评估中的应用研究——基于国家、行业和企业视角

为实现碳中和目标,气候环境信息披露内容的国际化标准不断更新统一,但各国以及各行业和公司在低碳转型方面所做的努力存在较大差异,需要对各主体的低碳转型行动效果进行评估。亚洲基础设施投资银行(AIIB)和东方汇理银行(Amundi)在2020年共同设计了气候变化投资框架(CCIF),通过CCIF框架对国家、行业和公司的低碳转型行动与《巴黎协定》目标的一致性进行评估。惠誉咨询公司(BMI)和气候债券倡议组织(CBI)针对亚太地区的国家、行业和企业三个层面,应用CCIF设定了三个目标支柱(即减缓气候变化、适应气候变化和对转型的贡献)来评估资金流动与实现低温室气体(GHG)排放和气候适应力发展的途径保持一致性的程度。对CCIF的三大支柱内涵及其在国家、行业和企业低碳转型行动表现评估中的应用进行分析,提供相应的分析方法和结论,并为我国在低碳转型金融效果评估方面的实践以及行业转型政策制定给出相应建议。

Climate Change and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction

This article reviews climate change within the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030(SFDRR), analyzing how climate change is mentioned in the framework’s text and the potential implications for dealing with climate change within the context of disaster risk reduction. Three main categories are examined. First,climate change affecting disaster risk and disasters,demonstrating too much emphasis on the single hazard driver and diminisher of climate change. Second, crosssectoral approaches, for which the SFDRR treads carefully,thereby unfortunately entrenching artificial differences and divisions, although appropriately offering plenty of support to other sectors from disaster risk reduction. Third,implementation, for which climate change plays a suitable role without being overbearing, but for which other hazard influencers should have been treated similarly. Overall, the mentions of climate change within the SFDRR put too much emphasis on the hazard part of disaster risk. Instead,within the context of the three global sustainable development processes that seek agreements in 2015, climate change could have been used to further support an allvulnerabilities and all-resiliences approach. That could be achieved by placing climate change adaptation as one subset within disaster risk reduction and climate change mitigation as one subset within sustainable development.

Climate Change’s Role in Disaster Risk Reduction’s Future:Beyond Vulnerability and Resilience

A seminal policy year for development and sustainability occurs in 2015 due to three parallel processes that seek long-term agreements for climate change, the Sustainable Development Goals, and disaster risk reduction.Little reason exists to separate them, since all three examine and aim to deal with many similar processes, including vulnerability and resilience. This article uses vulnerability and resilience to explore the intersections and overlaps amongst climate change, disaster risk reduction, and sustainability. Critiquing concepts such as 'return to normal'and 'double exposure'demonstrate how separating climate change from wider contexts is counterproductive. Climate change is one contributor to disaster risk and one creeping environmental change amongst many, and not necessarily the most prominent or fundamental contributor. Yet climate change has become politically important, yielding an opportunity to highlight and tackle the deep-rooted vulnerability processes that cause 'multiple exposure'to multiple threats. To enhance resilience processes that deal with the challenges, a prudent place for climate changewould be as a subset within disaster risk reduction. Climate change adaptation therefore becomes one of many processes within disaster risk reduction. In turn, disaster risk reduction should sit within development and sustainability to avoid isolation from topics wider than disaster risk. Integration of the topics in this way moves beyond expressions of vulnerability and resilience towards a vision of disaster risk reduction’s future that ends tribalism and separation in order to work together to achieve common goals for humanity.