Differences of Landscape Architecture between Residential Communities in North and South China

This paper reviewed basic definitions of residential community landscape,analyzed the differences between residential community landscapes in north and south China,and also the causes of landscape differences from the perspectives of climate,soil,vegetation species,water resources,historical and cultural background. Moreover,landscape design strategies suitable for actual conditions of China were put forward in terms of overall style,plant configuration,waterscape design,and construction details.

The characteristic differences of tropical cyclones forming over the western North Pacific and the South China Sea

The best track dataset of tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific （WNP） and the South China Sea （SCS） from 1977 to 2005 during the satellite era, the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset and the extended reconstructed sea surface temperature dataset are employed in this study. The main climatological characteristics of tropical cyclone formation over the WNP and the SCS are compared. It is found that there is obviously different for the locations of tropical cyclone origins, achieving the lowest central pressure and termination points between over the WNP and over the SCS. The annual number of tropical cyclones forming over the SCS is obviously less than over the WNP, and there is a significant negative correlation with the correlation coefficient being - 0.36 at the 5% significance level between over the WNP and over the SCS. The mean speed of tropical cyclone moving is 6.5 m/s over the WNP and 4.6 m/s over the SCS. The mean lowest central pressure of tropical cyclones is obviously weaker over the SCS than over the WNP. The tropical cyclone days per year, mean total distance and total displacement of tropical cyclone traveled over the WNP are all obviously longer than those over the SCS. Tropical cyclone may intensify to Saffir - Simpson hurricane scale 5 over the WNP, but no tropical cyclone can intensify to Saffir - Simpson hurricane scale 3 over the SCS. The changing ranges of the radii （R15,R16） of the 15.4 m/s winds them and the 25.7 m/s winds over the WNP are obviously wider than those over the SCS, and the median values of the radii over the WNP are also larger than those over the SCS. For the same intensity of tropical cyclones, both radii have larger medians over the WNP than over the SCS. The correlations of annual mean tropical cyclone size parameters between over the WNP and over the SCS are not significant. At the same time, the asymmetric radii of tropical cyclones over the WNP are different from those over the SCS.

North-south difference of water mass properties across the Lembeh Strait, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Two field observations were conducted around the Lembeh Strait in September 2015 and 2016, respectively.Evidences indicate that seawater around the Lembeh Strait is consisted of North Pacific Tropical Water(NPTW),North Pacific Intermediate Water(NPIW), North Pacific Tropical Intermediate Water(NPTIW) and Antarctic Intermediate Water(AAIW). Around the Lembeh Strait, there exist some north-south differences in terms of water mass properties. NPTIW is only found in the southern Lembeh Strait. Water mass with the salinity of 34.6 is only detected at 200–240 m between NPTW and NPTIW in the southern Lembeh Strait, and results from the process of mixing between the saltier water transported from the South Pacific Ocean and the lighter water from the North Pacific Ocean and Sulawesi Sea. According to the analysis on mixing layer depth, it is indicated that there exists an onshore surface current in the northern Lembeh Strait and the surface current in the Lembeh Strait is southward.These dramatic differences of water masses demonstrate that the less water exchange has been occurred between the north and south of Lembeh Strait. In 2015, the positive wind stress curl covering the northern Lembeh Strait induces the shoaling of thermocline and deepening of NPIW, which show that the north-south difference of airsea system is possible of inducing north-south differences of seawater properties.

Change of Flood Patterns in China under the Influences of Climate Change and Human Activities

Based on the flood affected area(FA) data of the provinces in China from 1950 to 2005,the article discusses the change of the flood patterns in China,and investigates its relationship with climate change and human activities.The flood center shifted from North China and the Yangtze-Huaihe basin in the 1950s towards the south,north and west of China,and located in the south of the Yangtze River and South China after the 1990s.The FA in the western provinces was continuously on the rise since the 1950s.There are two characteristics for the future flood pattern in China.The pattern of "flood in the south and drought in the north" depends on the north-south shift of the maximum rainfall region in eastern China.The flood intensification to the west of Hu Huanyong's line mainly results from the increase of rainfall,extreme precipitation and the melting of glaciers under the background of human activity magnification.

Sensitivity of mountain runoff to climate change for Urumqi and Kaidu rivers originating from the Tianshan Mountains

The mountain watersheds of Kaidu River and Urumqi River, which separately originate from the south and north-side of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, are selected as the study area. The characteristics and trends on variation of temperature, precipitation and runoff, and the correlativity between temperature, precipitation, and runoffwere analyzed based on the past 40 years of observational data from the correlative hydrological and weather stations in the study areas. Various weather scene combinations are assumed and the response models of runoff to climate change are established in order to evaluate the sensitivity of runoff to climate change in the study areas based on the foregoing analysis, Results show that all variations of temperature, precipitation, and runoff overall present an oscillating and increasing trend since the 1960s and this increase are quite evident after 1990. There is a markedly positive correlation between mountain runoff, temperature, and precipitation while there are obvious regional differences of responding degree to precipitation and temperature between mountain runoff of Ummqi River and Kaidu River Basins Also, mountain runoff of Urumqi River Basin is more sensitive to precipitation change than that of Kaidu River Basin, and mountain runoff of Kaidu River Basin is more sensitive to temperature change than that of Ummqi River Basin.

基于典型气象数据分析的南北方 供暖特性研究

针对南、北方供暖的需求差异,基于历年气象数据,综合考虑累年最冷月平均温度、供暖度日数HDD18、供暖期天数等多种因素,分析了中国南、北方8个典型城市的气候特征;同时结合需求调研和温度分布、波动差异对比情况,讨论了不同地区热负荷动态特性及负荷求解宜使用的方法;分析总结了南、北方地区的系统运行特征情况,给出了关于供暖系统设计、系统形式、运行策略的建议;并通过实际案例具体分析了供暖系统设置的适宜性问题,为后续供暖设计方法、参数确定,供暖方式选择和系统设置提供基础。

南北主食差异对家庭食物浪费碳足迹的影响——来自CHNS的经验证据

减少食物浪费是保障粮食安全、缓解全球气候变暖的重要举措。基于中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)和中国食品生命周期评估数据库(CFLCAD),从南北主食差异这一视角出发,基于生命周期理论分析中国居民家庭的食物浪费碳足迹。研究发现,中国居民家庭人均日食物浪费碳足迹为62.255 g CO^(2)eq。相比以小麦为主食的北方家庭(人均食物浪费碳足迹为53.704 g CO^(2)eq/d),以大米为主食的南方家庭有着更高的人均食物浪费碳足迹(69.628 g CO^(2)eq/d)。此外,显著影响家庭食物浪费碳足迹的还有户主年龄、主要女性成员年龄、主要女性成员受教育年限、家庭人口规模与结构、收入水平、储藏条件和膳食知识、家庭类型等变量。

中医体质与骨质疏松症相关性的南北方地区差异Meta分析

目的:探索南北方地区骨质疏松症患者中医体质的分布特点。方法:筛选2009年4月至2023年8月发表的有关中医体质与骨质疏松相关性研究的文献,以“骨质疏松”“中医体质”“osteoporosis”“traditional Chinese medical constitution”等为主题词进行检索,将最终纳入研究的文献按地区进行南北方划分,对纳入文献中的体质与骨质疏松数据进行南北方差异分析。结果:最终纳入研究的文献共19篇,其中南方地区9篇,北方地区10篇。Meta分析结果显示,南方地区气虚质(OR=2.46,95%CI:1.68~3.62)、阳虚质(OR=2.19,95%CI:1.83~2.63)发生骨质疏松的风险较高,痰湿质(OR=0.41,95%CI:0.32~0.53)及湿热质(OR=0.56,95%CI:0.35~0.89)为其保护性体质;北方地区血瘀质(OR=2.32,95%CI:1.51~3.58)、阳虚质(OR=2.28,95%CI:1.56~3.34)及阴虚质(OR=1.68,95%CI:1.07~2.64)发生骨质疏松的风险较高。结论:南北方地区体质与骨质疏松的相关性具有差异,在南方,气虚质、阳虚质为危险因素,痰湿质、湿热质为保护因素;在北方,血瘀质、阳虚质、阴虚质为危险因素。

蒙元时期边疆屯垦经济的发展、南北差异及环境成因

屯垦经济是古代边疆经济的重要组成部分。尤其在蒙元时期,边疆屯垦经济的发展不仅成效巨大,而且南北边疆呈现出显著的发展差异和趋势特点。究其原因,运用气候变迁、生态平衡与非平衡等研究视角可以发现,中世纪暖期气候转向小冰期,以及由此引发的南北边疆生态环境不同变化和生态系统(平衡与非平衡性)对屯垦生产影响制约作用的改变,再加上由此带来的疫病影响等因素,是造成这一时期南北边疆屯垦经济差异发展的主要环境成因。

气候变化背景下秦岭南北强降雪与小雪时空变化特征

不同等级降雪变化可反映气候变暖对关键气候变量趋势和极端性的综合影响。基于1970—2018年逐日气象观测数据,辅以湿球温度动态阈值法、趋势分析等气候诊断方法,论文对秦岭南北11月—次年3月强降雪和小雪时空变化特征进行分析,探究3个分区(关中平原、秦岭南坡和汉江谷地)不同等级降雪与气温的响应关系。结果表明:①1970—2018年,秦岭南北11月—次年3月无降水日数增多,固态降水(降雪或雨夹雪)日数明显减少。1998年后,降雪日数比重由前期8.5%下降为5.2%。②秦岭南北小雪降雪量、降雪日数变化显著下降,降雪强度显著上升;强降雪3个指标变化趋势均不显著,说明区域降雪变化以小雪减少为主。③在气温响应关系上,秦岭南北3个子区小雪降雪量、降雪天数与气温显著负相关;关中平原、汉江谷地气温与强降雪量、天数显著负相关,秦岭南坡气温变化与强降雪3个指标相关性较弱。说明河谷平原区是强降雪对气温响应的敏感区。本文研究结论可为理解中国南北过渡带冬季气候响应规律提供理论基础。

1970—2020年秦岭南北夏季昼晴夜雨强度变化趋势及其影响因素

[目的]在陕西3大地理单元中,秦巴山区土壤侵蚀强度仅次于黄土高原。明晰秦岭南北夏季昼晴夜雨强度与气候变暖的响应关系,对区域土壤侵蚀防治具有重要的意义。[方法]基于1970—2020年逐日降水数据,辅以BG分割法、经验正交函数和Lasso回归等方法,对秦岭南北地区夏季昼晴夜雨强度时空变化特征及其影响因素进行分析。[结果]1970—2020年,秦岭南北夏季昼晴夜雨强度呈现显著增加趋势。空间上,秦岭南北夏季昼晴夜雨强度主导模态为全区一致增强。其中,1000 m以下的谷地和平原区,是夏季昼晴夜雨强度变化的敏感区。在影响因素上,秦岭南坡、汉江谷地夏季昼晴夜雨强度变化与气象因子相关性高于关中平原。其中,秦岭南坡夏季昼晴夜雨强度主导气象因子为日照时间,而汉江谷地则受日照时间和平均风速的共同影响。[结论]2003年后秦岭南北夏季昼晴夜雨强度存在突变增强。以白天高温、夜间强降水为侵蚀形态的降水类型,将成为秦岭南北水土保持防治的重点。

COMPARISONS OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES EXPERIENCING EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC BASED ON DIFFERENT DATASETS

The differences in the climatology of extratropical transition(ET) of western North Pacific tropical cyclones(TCs) were investigated in this study using the TCs best-track datasets of China Meteorological Administration(CMA),Japan Meteorological Agency(JMA) and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC). The results show that the ET identification, ET completion time, and post-ET duration reported in the JTWC dataset are greatly different from those in CMA and JMA datasets during 2004-2010. However, the key differences between the CMA and JMA datasets from 1951 to 2010 are the ET identification and the post-ET duration, because of inconsistent objective ET criteria used in the centers. Further analysis indicates that annual ET percentage of CMA was lower than that of JMA, and exhibited an interannual decreasing trend, while that of JMA was an unchanged trend. The western North Pacific ET events occurred mainly during the period June to November. The latitude of ET occurrence shifted northward from February to August,followed by a southward shift. Most of ET events were observed between 35°N and 45°N. From a regional perspective,TCs tended to undergo ET in Japan and the ocean east to it. It is found that TCs which experienced the ET process at higher latitudes were generally more intense at the ET completion time. TCs completing the ET overland or offshore were weaker than those finishing the ET over the ocean. Most of the TCs weakened 24 h before the completion of ET.In contrast, 21%(27%) of the TCs showed an intensification process based on the CMA(JMA) dataset during the post-ET period. The results presented in this study indicate that consistent ET determination criteria are needed to reduce the uncertainty involved in ET identification among the centers.

乡村振兴背景下中国农业农村现代化建设效率及区域差异

基于2011-2020年中国省域面板数据,立足于实现“乡村振兴”目标愿景,采用超效率MinDS模型测度中国农业农村现代建设效率,并借助Dagum基尼系数及其分解方法全面揭示和识别中国农业农村现代化建设效率的区域差异及其来源。研究发现,中国农业农村现代化建设效率大体呈上升趋势,并兼具“东高中低”、“南北差异均衡”的区域特征;四大板块中,板块内部差异由高到低依次为:东部、中部、西部及东北地区,南北方地区内差异相近;四大板块的总体差异主要来源于地区间差异,地区内差异则是南北方差异的主要来源。在新发展阶段实施乡村振兴战略和区域协调发展战略的背景下,研究结果对于全面协同提升中国农业农村现代化建设效率,推动形成优势互补的农业农村现代化高质量发展格局具有重要启示。

中国南北差异的产业分解分析与政策启示

南北差异日益成为中国区域经济发展不平衡的重要方面,各产业发展的南北差异在其中的作用越发突出。基于国民经济核算的产业分解框架和改革开放以来中国省份数据,研究三次产业发展和地区产业结构变化对南北经济差异的影响,结果发现:各产业发展对南北地区经济差异的影响大不相同;短期内各产业自身差异对南北差异影响比产业结构更为突出;近年来南北地区第三产业的发展差异对总体经济差异贡献大幅提升,是导致南北差异扩大的主要因素。

Analysis of Northern regional folk culture on the Paper-cutart

Northern regional folk culture and art is colorful, bright vibrant, showing a flourishing pomp, The paper-cut art is one of the essential of the Pearl.The following article is based on the premise of the relationship between the North and the surrounding area customs and cultural heritage of folk art paper-cut, carrys on the review and analysis, focuses on northern folk paper-cut of origin, schools,, characteristics and the differences between the North and South.

气候和地形对南水北调中线水源区夏季植被覆盖变化影响分析

南水北调中线工程是我国重要的大规模跨流域调水工程,其水源区生态保护对于整个工程具有重要意义,但水源区生态环境脆弱,特别是近年来受工程实施和气候变暖的影响,区域植被生态安全面临重大挑战。因此,为了掌握水源区植被动态演变规律及其环境响应特征,基于2000-2020年MODIS植被覆盖度(Fractional Vegetation Cover,FVC)、气象和地形等数据资料,采用线性趋势分析、稳定性分析、相关性分析等统计方法,分析南水北调中线水源区夏季FVC的时空特征,探讨植被覆盖变化对气候、地形因子的响应。结果表明:1)水源区夏季FVC存在明显的空间异质性,分布格局整体呈现中间低、两边高,并以库区、汉江为中心逐步向四周增加的特征,但总体以高FVC为主,占比达到73.5%,主要分布在海拔1000 m以上地区。2)水源区夏季FVC从2000-2020年整体呈明显增加趋势,平均增加速率为0.51%/a,其中高覆盖区平均增加速率为1.92%/a,其分布面积也呈显著增加趋势,表明21年水源区植被生态总体呈改善态势。3)水源区夏季91.5%的区域植被得到改善,与近年来水源区大力实施退耕还林和天然林保护工程等生态保护政策有关。72.7%的区域为植被较低稳定区、中稳定区、较高稳定区,与植被改善分布情况基本吻合;80%以上水源区夏季FVC与春季降水、夏季平均气温呈正相关关系,是水源区夏季FVC变化的主导因子;与夏季降水,春、夏季日照时数主要呈负相关关系,但相关性不显著。其中,春季降水对夏季FVC变化影响区域面积最大。4)水源区夏季FVC的分布具有一定的地形梯度特征,随海拔升高呈先上升再下降的趋势,随坡度增加呈上升趋势,但不同坡向的差异不明显;水源区夏季FVC高值区主要集中在高程为1600~2000 m的中高山区与坡度>16°的地区。

我国家庭股市参与的南北方差异研究

家庭股市参与作为一种重要的家庭金融行为近年来备受关注。文章利用中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)数据,基于适应性行为分析,研究我国家庭股市参与行为的南北方差异。以纬度、降水量以及水稻小麦产量差三个标准划分南北地区,通过对家庭参股情况的横纵向对比发现,在不同的南北方划分标准下,南方家庭的股市参与率均大于北方家庭;构建Probit模型,结合工具变量法进行实证研究,也得到相同结果;进一步研究发现:家庭幸福感、股票盈亏、基金盈亏、金融理财总价值、股票型基金市值、家庭自有住房数量、户主年龄以及户主学历对家庭股市参与有较为显著的正向影响,户主健康状况对家庭股市参与有较为显著的负向影响。

中国工业绿色全要素生产率变动测度研究——基于网络超效率EBM-Malmquist模型的分析

基于网络超效率EBM-Malmquist模型,测算了2003-2019年中国各省工业整体和分阶段绿色全要素生产率变动情况。结果表明:工业绿色全要素生产率整体效率水平不高且各省之间存在巨大差异;EM指数结果分析表明,整体阶段、工业生产阶段和环境治理阶段效率处于提升状态,环境治理阶段效率还有较大的进步空间;南北地区整体效率变动和分阶段的效率变动都处于提升状态,且南部地区效率变动在整体阶段、生产阶段和治理阶段都要高于北部地区;EC(技术效率变化)指数和TC(技术变化)指数结果分析表明,整体阶段、工业生产阶段和环境治理阶段的效率变动主要由技术变化驱动,而技术效率变化对其具有一定抑制作用;南方整体阶段效率提升大部分由技术效率变化驱动;南方生产阶段效率提升大部分由技术变化驱动;南方治理阶段以及北方的整体和分阶段效率的提升主要由技术变化驱动。

气候态调整对华北冬、夏季气候监测的影响研究

本研究对比分析了不同气候态下,华北冬、夏季降水及气温的差异,分析了气候平均值的改变对历史极端事件监测的可能影响。研究结果发现,1991~2020年(简称气候Ⅱ态)的冬季和夏季的平均降水量均略多于1981~2010年(简称气候Ⅰ态),但接近或略少于1961~2020年的平均降水量,平均降水量逐年变化幅度冬季Ⅱ态小于Ⅰ态,夏季反之。气候Ⅱ态冬季降水空间分布不均,夏季较Ⅰ态呈“中部减少,东西增加”的分布型。冬季和夏季极端降水阈值Ⅱ态(0.86 mm和22.0 mm)较Ⅰ态(0.83 mm和21.6 mm)均略有提高,造成近60年华北大部基于Ⅱ态阈值的冬、夏季极端降水日数较Ⅰ态略减少。此外,气候Ⅱ态的华北冬、夏季平均气温均明显高于Ⅰ态,也高于1961~2020年平均值。Ⅱ态气温较Ⅰ态基本呈全区增加特征,但空间分布不均匀。冬季极端低温和夏季极端高温阈值Ⅱ态(-9.8℃和27.9℃)较Ⅰ态(-10.2℃和27.5℃)均有所有所提高,造成华北大部分地区基于Ⅱ态阈值的近60年冬季极端低温日数较Ⅰ态有所增加,夏季极端高温日数较Ⅰ态存在不同程度的减少。因此,新气候态下华北气温和降水均值,华北大部极端降水阈值和极端气温阈值均有所提高,造成气候监测中更容易出现气温偏低,降水偏少,历史极端事件监测中极端事件略减少的情况,在未来10年的气候监测预测业务中要充分考虑新气候态可能造成的影响。

南水北调东、中线全面通水对农业水足迹的脱钩——基于76个沿线城市的准自然实验

为研究南水北调东、中线一期工程全面通水对受水城市农业水足迹与经济增长的脱钩效应,首先运用Kaya恒等式与LMDI分解技术设定双重差分模型,再通过测算东、中线工程受水区与非受水区共76个城市的农业水足迹及其Tapio脱钩指数进行实证检验。结果表明:(1)南水北调受水区农业水足迹整体平稳,但2015—2016年农业水足迹出现明显下降;(2)2014—2015年,南水北调受水区脱钩城市数量明显增加,2017年扩张性负脱钩城市数量激增,其中东线工程是主要成因;(3)南水北调全面通水有利于受水区农业水足迹与经济增长脱钩,但2016年以后该效应逐渐减弱甚至出现负脱钩效应;(4)东线工程全面通水促进受水区农业水足迹脱钩,而中线工程导致受水区农业水足迹负脱钩。研究结果通过稳健性检验。进一步讨论发现,南水北调全面通水促进农业水足迹脱钩不具有动态可持续性的原因主要在于南水北调东线工程供水充足、节水管理不足,中线工程供水不足等。