Optimization Strategy for Passive Form Design of Architectural Grey Space under the Background of Climate Adaptability

Taking the bottom grey space with great influence on outdoor thermal comfort as the research object,this paper summarizes the morphological characteristics and climate response methods of two types of bottom grey space:overhead grey space and canopy grey space.The spatial form indexes that greatly affect the ecological performance of architectural grey space such as ventilation,shading,etc.are discussed,and two passive spatial form indexes of spatial scale and location orientation are studied.According to the research of related scholars and literature summary,the optimization strategies for passive form design of architectural grey space based on climate adaptability are put forward,which will provide a reference for the climate adaptive design of architectural grey space,and helps to improve the outdoor thermal environment from the micro scale and create a better living environment.

Changes of spring wind erosion based on wind erosion climate factor in the black soil region of Northeast China

The dry and windy climate and low ground cover in spring in the black soil region of Northeast China make the soil strongly affected by wind erosion,which seriously threatens the food security and ecological security of this region.In this paper,based on the daily observation data of 124 meteorological stations in study area from 1961 to 2020,seasonal and monthly wind erosion climate factor(C)in spring(March to May)were calculated by using the method proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO),the wind erosion characterization in spring were systematically analyzed based on C by various statistical analysis methods.The results showed that in the past 60 years,spring wind erosion climate factor(CSp)and monthly C of the whole region and each province(region)all showed highly significant decreasing trend,but they began to show rebounded trend in the middle or late 2000s.CSp of the study area showed a significant upward trend since 2008 with an increase of 4.59(10a)^(-1).The main contributors to this upward trend are the changes of C in March and in April.For the four provinces(regions),CSp in Heilongjiang,Jilin,Liaoning and eastern Inner Mongolia all showed rebounded since 2008,2011,2008 and 2009,respectively.The rebounded trend of CSp in eastern Inner Mongolia was the most obvious with a tendency rate of 11.27(10a)^(-1),and its mutation occurred after 1984.The rebound trend of CSp in Heilongjiang Province takes the second place,with a trend rate of 4.72(10a)^(-1),but there’s no obvious time mutation characteristics.The spatial characteristics of CSpand monthly C are similar,showing decreasing characteristics centered on the typical black soil belt of Northeast China.Compared with 1961-1990,in the period from 1991 to 2020,the proportion of high value areas(CSp>35,monthly C>10)has decreased to varying degrees,while the proportion of low value areas(CSp≤10,monthly C≤4)has increased.The trends of seasonal and monthly C in 82.2%~87.7%of the stations show significant decreases at 95%confidence level.CSp is closely related to wind speed at 2m height,temperature difference,minimum temperature and precipitation in the same period,of which the correlation between CSp and wind speed is the strongest,indicating that the main control factor for CSp in the study area is wind speed,but the impact of the change of temperature and precipitation on CSp cannot be ignored.

Towards Climate Responsive Building Design: Bio-Climatic Design Features of Residential Building Typologies in the Warm-Humid Climate of Ghana

Climatic considerations in the architectural design of most contemporary buildings have not been strictly adhered to by building design and construction professionals in the last few decades in the developing world, with users being denied the inevitable interactions with the natural surroundings offered by climate. The situation leads to utilization of energy-based equipment such as air conditioner that is environmentally unsustainable. The study aimed to evaluate the bioclimatic design features of residential building typologies and to identify features that can enhance the environmental responsiveness of buildings. This study adopted the Mahoney Tables to undertake a climatic analysis to develop appropriate design guidelines for the climate context. The developed design guidelines were then used to evaluate the bio-climatic design features of a sampled number of residential building types. The study revealed that features of the buildings reflect the recommended design guidelines, but to varied extents among the building typologies that were studied. Occupants generally find their spaces unsatisfactory primarily as a result of the experience of hot discomfort. The findings are expected to engender a renewed interest in the design of buildings in response to prevailing climatic conditions to reduce reliance on energy use and to serve as a useful reference for contemporary architectural design practice and education.

The Impact of Climate on Ecological Design of Semnan City in Iran

Ecological design is defined as any form expression that minimizes environmentally destructive impacts by integrating itself with living processes. Ecological design is an integrative ecologically responsible design discipline. Layout of climate is one of the basics for the ecological design of Semnan. In this regards, the ecological design and the architecture of the city of Semnan are the means through which the city reinvents its identity and its structure and renews its face. Creating of healthy and restful occupant environments for human becomes one of the main infrastructure challenges upon modern ecological design and architecture which provides human health. Undoubtedly, there are also reasons for being optimistic upon the level of physical and mental wellbeing of individuals, reducing the incidence of diseases, and/or might reduce their total fuel consumption with adverse health effects, and environmental pollution. In the climate-related topics, the architecture of the building is considered with the climatic conditions of each region, which will result in more human comfort and energy saving in order to control the environmental conditions. The purpose of this research is to identify and review the architectural style and ecological design of the city in accordance with the climate and the climate guidelines that can be used in the areas of stability, comfort, beauty, health, energy efficiency, and the use of important climatic parameters (temperature, relative humidity, ...) extracted from the data bank of the Semnan Synoptic Station (1965-2005) and the Terjung Environmental Indexes. The thermal comfort conditions of the private and public bodies of Mahani and Givoni were reviewed and analyzed for the establishment of the buildings and seasons of the year. The results show that the weather is very cool at night in the months of March and October which are acceptable on the day in comfort area, and June, July and August are acceptable at the level of comfort in the city in the months of November to March in the day and October to March and in the months of April and May. Also, in the area of energy consumption, buildings should be placed in the east-west axis;long openings in the north and south of the building should be reduced to the sun.

Regional characteristics of the interdecadal turning of winter/summer climate modes in Chinese mainland

Tomé and Miranda’s climate trend turning discriminatory model is used to identify the spatial-temporal characteristics of the interdecadal turning of winter/summer climate modes at stations and in eight sub-areas over Chinese mainland based on the 1961–2000 observations. It is found that the stations with close occurrence years of the interdecadal trend turning (ITT) and coincident trends after the ITT exhibit a zonal distribution. A view is accordingly proposed that the interdecadal turnings of climate modes in China have remarkably regional structures. The research results show that after the early 1980s, winter climate over Chinese mainland overall trends towards a “warm-wet” mode, while summer climate had an abrupt change into “warm wet” mode in the late 1980s, suggesting that the time of the “warm-wet” mode turning for winter climate is earlier than that for summer climate. The regional characteristics and test results of the ITTs in eight sub-areas suggest that winter climate exhibits a distinctive “warm-dry” trend in North China after the late 1970s, and a slight “warm-dry” trend in Northeast China, South China, and Southwest China after the late 1980s. A “warm-wet” trend appears in the rest four sub-areas (the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River Valley, briefly Jianghuai, the east of the Tibetan plateau, and the east and west of Northwest China) after the early 1980s. The summer climate trends towards a “warm-dry” mode in Northeast China, North China and the east of Northwest China after the late 1980s, but a “warm-wet” mode appears in Southwest China and the east of the Tibetan plateau after the middle 1970s, as well as in Jianghuai and the west of Northwest China after the early 1980s. Specially, summer climate in South China started a “cold-wet” trend in 1984.

CBE Clima Tool:A free and open-source web application for climate analysis tailored to sustainable building design

Climate-responsive building design holds immense potential for enhancing comfort,energy efficiency,and environmental sustainability.However,many social,cultural,and economic obstacles might prevent the wide adoption of designing climate-adapted buildings.One of these obstacles can be removed by enabling practitioners to easily access,visualize and analyze local climate data.The CBE Clima Tool(Clima)is a free and open-source web application that offers easy access to publicly available weather files and has been created for building energy simulation and design.It provides a series of interactive visualizations of the variables contained in the EnergyPlus Weather Files and several derived ones like the UTCI or the adaptive comfort indices.It is aimed at students,educators,and practitioners in the architecture and engineering fields.Since its inception,Clima’s user base has exhibited robust growth,attracting over 25,000 unique users annually from across 70 countries.Our tool is poised to revolutionize climate-adaptive building design,transcending geographical boundaries and fostering innovation in the architecture and engineering fields.

Design support tools to sustain climate change adaptation at the local level： A review and reflection on their suitability

For mid-latitude cities, higher summer temperatures due to climate change are a cause for concern because they aggravate the urban heat island phenomenon and reduce thermal comfort inside buildings. By acquiring the appropriate knowledge and skills, architects and urban designers can become key actors in adaptation to climate change. Two workshops bringing together architects and urban designers provided evidence of deficiencies in this area. We hypothesize that a design support tool （DST） focused on the issue of adaptation of mid- latitude cities to rising summer temperatures could help improve knowledge and skills of professionals in the field. The first section presents the results taken from a review and classification of DSTs, which highlight the toots＇ features that are LikeLy to reach this goal Toots of the ＂hybrid＂ category seem most appropriate. To verify this, seven DSTs were selected and tested by fourteen students enrolled in a graduate-level architecture design studio. The second section presents the results from this test, including an analysis of the final projects, a web- based questionnaire and two focus groups. The relevance of hybrid approaches is established, but the results bring into question the capacity of a single DST to meet the individual and multiple needs of professionals.

近62 a三峡地区区域性暴雨过程气候特征及长期变化规律

【目的】充分认识三峡地区区域暴雨过程的气候特征及长期变化规律对于科学防汛以及合理利用水资源具有重要意义。【方法】基于三峡地区33个国家级气象观测站1961—2022年逐日降水量资料和目前重庆市气候中心业务采用的区域性暴雨过程监测指标,对三峡地区区域性暴雨过程进行客观识别,并利用多种数理统计方法分析区域性暴雨过程的气候特征和长期变化规律。【结果】结果表明:(1)三峡地区近三分之二的暴雨以区域性过程形式出现,平均每年区域性暴雨过程有8.4次,主要出现在5—9月,尤以6—7月为集中发生时段。区域性暴雨过程首次开始日期多年平均为5月8日,末次结束日期为9月17日。平均每次过程的暴雨覆盖范围为8.6站,持续时间1.3 d,平均暴雨强度为74.7 mm/d。(2)三峡地区区域性暴雨过程年频次存在2~3 a和8 a左右的变化周期,年平均区域性暴雨过程覆盖范围存在4~6 a和8~11 a周期变化。(3)近62 a三峡地区区域性暴雨过程的首次开始日期显著提前,末次结束日期无明显变化,发生期显著变长;发生频次没有明显变化趋势、平均持续时间、平均覆盖范围、平均综合强度也均没有明显变化趋势,但平均暴雨强度呈增强趋势。(4)近62 a,三峡地区区域性暴雨过程的各项指标均未发生突变现象。【结论】研究成果为三峡地区防汛减灾、水资源管理以及回应三峡工程对局地气候影响的社会关切等提供科学支撑。

Variations of precipitation characteristics during the period 1960–2014 in the Source Region of the Yellow River,China

Precipitation, a natural feature of weather systems in the Earth, is vitally important for the environment of any region. Under global climate change condition, the characteristics of precipitation have changed as a consequence of enhanced global hydrological cycle. The source region of the Yellow River（SRYR）, locating within the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, is sensitive to the global climate change due to its complex orography and fragile ecosystem. To understand the precipitation characteristics and its impacts on the environment in the region, we studied the characteristics of rainy days and precipitation amount of different precipitation classes, such as light（0–5 and 5–10 mm）, moderate（10–15, 15–20 and 20–25 mm） and heavy（≥25 mm） rains by analyzing the precipitation data of typical meteorological stations in the SRYR during the period 1961–2014, as well as the trends of persistent rainfall events and drought events. Results showed that annual average precipitation in this area had a non-significant（P〉0.05） increasing trend, and 82.5% of the precipitation occurred from May to September. Rainy days of the 0–5 mm precipitation class significantly decreased, whereas the rainy days of 5–10, 10–15, and 20–25 mm precipitation classes increased and that of ≥25 mm precipitation class decreased insignificantly. The persistent rainfall events of 1-or 2-day and more than 2-day showed an increasing trend, with the 1-or 2-day events being more frequent. Meanwhile, the number of short drought periods（≤10 days） increased while long drought periods（〉10 days） decreased. Since the 0–5 mm precipitation class had a huge impact on the grasslands productivity; the 5–10, 10–15, and 20–25 mm precipitation classes had positive effects on vegetation which rely on the deep soil water through moving nutrients and water into the root zone of these vegetation or through the plant-microbe interactions; the ≥25 mm precipitation class contributed to the floods; and more persistent rainfall events and fewer long drought events inferred positive effects on agriculture. Thus, these results indicate grassland degradation, less risk of floods, and the upgrading impact of climate change on agriculture. This study may provide scientific knowledge for policymakers to sustain the eco-environmental resources in the SYSR.

2012—2020年西南低涡气候特征及对重庆暴雨的影响

基于2012—2020年西南低涡年鉴资料,统计分析了西南低涡的时空演变及涡源、移动路径、生命史等气候特征,再结合雨量数据分析了西南低涡对重庆暴雨的影响。结果表明:(1)西南低涡一年四季都有生成,其中3—6月频发,尤其是在6月最多,7月和8月最少;白天和夜间生成几率大致相当,但盆地涡主要在夜间生成,而小金涡以白天生成为主。(2)西南低涡中,九龙涡最多,盆地涡次之,小金涡最少;大部分西南低涡生成后会在源地消亡,其中小金涡更易移出生成地,盆地涡较九龙涡和小金涡的移出率低。(3)西南低涡移动总体上可分为东北、正东、东南和西南共4个方向,以偏东方向移动为主,最远可达我国东北和华东地区。(4)超过80%西南低涡的生命史小于48 h,个别生命史长达120 h以上,最长可达180 h。(5)76%的重庆区域性暴雨与西南低涡有关,主要以盆地涡影响为主,其对长江以北的重庆各区县影响尤为明显。

1962—2022年黄山地区高温干旱气候特征及其成因

利用1962—2022年逐日气象观测数据和气象干旱综合指数资料,基于区域性天气过程识别方法,对安徽省黄山地区区域性高温干旱事件进行判别,在此基础上分析事件的时空分布特征、综合强度和成因。结果表明,黄山地区高温日数随时间呈增多趋势,空间分布呈平地和丘陵地区多、高海拔山区少的特征。干旱日数随时间的变化幅度较大,空间分布呈“南多北少”特征。区域性高温事件发生频次呈增加趋势,区域性干旱事件变化趋势不显著,但2008年后旱涝交替出现的特征显著。21世纪以后高温干旱复合事件发生频次增加、间隔时间缩短,其中2022年高温和干旱过程综合强度均列历史第二位。全球变暖背景下,副热带高压脊线位置偏北、强度偏强,阻挡了冷暖气流的交汇,导致黄山地区出现异常高温干旱事件。

基于气候特征的夏热冬冷地区被动式建筑节能设计策略——以成都市为例

建筑始于气候,气候也是建筑节能的本源。在规划以及设计建筑之时,应该以当地的气候特征为基础,从源头开始对建筑的未来能源消耗进行介入。文章以我国地域广阔的夏热冬冷地区之一的成都市为例,探究该地区被动式建筑节能设计策略,为建筑的绿色发展提供经验与借鉴。

气候视域下的本土化建造——弗朗西斯·凯雷的乡土建筑实践

弗朗西斯·凯雷作为首位获得普利兹克奖的非洲裔建筑师,其作品多根植于非洲乡村社区,使用地域材料创造出多样化的现代空间。文章聚焦于凯雷在家乡——布基纳法索的数项建筑实践,分析他对本土资源的充分利用和对气候环境最大限度的适应策略,以期为乡土建筑创作提供源于生态智慧的启示。

PHOENICS模拟下的海口传统村落风环境适应性空间布局研究——以秀英区冯塘古村为例

受台风影响,海口市传统村落气候适应性的布局很大程度上考虑了风环境因素。在如今对风环境研究尚未深入的背景下,海口市冯塘村是良好的研究实例。文章进行调研实测及应用PHOENICS软件模拟冯塘村风流动情况得到风速图,能够全面准确地反映聚落风环境状况,总结其气候适应性布局策略,对乡村规划更新有一定启示作用。

基于特色地域文化下的交通建筑设计探索——以萨摩亚法雷奥诺国际机场改扩建工程为例

从“一带一路”倡议的背景出发,以萨摩亚法雷奥诺国际机场建筑为研究对象,从地域文化、当地特色建筑、航站楼功能布局、空间设计及屋面造型设计等方面,探析如何将特殊地域文化融入交通建筑设计。

西南地区降水的时空演变特征分析

本项目拟以我国西南地区78个台站1960-2022年连续63年的月降水数据为研究对象,通过EOF分解和小波分析等手段,探讨该区域年降水的时空变异规律。笔者前期研究发现,我国西南地区年降水在时间和空间上存在明显差异,且存在明显的年代际变化趋势;我国西南地区年降水存在明显的多时间尺度周期性变化,且多为长周期,表明该区域年降水的变化主要表现为长周期振荡和短周期交替的叠加。

基于地域文化特征的风景园林设计的思考研究探讨

现今社会发展迅猛,为人类创造宜居住环境的风景园林也被各地的人们所需求,然而,风景园林建设的蓬勃发展也给具有不同地域特征的地方带来了不小的挑战。文中从地域特征的气候、背景、场所、文化及社会五个方面综述了地域文化特征对风景园林设计的影响,并尝试结合现有的研究和实例对如何将地域特征融入风景园林设计进行思考。

从正本清源到与古为新——以上海松江方塔园为例

当今世界经济一体化进程加快,信息、文化、科技各领域交流不断扩大,为跟上社会发展潮流,风景园林设计趋同现象日益加重,地域文化牲严重缺失。文中通过解析上海松江方塔园如何在历史文化内涵、自然精神、地域特性等方面对本土文化进行理解和运用,进而总结其设计方法和理念,以期能从中发现适合现代风景园林设计的理念和方法,使现代设计真正做到从正本清源到与古为新,为创造既能展现本土地域文化特性的风景园林设计又能满足现代城市发展要求带来启发。

傣族传统民居建筑原型对气候设计策略的回应与补充研究

随着美丽乡村的建设与乡村振兴步伐的驱动,一些不当思潮与建设的侵袭,传统民居被大量模仿现代城市建筑的新建民居取代,简单实现了功能空间多样化的需求,却成为生态脆弱、品质较差、文化缺失的代表,民居发展面临种种困境。为了科学有效地助力传统民居传承及美丽乡村建设,如何深入挖掘潜藏于传统民居建筑原型中的绿色属性与生态经验,成为在理论研究方面人们关注的热点问题。选择云南省勐腊地区的水傣干栏式傣家竹楼传统民居为研究对象,基于被动式气候设计理论,针对傣家竹楼建筑原型,提炼民居应对湿热气候的被动式设计原型策略,比对Climate Consultant软件分析所得的被动式设计标准策略,探讨民居建筑原型的原型策略对标准策略的回应率。研究结果表明:傣家竹楼建筑原型在遮阳、防热、防雨、防潮、保温与节能等方面对标准策略的最低、最高回应率分别为67%与100%,平均回应率84.8%。受材料及技术条件的限制,部分策略的回应不足,但是通过其他的方法及措施可以得到很好的补充。傣族传统民居建筑原型的绿色特性及生态智慧,揭示了地域性传统建筑以地域自然、社会环境为约束,以建筑综合性能为核心的生态设计理论控制的科学原理。本研究的结果对湿热地区民居的设计建造及现代传承提供理论依据。

Climatic Characteristics of Hail Disaster and Division of Defense Region in Guizhou Province

[Objective] The aim was to study the climatic characteristics of hail disaster from 1984 to 2006 in Guizhou Province,China.[Method] Through statistical analysis,the climatic characteristics and disaster characteristics of hail from 1984 to 2006 in Guizhou Province were annalyzed and compared with previous results,then the classification standards of hail disaster were established,finally the defense zoning map of hail disaster in Guizhou Province was made.[Result] According to the statistical analysis on the historical data of hail disaster from 1984 to 2006,the frequency hail was 1 243 times in Guizhou in 23 years,that is,annual average frequency reached 54 times;annual average hailing days were 0.1-2.7 d in Guizhou Province,and the average frequency of hail was 3.8 times during each hail process;the frequency of hail was below 30 times in 52% of years and 30-80 times in 35% of years among 23 years.Hail could appear in the whole year,and 74% of hails occurred in spring,while winter had the fewest times.The results above were basically consistent with those of previous studies.Hail disaster mainly resulted in casualties and direct economic loss,and was divided into four grades according to direct economic loss,namely Grade I(extremely severe hail disaster),Grade II(severe hail disaster),Grade III(comparatively severe hail disaster) and Grade IV(medium hail disaster).The defense zoning map of hail disaster in Guizhou Province was made based on the frequency of hail and severe hail disaster,that is,the defense region at Grade I mainly distributed in Liupanshui City(in western Guizhou) and southern Guizhou;the defense region at Grade II was in the west,south and northeast of Guizhou Province,while the rest was at Grade III.[Conclusion] The study was of reference value for the defense of hail disaster in Guizhou Province.