Feet injuries in rock climbers

While injuries of the upper extremity are widely discussed in rock climbers, reports about the lower extremity are rare. Nevertheless almost 50 percent of acute injuries involve the leg and feet. Acute injuries are either caused by ground falls or rock hit trauma during a fall. Most frequently strains, contusions and fractures of the calcaneus and talus. More rare injuries, as e.g., osteochondral lesions of the talus demand a highly specialized care and case presentations with combined iliac crest graft and matrix associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation are given in this review. The chronic use of tight climbing shoes leads to overstrain injuries also. As the tight fit of the shoes changes the biomechanics of the foot an increased stress load is applied to the fore-foot. Thus chronic conditions as subungual hematoma, callosity and pain resolve. Also a high incidence of hallux valgus and hallux rigidus is described.

Climbing-Specific Fitness Profiles and Determinants of Performance in Youth Rock Climbers

With the recent decision by the International Olympic Committee to include rock climbing in the 2020 Olympic Games, climbers and coaches are seeking information to enhance training methods and improve performance. The purpose of this study was two-fold:(1) to evaluate climbing-specific fitness and establish percentile rankings among youth climbers;and (2) determine the relationship between fitness and climbing performance. Anthropometrics, fitness, and performance on three indoor bouldering problems ranging in difficulty from V0-V8 were assessed in 64 youth climbers (35 girls, 29 boys) aged 7-17 from the United States. Data are reported by age groups (7-11;12-17 y) and gender. Percentile rankings of fitness scores were computed for girls and boys separately. Analysis of variance was used to compare fitness by age groups and by gender. Regression analysis evaluated the association between climbing performance and fitness. Fitness scores were generally higher among boys than girls, and older vs. younger climbers. Multivariable linear regression revealed that, after adjusting for age, gender, and anthropometrics, fitness variables explained 49% of the variance in performance. Climbing-specific fitness measures previously established on adults are associated with bouldering performance in youth climbers, and therefore may be useful for monitoring progress in training.

"I Climbed the Great Wall"

I finally climbed the Great Wall, A dream of my childhood; my heart is filled with pleasure at the indescribable beauty of the Wall. China’s ancient civilization is best documented by the grandeur of the Wall.

CUG teacher's tribute to alumni climbers

A colored picture book"Climbers,"mainly created by CUG(China University of Geosciences,Wuhan)teacher Chen Huawen,was completed recently.The hand-painted book of 20 pictures with captions tells the mountain climbing stories of CUG alumni over the past 10 years.In 2012,a team of four students and teachers from the university made a successful ascent to the summit of Mount Qomolangma,the highest mountain on Earth.

Uphill or downhill?Cropland use change and its drivers from the perspective of slope spectrum

The continuous decrease of low-slope cropland resources caused by construction land crowding poses huge threat to regional sustainable development and food security.Slope spectrum analysis of topographic and geomorphic features is considered as a digital terrain analysis method which reflects the macro-topographic features by using micro-topographic factors.However,pieces of studies have extended the concept of slope spectrum in the field of geoscience to construction land to explore its expansion law,while research on the slope trend of cropland from that perspective remains rare.To address the gap,in virtue of spatial analysis and geographically weighted regression(GWR)model,the cropland use change in the Yangtze River Basin(YRB)from 2000 to 2020 was analyzed and the driving factors were explored from the perspective of slope spectrum.Results showed that the slope spectrum curves of cropland area-frequency in the YRB showed a first upward then a downward trend.The change curve of the slope spectrum of cropland in each province(municipality)exhibited various distribution patterns.Quantitative analysis of morphological parameters of cropland slope spectrum revealed that the further down the YRB,the stronger the flattening characteristics,the more obvious the concentration.The province experienced the greatest downhill cropland climbing(CLC)was Shannxi,while province experienced the highest uphill CLC was Zhejiang.The most common cropland use change type in the YRB was horizontal expansion type.The factors affecting average cropland climbing index(ACCI)were quite stable in different periods,while population density(POP)changed from negative to positive during the study period.This research is of practical significance for the rational utilization of cropland at the watershed scale.

The intrinsic developmental age signal defines an age-dependent climbing behavior in cucumber

The tendril is a climbing organ in cucurbits and functions in physical support and to avoid shading by neighboring vegetation.However,how cucurbits produce tendrils to obtain climbing ability is largely unknown.In this study,tendril phenotypes were investigated during different developmental stages.Our results revealed that tendril growth exhibited an age-dependent pattern in cucurbits.Tendril growth was inhibited,and the tendril was formed as a short tendril[nonfunctional tendril(nonF-tendril),approximately 0.1 cm]during the seedling stage.In contrast,enhanced cell proliferation and cell expansion led to rapid elongation of the tendril during the climbing stage,and the tendril formed as a functional tendril(F-tendril,approximately 30 cm)to obtain climbing ability.RT-qPCR detection showed that age-dependent tendril growth correlated negatively with the abundance of the conserved age regulator CsmiR156.Defoliation induced CsmiR156 to inhibit CsSPLs,and F-tendril formation and climbing ability were delayed in defoliated cucumbers,which confirmed the role of CsmiR156 in regulating tendril growth in vivo.Additionally,exogenous gibberellin(GA)treatment showed that GA positively regulated tendril growth,and RT-qPCR detection showed that the GA bio-synthetic genes and metabolic genes were affected by age pathway,suggesting that the age pathway depended on GA bio-synthetic and metabolic pathway to regulate cell expansion to determine tendril growth.In summary,our work reveals that change in tendril type is an important marker of phase transition in cucumber,and tendril growth is regulated by an intrinsic developmental age signal,ensuring that the cucumber obtains climbing ability at a suitable age.

Spatial heterogeneity and driving mechanism of urban climbing and its impact on regional environment in varied landform types in the middle reaches of the Yellow River

Urbanization research is essential for the sustainable use of regional land resources and ecological environment protection.The expansion process and driving factors of urban construction land at different scales in the middle reaches of the Yellow River(MRYR)have not been comprehensively elucidated.In this study,we explored the distribution pattern of urban construction land on different slope gradients at different scales and analyzed its influencing factors.The main findings were as follows:(1)There has been significant expansion of urban construction land in the MRYR over the past 20 years.Spatial heterogeneity was observed in the regional urban construction land expansion process among different geomorphic regions.(2)The urban construction land in the MRYR was expanded vertically to areas with slopes of>5°,particularly in 2005–2010.Significant slope climbing of urban construction land was observed in the loess hilly-gully and rocky mountain areas.(3)In MRYR,68.45%of the counties were categorized as the slope-climbing types,including 37.38%high-slope-climbing types.(4)The regional population density and economic development level were closely associated with regional urban construction land area variability.(5)The climbing process of regional urban construction can effectively alleviate farmland encroachment and pressure on the regional ecological environment.The urban expansion of the metropolitan distribution areas in the Plain region(such as Xi'an,Taiyuan)had a relatively significant impact on the local carbon storage.

词汇类型学视域下“爬”“挠”“刨”“挖”等动词的语义演变及共时语义关联

“爬”“挠”“刨”“挖”等汉语动词的历时语义演变路径,以及现代汉语方言中有关的同词化多义现象,表现出{挖掘}(DIG)、{搔挠}(SCRATCH)、{攀爬}(CLIMB)三个概念之间较强的关联性。汉语历时语料呈现的语义演变方向为SCRATCH→DIG或SCRATCH→CLIMB,具有单向性。这种语义关联模式符合一定的语言共性,可以得到词汇类型学跨语言考察的支持,同时,可以根据汉语实际为词汇类型学增补SCRATCH→CLIMB型语义关联。

Design and analysis of a bisected wheel-based cable climbing robot

To inspect inner wires of the cylindrical cables on a cable-stayed bridge, a new bisected wheel-based cable climbing robot is designed. The simple structure and the moving mode are described and the static features of the robot are analyzed. A cable with a diameter of 139 mm is selected as an example to calculate the design parameters of the robot. For safety energysaving landing in the case of electrical system failure, an electric damper based on back electromotive force and a gas damper with a slider-crank mechanism are introduced to exhaust the energy generated by gravity when the robot is slipping down along the cables. A simplified mathematical model is analyzed and the landing velocity is simulated. For the present design, the robot can climb up a cable with diameters varying from 65 to 205 mm with payloads below 3.5 kg. Several climbing experiments performed on real cables confirm that the proposed robot meets the demands of inspection.

两种提高双射S盒非线性度的方法及其比较

S盒是分组密码中重要的非线性部件,S盒的密码性质直接影响了密码算法的安全性,一个好的S盒要求有较高的非线性度。本文介绍了两种改善双射S盒非线性度的方法:Hill Climbing算法和它的改进算法,并对这两种方法进行比较。

Thermal activation parameters of V-5Cr-5Ti alloy under hot compression

In order to well understand the elementary mechanisms that govern the hot working process of a V？5Cr？5Ti alloy （mass fraction, %）, thermal activation parameters under compression were measured in a temperature range of 1373？1673 K by a Gleeble？3800 system. The results show that the stress exponentn is 4.87 and the activation energyQis 375.89 kJ/mol for the power law equation. The activation energy is determined as 288.34 kJ/mol, which is close to the self-diffusion energy of alloy （270？300 kJ/mol） by introducing a threshold stress（σ0） variable. The typical values of physical activation volume （Vp） and strain rate sensitivity （m） are measured as （120？700）b3 and 0.075？0.122, respectively, by the repeated stress relaxation tests. These activation parameters indicate that the rate controlling mechanism for V？5Cr？5Ti alloy compressed in ranges of 1373？1673 K and 0.001？1.0 s？1 is the dislocation climb by overcoming of forest dislocations.

Gabor变换在仿真模型验证中的应用

仿真模型验证是从模型预期使用的角度出发,确定模型和有关数据代表真实世界正确程度的过程,是VV&A工作的重要内容之一。针对传统验证方法不能将仿真数据和试验数据的时频域特性结合起来综合分析的特点,从时频联合分析的思想出发,将Gabor变换引入仿真模型验证中,实现了对仿真数据和试验数据时频域的综合分析。实例分析表明,该方法可以提高模型验证的准确性,具有一定的实用性。

黔产千里光提取物总生物碱的含量测定及抗菌作用研究

[目的]比较黔产千里光不同溶剂提取物总生物碱的含量及其抗菌作用。[方法]采用紫外可见分光光度法测定千里光中总生物碱的含量,并采用牛津杯法观察各提取物的抗菌作用。[结果]采用紫外可见分光光度法测定千里光中总生物碱浓度在0.011 0～0.055 0 mg/ml范围内与吸光度的线性关系良好,回归方程为Y=23.654X+0.021,平均回收率为99.2%,R=0.999 9。千里光浓度60%醇提液总生物碱含量为38.71 mg/g,浓度95%醇提液生物碱含量为52.25 mg/g,水煎液总生物碱含量为60.50 mg/g。浓度60%乙醇提取液对肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌抑制作用较强;水提液对大肠杆菌抑制作用较强;浓度95%乙醇提取液抗菌作用较弱,对绿脓杆菌无抑制作用。[结论]该方法准确、简便、重复性好,可用于黔产千里光中生物碱的含量测定;千里光提取物总生物碱的含量与其抗菌作用无正相关关系。

Determination of the Content of Total Alkaloids in Different Solvent Extracts from Climbing Groundsel Herb Produced in Guizhou Province and Their Antibacterial Activity

[Objective] This study aimed to compare the contents of total alkaloids in different solvent extracts from climbing groundsel herb produced in Guizhou Province and their antibacterial activity. [Method] The content of total alkaloids was measured by UV spectrophotometry, and Oxford cups were used to investigate the antibacterial activity of each solvent extract. [Result] There was a good linear correlation between the absorbance measured by the UV spectrophotometer and the content of total al- kaloids within the concentration of 0.011 0-0.054 8 mg/ml at 207 nm, and the re- gression equation was Y=23.654X＋0.021, R=0. 999 7 and the average recovery rate was 99.2%. The contents of total alkaloids in 60% ethanol extract, 95% ethanol and water ethanol were 38.71, 52.25 and 60.50 mg/g, respectively. The 60% ethanol ex- tract had strong antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylo- coccus aureus and Escherichia coil; the water extractive had stronger antibacterial activity against Escherichia colr, 95% ethanol extract had weak antibacterial activity, with no inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. [Conclusion] This method is accurate, simple, with good repeatability, which can be used for the determination of alkaloids content of the climbing groundsel herb; there is no positive correlation between the content of total alkaloids in different solvent extracts of climbing groundsel herb and their antibacterial activity.

扫除母语影响,丰富小学英语教学策略

任何语言的学习都需要良好的语言环境,汉语是我国的第一大母语,学生长期处于悠久的汉字文化当中,当学习新语言时,会感到一定的难度甚至产生一些抵触情绪。特别是小学生,刚接触一门新语言,既会对外语产生好奇心,也会有或多或少的对新语言的学习而产生的害怕心理。小学英语教师应考虑到这一可能出现的情况,丰富自己的教学策略以扫除母语的影响,让学生轻松学好英语。从长期的教学实践看,要扫除母语的负面影响。

A Biomimetic Climbing Robot Based on the Gecko

The excellent climbing performance of the gecko is inspiring engineers and researchers for the design of artificial systems aimed at moving on vertical surfaces. Climbing robots could perform many useful tasks such as surveillance, inspection, repair, cleaning, and exploration. This paper presents and discusses the design, fabrication, and evaluation of two climbing robots which mimic the gait of the gecko. The first robot is designed considering macro-scale operations on Earth and in space. The second robot, whose motion is controlled using shape memory alloy actuators, is designed to be easily scaled down for micro-scale applications. Proposed bionic systems can climb up 65 degree slopes at a speed of 20 mm·s^-1.

Multi-Scale Compliant Foot Designs and Fabrication for Use with a Spider-Inspired Climbing Robot

Climbing robots are of potential use for surveillance, inspection and exploration in different environments. In particular, the use of climbing robots for space exploration can allow scientists to explore environments too challenging for traditional wheeled designs. To adhere to surfaces, biomimetic dry adhesives based on gecko feet have been proposed. These biomimetic dry adhesives work by using multi-scale compliant mechanisms to make intimate contact with different surfaces and adhere by using Van der Waals forces. Fabrication of these adhesives has frequently been challenging however, due to the difficulty in combining macro, micro and nanoscale compliance. We present an all polymer foot design for use with a hexapod climbing robot and a fabrication method to improve reliability and yield. A high strength, low-modulus silicone, TC-5005, is used to form the foot base and microscale fibres in one piece by using a two part mold. A macroscale foot design is produced using a 3D printer to produce a base mold, while lithographic definition of microscale fibres in a thick photoresist forms the ＇hairs＇ of the polymer foot. The adhesion of the silicone fibres by themselves or attached to the macro foot is examined to determine best strategies for placement and removal of feet to maximize adhesion. Results demonstrate the successful integration of micro and macro compliant feet for use in climbing on a variety of surfaces.

Effect of Mg and semi solid processing on microstructure and impression creep properties of A356 alloy

The effects of Mg and semi solid processing on the creep properties ofA356 A1 alloy were investigated. The results show that the dislocation climb controlled creep is the dominant creep mechanism and it is not affected by the semi solid processing and further addition of Mg. Mg improves the alloy creep properties probably by forming large Chinese script Mg2Si compounds at the interdendritic regions. The semi solid processed specimens exhibit better creep properties in comparison with the as cast ones. It is attributed to the reduction in the stacking fault energy resulting from the significant dissolution of Mg in the a（A1） phase.

MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION AND MECHANISMS OF SUPERPLASTICITY IN LARGE GRAINED IRON ALUMINIDES

The superplastic behavior has been found in Fe 3Al and FeAl alloys with grain sizes of 100～600 μm. The large grained Fe 3Al and FeAl alloys exhibit all deformation characteristics of conventional fine grain size superplastic alloys. However, superplastic behavior was found in large grained iron aluminides without the usual prerequisites for the superplasticity of a fine grain size and grain boundary sliding. The metallographic examinations have shown that average grain size of large grained iron aluminides decreased during superplastic deformation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations have shown that there were a great number of subgrain boundaries which formed a network and among which the proportion of low and high angle boundaries increased with the increase of strain. The observed superplastic phenomenon is explained by continuous recovery and recrystallization. During superplastic deformation, an unstable subgrain network forms and these subboundaries absorb gliding dislocations and transform into low and high angle grain boundaries. A dislocation gliding and climb process accommodated by subboundary sliding, migration and rotation, allows the superplastic flow to proceed.

Berberine Prolongs Life Span and Stimulates Locomotor Activity of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>

Drosophila melanogaster mutants with deficient kynurenine (KYN) formation from tryptophan (TRP) have longer life span than wild type flies. Administration of alpha-methyl-TRP and 5-methyl-TRY, the inhibitors of TRP-KYN metabolism, prolonged life span in wild-type flies. Both inhibitors are not available for human use. Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from berberis aristata is known as the herb widely used in traditional Chinese and Indian medicine. Berberin is a strong inhibitor of the enzyme catalyzing TRP conversion into KYN. Considering this particular feature we investigated the effect of berberine on life-and health-span in wild-type Drosophila melanogaster. The results of our study showed that Berberine extended mean, median and maximum life span of female flies. Berberine did not affect the number of pupae of filial generation and decreased their lethality. Berberine increased locomotor activity (vertical climbing). The results of the study suggest that berberine prolongs life- and improves health-span of Drosophila melanogaster. Berberine might be a candidate drug for prevention and treatment of aging and aging-associated medical and psychiatric disorders.