Outcome analysis on the rotation practice course for the professional degree graduates of clinical pharmacy at Peking University

It＇s the main trend of the development of international pharmaceutical education to cultivate professionals with the capability of pharmaceutical service by professional degree education. Clinical pharmacy rotation practice, named officially as ＂Advanced clinical pharmacy practice＂ at our school, is specific to our master of pharmacy （M. Pharm） graduate students for clinical pharmacy practice training in multiple clinical departments in hospitals. It is meaningful for the education reform of clinical pharmacy to evaluate the outcome of clinical pharmacy rotation practice. Questionnaire was developed based on the Teaching Guide To Advanced Clinical Pharmacy Practice and its related record forms. The practice outcomes of clinical rotation practice in the first two years for M. Pharm graduate students were assessed using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Results showed that the teaching effect of clinical pharmacy practice was at the ＂excellent＂ level. The evaluation scores of Grade 2011 and Grade 2012 were 90.60 （excellent） and 91.83 （excellent） respectively, while the overall score was 91.29 （excellent）. Students showed excellent skills and have met the requirements of the teaching guide after practice. There are somethings to improve in clinical rotation practice teaching. This study will provide important information for our school and the nation to achieve teaching reform in M. Pharm education of clinical pharmacy.

Investigations and feedback on the training mode of professional master's degree of clinical pharmacy in Peking University and the preliminary exploration of Pharm. D. Education

In order to carry out the comprehensive reform of the professional master’s degree training mode of clinical pharmacy, we carried out interviews among 91 persons on the professional master’s degree of clinical pharmacy in Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and collected extensive feedback. We preliminaries explore the mode of Doctor of Pharmacy（Pharm. D.） Education, laying the foundation for Doctor’s education of professional clinical pharmacy in China. We conducted investigations and interviews among 91 clinical pharmacists and students of Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences on the training of professional master’s degree and Pharm. D. education mode, which includes 67 postgraduates and 24 clinical pharmacists. Respondents put forward the problems of training mode and corresponding suggestions and opinions from different aspects during the investigation and interview. The results mainly divide into four aspects： curriculum setting, clinical practice, assessme nt system and teaching resources. Respondents put forward effective feedback on the above four aspects, which are beneficial to the comprehensive reform of the training mode of professional master degree in clinical pharmacy and preliminary exploration of Pharm. D. Education in China.

New direction for clinical pharmacy in China: adopting a “form follows function” approach to improve future healthcare outcomes

Clinical pharmacy is an important development in modern pharmacy practice. In China, the recent recognition of clinical pharmacists by the Ministry of Health is an important step that can lead to a successful change in the functional role of the pharmacists to directly improve the health care outcomes. To optimize this role change, we propose that a ＂form follows function＂ structure be implemented. We believe that a ＂form＂ consisting of three components is highly desirable and should be established with careful coordination：（1） a formal education/training curriculum;（2） a professional organization to lead the clinical improvements in practice/research; and（3） an accrediting body for quality education/training and practice. By incorporating the clinical pharmacy experiences in USA and other countries as well as adopting this ＂form follows function＂ approach, we predict a bright future for the clinical pharmacists in China as valuable members of health care team to positively impact the health care outcomes.

药学博士专业学位教育创新发展的若干思考

概述国外临床药学专业培养模式,聚焦京沪等地高校临床药学领域博士的培养路径,分析当前形势下药学高层次人才培养的需求,提出药学博士专业学位临床药学领域人才培养路径的若干思考,旨在加快我国临床药学教育与国际药学教育接轨,提高我国临床药学人才培养的质量和水平。

Peking University Health Science Center Model of Clinica Pharmacy Education and Clinical Pharmacist Services

In the 1950s, clinical pharmacy emerged in the United States and gradually developed into an indispensable component of the clinical services system, The American College of Clinical Pharmacy defines clinical pharmacy as a pharmaceutical field that focuses on the science and practice of rational drug use.

Impacts from the implementation of a Novel Clinical Pharmacist Training Program in Changsha,Hunan Province,China

The Ministry of Health and Family Planning of the People’s Republic of China issued a mandate to all hospitals to implement clinical pharmacy services by 2020.Implementation of clinical pharmacy services to provide pharmaceutical care is a priority.The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in collaboration with the University of Alberta implemented a structured train-the-trainer program to train pharmacists to provide direct patient care in collaboration with physicians,to teach/mentor other pharmacists and students from Hunan province,and to conduct clinical pharmacy research.Following implementation of the program,the pharmacy department increased the number of clinical pharmacists,expanded the clinical pharmacy services,made changes to hospital policies,and received a financial award of five million renminbi(one million Canadian dollars)to support the department.

Higher pharmaceutical education in China: evolution, current status and prospects

Higher pharmaceutical education in China has developed for more than 100 years. More and more talented pharmacy professionals are required due to the rapid development of pharmaceutical industry and patients＇ needs, leading to many challenges for the current higher pharmaceutical education system. This paper provided a retrospective review of the evolution of higher pharmaceutical education in China, which described its current status and future prospects of higher pharmaceutical education in China, and offered some suggestions on these challenges.

Implementation of a novel train-the-trainer program for pharmacists in China

Clinical pharmacy services in North American are well implemented both in community phar-macies and in hospital pharmacies.In 2009 the Chinese government mandated the implementation of clinical pharmacy services in all secondary and tertiary hospitals by 2020.The mandate would require adequately trained clinical pharmacists.However,most pharmacy education programs in China have not yet incorporated clinical pharmacy into their curricula.Many pharmacists have been sent to countries,including the United States and Canada,to receive clinical pharmacy train-ing.Because of different health care systems,medical team dynamics,and language barriers,it became difficult for the returning pharmacists to apply the skills gained from this type of training.As a result,the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University initiated an international academic-run train-the-trainer program.The objectives are to provide adequate training for phar-macists to provide pharmaceutical care to patients,conduct clinical pharmacy-related research,and engage in scholarly activities.After evaluation of local readiness,the course commenced in 2014,and to date four trainers have received personalized one-on-one training by an advanced pharma-cist with 15 years of experience of delivering similar curricula in North America.We present the initial process evaluation and learning that will contribute to the development of clinical pharmacy courses at Central South University.

A study of drug therapy problems in pharmaceutical care

We evaluated the frequency and category distribution of drug therapy problems in young and elderly patients. A retro- spective study of the medical conditions, drug therapies, and drug therapy problems identified in 102 patients was performed. The patients were divided into young patient group （〈65 years of age） and elderly patient group （〉~ 65 years of age） in a hospital pharmacy setting. Inclusion criteria： patients who were referred by the treating doctors and received evaluation by the clinical pharmacists. Exclusion criteria： patients who were unable to or refused to be evaluated by the clinical pharmacists. We found that 1） Patients in young and elderly groups had a mean of 3 and 5 medical conditions per person, respectively （P = 0.001）. 2） On the average, they took 4 and 7 drug therapies per person, respectively. The elderly patients took a significantly higher number of drug therapies （P = 0.001）. 3） Totally 85 drug therapy problems in 7 categories were identified within 102 patients. 4） 36.8% of young patients experienced 1 to 4 drug therapy problems whereas 61.8% of elderly patient experienced I to 5 drug therapy problems. Drug therapy problems were significantly more prevalent in elderly patients （P = 0.017）. 5） The drug therapy problem by category had similar distribution in young and elderly patients. The elderly patients in this study encountered more drug therapy problems than young patients. Accordingly, more attention should be paid to elderly patients in pharmaceutical care practice.

Pharmaceutical practice and value of pharmacists under the new medical reform situation

Zero addition of drugs is an important aspect of medication reformation in the whole country, which is the end of the era of medicine. The role of pharmacists is changing from being medication dispensers to outcome-oriented and patient-focused care providers. However, it is still unclear how to play the role of pharmacists and carry out the related work in the new situation. Here, literature for relevant evidence was searched and summarized. Analysis results showed that there was a significant gap between pharmacy practice in China and developed countries. Evidence has supported pharmacists in their emerging role as care providers, that is available to improve the efficacy and quality of pharmaceutical care and ensure the safety of medicines for patients, but still more efforts are needed to promote new attitude toward more professional career, such as paying attention to the examination of outpatient prescription and medical orders, deeply clinical practice and individualized treatment, self-enhancement and public awareness of pharmacists. Collectively, the safety of patients can be ensured only by improving profession of pharmacists and showing the value of pharmacists. In doing so, pharmacy can develop rapidly, and pharmaceutical care with rational drug use can be realized.