Evaluation of teaching-in-English reform in five-year clinical tropical medicine program–Case analysis of curriculum reform of clinical medicine in Hainan Medical University

Objective: To investigate the model, quality as well as effect of teaching-in-English in five-year clinical medicine program of Hainan Medical University.Methods: The questionnaire was carried out among clinical medicine undergraduates of2012–2015 grades in Hainan Medical University, to investigate studying time, studying habits and the impact of teaching in English. Additionally results of CET-4, CET-6 and overseas internship from undergraduates of 2012–2015 grade, as well as the result of phased medical licensing examination and post-graduate entrance examination from undergraduates of 2012 were accordingly collected from the Teaching Management Department.Results: For the Chinese students in international classes, the average time of self-study was 161.49 min, 58.3% had preview before classes, and 90.7% had habit of review after classes. Thus the first time pass rate, total pass rate, first time excellent rate and total excellent rate of CET-4 and CET-6 of international classes were significantly higher than those of regular classes. The result of post-graduate entrance examination in 2016 showed that the score, pass rate and acceptance rate of international classes of 2012 grade were significantly higher those of regular classes(P < 0.01).Conclusions: Teaching-in-English reform in Hainan Medical University has achieved initial success. Chinese students from international classes are superior to those from regular classes in many aspects. However, there are still many problems, and effective measures should be implemented to promote teaching quality continuously.

Transversal Competencies of a Clinical Mentor in Nursing Graduate Studies

Introduction: The focus of clinical mentoring in nursing specialists is to develop both generic or transversal skills, as well as specific skills needed to assess their profile and become a graduate student under the guidance of experts. Objective: The objective of this study is to diagnose the transversal competencies of clinical mentors from the Unique Program of Nursery Specialties (UPNS) in student body training. Method: This study utilized a descriptive and phenomenological interpretative approach. Twelve informants from UPNS participated, and the variables were clinical mentoring and transversal competencies from novice and senior mentors. Two focus groups were conducted for data collection, and data analysis was performed according to Strauss and Corbin. All participants provided signed informed consent. Results: Post-analysis of qualitative data revealed three categories with subcategories. Category 1: Strengths of clinical mentors in three dimensions. Sub-categories: 1.1) PD: Academic and personal companionship;1.2) PD: Guidance with humanist focus and feedback from mentor to student in real scenarios;1.3) PD: Guidance in the teaching-learning process;1.4) DD: Integration of theoretical-practical knowledge and development of advanced abilities in nursing for clinical practice;1.5) CD: Responsibility and commitment from student’s characteristics to group’s general statements. Category 2: Competencies that lead the clinical mentor in pedagogy, discipline and generic dimensions, reported 9 subcategories six of them focused on the didactics of clinical mentors, and three on the interpersonal communication between mentors. Category 3: Opportunity areas to develop by the clinical mentor. From a mentor’s perspective, eight subcategories revealed transversal competencies that define a clinical mentor for UPNS. In this state, competencies are oriented toward the pedagogical and interpersonal communication dimensions, but central aspects are recognized between disciplines, namely, precise theoretical-practical knowledge, clinical experience in the field of specialty, certification as a specialist, and updated knowledge. Conclusions: The profile of clinical mentors from UPNS clearly identifies transversal competencies in clinical teaching and interpersonal communication, both of which are important. In terms of professional competencies, there are leaders in nursing specialty, meaning that these competencies are specific in such cases.

A review of obstacles and facilitating factors of implementing Clinical Ladder Programs in nursing

Clinical Ladder Programs is to develop different training programs according to different levels of nurses’management.The purpose is to improve nurses’sense of professional identity,professional and technical capabilities,and determine salary levels,so as to fully mobilize nurses’enthusiasm.This article reviews the current status of the application of Clinical Ladder Programs in clinical nursing around the world,and understands the obstacles and facilitating factors that affect the implementation of Clinical Ladder Programs,in order to provide a reference for establishing a perfect hierarchical nurse training model in China.

Implementing and Popularizing Health Clinics and Educational Programs in NJ School Areas for Supporting NJ Pregnant Teenagers

This proposal focuses on the prevalence of teenage pregnancy issue in NJ and illustrates the benefits of school-based health clinics and educational programs which should be implemented for teenage pregnancy and childbearing.Without the early intervention of educational programs and preventive medical services which should be implemented in school areas,teen pregnancy and childbearing can have physical and emotional health influences on teen mothers,their babies and other family members,and the worst consequence should be abortion.What’s more,teenage pregnancy and childbearing have substantial economic consequence for state.The annual estimated cost associated with teen childbearing (teens 19 and younger) in NJ to taxpayers is at least $167 million in 2004 (24% federal costs and 76% state and local costs).Studies demonstrated that a much larger amount of money is spent on the consequences of teenage pregnancy than on prevention.NJ has an opportunity to invest in prevention and reduce not only the monetary but also the societal costs to our youth burdened by the often overwhelming responsibilities of teenage pregnancy and parenting.According to the 15 years follow-up research and data analyzing,two models of success which specifically implemented in South Carolina high schools and Chicago public schools have been proved to effectively reduce incidence of repeat pregnancy and emergency room visits,reduce incidence of teen mothers smoking during pregnancy,improve emotional outcomes among teen mothers,decrease incidence of teen mothers drug impairment,arrest,conviction,or jail time and reduce use of food stamps and other public assistances,which can consequently increase the state public health costs.In order to support teen mothers’ academic,physical,emotional and social needs in a stable and consistent school environment,the plan which titled "Physical and Mental Health Promotion for NJ Teen Mothers" is effective and practical enough to arouse the attention of some relevant departments.It’s worth patron to fund the plan because supporting teenage pregnancy at early stage can subsequently benefit the national and state economy and teen mothers.

Clinical outcome in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after living-donor liver transplantation

AIM: To investigate risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) and efficacy of various criteria. METHODS: From October 2000 to November 2011, 233 adult patients underwent LDLT for HCC at our institution. After excluding nine postoperative mortality cases, we analyzed retrospectively 224 patients. To identify risk factors for recurrence, we evaluated recurrence, disease-free survival (DFS) rate, survival rate, and various other factors which are based on the characteristics of both the patient and tumor. Additionally, we developed our own criteria based on our data. Next, we compared our selection criteria with various tumor-grading scales, such as the Milan criteria, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) criteria, TNM stage, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage and Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) scoring system. The median follow up was 68 (6-139) mo.RESULTS: In 224 patients who received LDLT for HCC, 37 (16.5%) experienced tumor recurrence during the follow-up period. The 5-year DFS and overall survival rates after LDLT in all patients with HCC were 80.9% and 76.4%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, the tumor diameter {5 cm; P < 0.001; exponentiation of the B coefficient [Exp(B)], 11.89; 95%CI: 3.784-37.368} and alpha fetoprotein level [AFP, 100 ng/mL; P = 0.021; Exp(B), 2.892; 95%CI: 1.172-7.132] had significant influences on HCC recurrence after LDLT. Therefore, these two factors were included in our criteria. Based on these data, we set our selection criteria as a tumor diameter ≤ 5 cm and AFP ≤ 100 ng/mL. Within our new criteria (140/214, 65.4%), the 5-year DFS and overall survival rates were 88.6% and 81.8%, respectively. Our criteria (P = 0.001), Milan criteria (P = 0.009), and UCSF criteria (P = 0.001) showed a significant difference in DFS rate. And our criteria (P = 0.006) and UCSF criteria (P = 0.009) showed a significant difference in overall survival rate. But Milan criteria did not show significant difference in overall survival rate (P = 0.137). Among stages 0, A, B and C of BCLC, stage C had a significantly higher recurrence rate (P = 0.001), lower DFS (P = 0.001), and overall survival rate (P = 0.005) compared with the other stages. Using the CLIP scoring system, the group with a score of 4 to 5 showed a high recurrence rate (P = 0.023) and lower DFS (P = 0.011); however, the overall survival rate did not differ from that of the lower scoring group. The TNM system showed a trend of increased recurrence rate, decreased DFS, or survival rate according to T stage, albeit without statistical significance. CONCLUSION: LDLT is considered the preferred therapeutic option in patients with an AFP level less than 100 ng/mL and a tumor diameter of less than 5 cm.

CLINICAL SIMULATED EXPERIMENT ON SYNDROMIC STANDARDS OF PULMONARY SYSTEM DISEASES

Clinical simulated experiment (CSE) is an intermediate experiment in clinic withmodern functional simulation.Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has a long histo-ry with an unique system of medical theory which has not been standardized and cannot be fully explained by modern natural sciences.CSE on the syndromic standardsof pulmonary system diseases (SSOPSD) was carried out by following TCM’s theo-

精神心理方向护理硕士专业学位研究生临床实践培养方案的构建

目的 构建精神心理方向护理硕士专业学位研究生临床实践培养方案。方法 基于文献回顾和专家讨论,形成精神心理方向护理硕士专业学位研究生临床实践培养方案初稿。选取来自北京、长沙、武汉、南京、上海、广州、成都、合肥、南昌的13名专家作为函询对象,于2022年10月—12月采用专家函询法对其进行2轮函询。结果 2轮专家函询的专家积极系数均为100%;专家权威系数分别为0.94、0.96;肯德尔协调系数分别为0.251和0.418(P<0.001)。最终构建的精神心理方向护理硕士专业学位研究生临床实践培养方案由7个模块(培养目标、培养内容、培养方式、培养时间、考核内容及占比、带教师资、实践基地)、36个一级条目、67个二级条目、103个三级条目构成。结论 本研究构建的精神心理方向护理硕士专业学位研究生临床实践培养方案科学、可信,可为我国精神心理方向护理硕士专业学位研究生临床实践能力的培养提供参考。

我国临床药学专业本科教育药学服务能力培养现状分析

目的探索适合我国药学服务人才培养的本科教育模式。方法分类收集我国10所高等学校(山东大学、上海交通大学、四川大学,安徽医科大学、哈尔滨医科大学、南方医科大学、天津医科大学、南京医科大学,中国药科大学、沈阳药科大学)2018年至2021年临床药学专业本科学生的培养方案,包括课程设置、学时和学分方案等,并对药学服务能力培养相关课程体系进行比较与分析。采用问卷调查法,调研四川大学华西药学院2018级至2022级在校临床药学专业本科学生对现行培养方案的认识、评价与需求。结果10所高等学校中,临床药学培养方案总学分和总学时、必修课程学分和学时设置最多的均为南京医科大学(290学分和3886学时,209学分和3562学时)。选修课程设置学分最多的为四川大学(35学分)。各医科大学理论课程设置学时较多,四川大学、中国药科大学、山东大学的实践课程设置学时较多,理论课程、实践课程学时最多的分别为南方医科大学(2910学时)和四川大学(1332学时)。各高等学校(除上海交通大学无法统计外)毕业实习时长均达到42周。中国药科大学和四川大学开设的药学服务类课程相对较多(14门、494学时和14门、424学时),且兼顾了理论和实践教学。共发放问卷149份,回收有效问卷141份,四川大学临床药学专业学生对培养方案和药学服务相关课程总体满意度高(均超过70%),但仍有24.11%的学生认为理论课程过多,实践课程过少。结论调研的10所高等学校临床药学专业本科学生的培养方案存在较大差异,且均缺乏系统的药学服务能力培养课程体系。建议以药学服务胜任力为目标,完善临床药学专业本科实践课程体系建设,增设跨学科、跨专业实践课程,建设药学服务课程群,将药学服务能力培养贯穿本科教育始终,构建适合我国药学服务人才培养的本科教育模式。

中美老年专科临床药师培训项目比较分析

目的 比较中美两国老年专科临床药师培训项目的基本情况,为我国老年专科临床药师培训项目的进一步优化提供参考。方法 查询美国卫生系统药师协会(ASHP)和中国医院协会官方网站,检索并收集中美两国老年专科临床药师培训项目的培训大纲、机构类型/规模、招生人数、培训内容、申请条件、考核标准等资料和数据,采用Excel软件进行统计分析。结果与结论 截至2024年1月12日,美国ASHP共开展毕业后第2年老年专科临床药师培训项目24个,可招收25人,并提供相应薪酬;培训基地涉及医院、药学院,规模不一;申请人需获得药学博士学位、完成毕业后第1年培训。ASHP就基础患者照护、高级患者照护、领导力和管理能力、知识的教育教学传播能力四大必备技能设计了详细的培训目标,各培训基地可结合自身特点,适当增设学术技能、长期照护技能等可选技能,制订学员轮转计划,并在培训过程的多个时间节点进行考核、评估。我国共开展老年专科临床药师培训项目5个,可招收15人,不提供薪酬;培训基地均为三级甲等医院,规模较大;申请人需要获得本科及以上学位,并根据所学专业和学位的不同,对其有不同的工作年限要求。中国医院协会药事专业委员会设置了详细的培训大纲,就理论知识、实践技能、科研思维等提出了具体的培训目标,在入组时、规定内容培训完成时和结业时由培训基地组织考核、评估。参考美国的项目开展经验,建议带教老师针对不同层次的学员开展差异化的知识和技能培训,灵活安排轮转科室,要求学员尽可能独立开展工作并深入参与临床教学、科研工作,安排多次、多种形式的考核、考察,及时调整学习方案,全面提升学员能力。

铜绿假单胞菌脓毒症患者程序性细胞死亡受体1/程序性细胞死亡配体1信号通路相关蛋白与短期临床预后的相关性分析

目的探讨程序性细胞死亡受体1/程序性细胞死亡配体1(PD-1/PD-L1)信号通路相关蛋白对铜绿假单胞菌(PA)脓毒症患者短期临床预后的影响。方法选择2021年1月—2023年6月宁夏医科大学总医院收治的122例PA脓毒症患者为研究对象,均根据脓毒症治疗指南和实际病情开展治疗。收集患者临床资料、治疗前慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分;治疗前抽取外周静脉血测定T淋巴细胞水平(CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+))以及血清PD-1和PD-L1水平。结果122例PA脓毒症患者入住急诊重症监护室及其他科室后28 d存活101例(82.79%,存活组),死亡21例(17.21%,死亡组)。存活组与死亡组患者高血压比率、慢性阻塞性肺病比率、慢性肝病比率、APACHEⅡ评分、CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)、PD-1和PDL-1比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。单因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,基础疾病(高血压、慢性阻塞性肺病、慢性肝病)、APACHEⅡ评分、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)、PD-1和PD-L1均是PA脓毒症患者短期生存的影响因素(P<0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,基础疾病(高血压、慢性阻塞性肺病、慢性肝病)、APACHEⅡ评分、PD-1和PD-L1均是PA脓毒症患者短期生存的影响因素(P<0.01)。结论PD-1/PD-L1信号通路对PA脓毒症患者的临床预后有影响,该通路相关蛋白表达上调可增加PA脓毒症患者短期临床预后不良的风险。

微信小程序在护理本科实习生母乳喂养临床教学中的应用

探讨微信小程序在护理本科实习生母乳喂养临床教学中应用的效果。采用便利抽样法,以某三级甲等医院产科2022年3—9月入科的72名护理本科实习生为对照组,采用常规临床教学方法;2022年10月—2023年3月入科的74名护理本科实习生为试验组,在对照组的基础上应用微信小程序打卡学习母乳喂养知识。应用实践表明,在产科母乳喂养临床教学中应用微信小程序进行打卡学习,有助于提升学生母乳喂养的知识水平和指导产妇进行母乳喂养的自我效能,提升教学满意度。

非小细胞肺癌患者外周血中可溶性程序性死亡配体-1、趋化因子配体9、基质金属蛋白酶9水平与预后生存的关系

目的 观察非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者外周血可溶性程序性死亡配体-1(sPD-L1)、趋化因子配体9(CXCL9)、基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)的表达水平与临床特征及预后生存的相关性。方法 我院收治的98例NSCLC患者(研究组),选取同期肺部良性病变患者50例(对照1组)、健康志愿者50例(对照2组),比较三组外周血sPD-L1、CXCL9、MMP-9表达水平。随访研究组治疗后1年的预后生存情况,分为生存组与病死组,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析sPD-L1、CXCL9及MMP-9对预后生存的预测价值。结果 研究组外周血sPD-L1、CXCL9、MMP-9水平较对照1组、对照2组高,对照1组较对照2组高(P<0.05);TNM分期为Ⅱ期患者CXCL9、MMP-9表达水平较Ⅰ期高,发生淋巴结转移患者sPD-L1、MMP-9表达水平较未发生淋巴结转移高(P<0.05);NSCLC患者TNM分期与CXCL9、MMP-9水平成正相关,淋巴结转移与sPD-L1、MMP-9水平成正相关(P<0.05);sPD-L1、CXCL9、MMP-9预测NSCLC患者预后的最佳截断值分别为1.915 ng/ml、1.980 ng/ml、179.030μg/L,且三项指标联合预测NSCLC患者预后生存情况的AUC及特异性均高于单一指标预测(P<0.05)。结论 NSCLC患者外周血sPD-L1、CXCL9、MMP-9表达水平上调,且与临床分期、淋巴结转移相关,三者联合对NSCLC患者预后有较高预测价值。

多西他赛联合PD-1抑制剂对晚期非小细胞肺癌预后及血清MMP-9、TIMP-1水平的影响

目的探讨多西他赛联合程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)抑制剂对晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)预后及血清基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-1(TIMP-1)水平的影响。方法将90例晚期NSCLC患者随机分为研究组和对照组,每组45例。对照组给予多西他赛和顺铂治疗,研究组在对照组治疗基础上给予PD-1治疗,3周为1个治疗周期,共治疗6个周期。比较2组治疗后客观缓解率(ORR)、疾病控制率(DCR)、无进展生存期(PFS)、总生存期(OS),观察2组治疗期间不良反应发生情况及治疗前后血清MMP-9、TIMP-1水平的变化。结果研究组治疗后DCR、PFS、OS显著高于对照组(P<0.05);治疗期间2组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);2组治疗后血清MMP-9、TIMP-1水平较治疗前显著降低(P<0.05),且研究组降低较对照组更为显著(P<0.05)。结论多西他赛联合PD-1抑制剂对晚期NSCLC具有较好的疗效和预后,能够降低血清MMP-9、TIMP-1水平,降低肺癌细胞侵袭转移的能力,安全性良好。

PD1/PD-L1在卵巢癌及癌旁组织的表达及与临床病理、预后的关系

目的探究程序性死亡受体1(PD1)/细胞程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)在卵巢癌及癌旁组织的表达及与临床病理、预后的关系。方法选取沧州市中心医院2021年12月至2022年12月收治的120例卵巢癌患者,对患者癌组织及癌旁组织PD1、PD-L1表达情况进行检测,采用多因素logistic回归分析与Kaplan-Meier法探究PD1、PD-L1与患者临床病理、预后的关系。结果120例患者中,卵巢癌组织中PD1阳性32例(26.67%)(PD1阳性组),PD-L1阳性39例(32.50%)(PD-L1阳性组),其中有30例(25.00%)患者同时表达PD1、PD-L1(表达组),79例(65.83%)患者均未出现PD1、PD-L1表达(未表达组)。癌旁组织中均未见两者表达。PD1、PD-L1阳性组与PD1、PD-L1阴性组病理类型、国际妇产科联盟(FIGO)分期比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素logistics回归分析显示,病理类型、FIGO分期为PD1、PD-L1表达的影响因素(P<0.05)。120例患者中共39例复发,PD1阳性组、PD-L1阳性组、表达组、未表达组复发率为50.00%、56.41%、60.00%、12.68%,四组无进展生存时间(PFS)为(18.04±1.68)个月、(17.96±1.42)个月、(16.73±1.05)个月、(20.06±1.75)个月。结论PD1、PD-L1在卵巢癌中的表达提示患者预后不良,临床应采取针对性措施对PD1阳性、PD-L1阳性的患者进行干预,以改善预后。

轻中度与重度PD-1/PD-L1免疫检查点抑制剂相关性肺炎的临床和CT特征比较

目的探讨轻中度与重度程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)/程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)免疫检查点抑制剂(ICI)相关性肺炎的临床和CT特征的差异。方法选取2018年9月至2021年9月在浙江省肿瘤医院接受PD-1/PD-L1 ICI治疗且发生ICI相关性肺炎的21例患者为研究对象,依据美国卫生和公共服务部发布的不良事件评定标准5.0版将ICI相关性肺炎患者分为轻中度14例和重度7例,比较两组患者临床特征(主要包括ICI治疗至肺炎发生时间、原发灶病理类型、放疗史、免疫治疗方式、临床症状等)和CT特征(主要包括CT分型、病灶密度、病灶位置、有无胸腔积液等)。结果临床特征比较发现,轻中度组女性、无症状患者占比以及BMI均明显高于重度组(均P<0.05);两组患者在年龄、ICI治疗至肺炎发生时间、吸烟史、原发灶分类、原发灶病理类型、放疗史、ICI类型、免疫治疗方式、免疫治疗线数、胸闷气急、咳嗽咳痰、发热、呼吸衰竭等方面比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。轻中度组CT分型为机化性肺炎型、病灶位于肺外周、病灶两肺未对称的占比均明显高于重度组(均P<0.05);两组患者在病灶密度、小叶间隔增厚、病变分布、胸腔积液等方面比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论轻中度与重度PD-1/PD-L1 ICI相关性肺炎患者的临床特征和CT特征存在明显差异。

临床营养助手程序的研发与应用

目的提高临床肠外营养(PN)治疗的安全性。方法临床药师根据PN处方的常见问题,基于Java语言设计研发临床营养助手程序,并参考肠内肠外营养专著、相关指南、专家共识、药品说明书等资料设置系统参数。随机抽取20例需进行PN治疗的患者,由5名医师均分别以人工和使用程序为其开具PN处方(各开具4例),比较开具处方的速率(以人均单张处方开具用时计)和准确率。回顾性分析医院外科2021年1月至5月(程序使用前)和2021年7月至11月(程序使用后)接受PN治疗住院患者的病历各100份,分析PN处方的合理性。结果医师使用程序开具处方的速率为(4.53±0.57)min,准确率为(99.00±0.14)%,显著优于人工开具处方的(16.15±1.54)min和(80.00±0.42)%(P<0.01)。该程序使用后,不合理处方数显著减少(P<0.05),处方改善率为8.70%~44.78%。结论临床营养助手程序的研发和应用提高了医师开具PN处方的效率,保障了PN处方的安全、合理使用。

深圳市医学科技计划项目立项结题情况及发展策略

目的总结分析医学科技计划项目开展的现状、存在的亮点及问题,提出相应的发展策略建议。方法本研究采用横断面研究设计,分析2016—2021年深圳市立项的医学科技计划1880项基本情况以及2016—2017年已结题558个项目的绩效产出数据。结果2016—2021年度医学科技计划项目共立项资助1880项,共依托97家单位,总资助金额累计10亿,增长百分比93.9%。基础研究专项占资助项目总数93.4%,资助总金额6.1亿,占总项目资助金额60.3%。医学科技计划中医疗卫生机构类项目总计1692项,其中基层机构及区级医疗机构(未定级、一级、二级)资助力度较小,立项比例为7.2%,资助金额仅占医疗卫生机构类总金额3.0%。2016—2017完成结题项目558项,绩效指标包括发表文章、培养人才、科技奖以及专利申请数量,总计培养人才762名,申请专利448项,专利授权184项,发表论文2061篇。结论医学科技计划项目加强规划临床研究专项,建立多层级临床研究中心体系,完善科技项目管理各个环节机制、分层分类管理,强化科技成果转化应用四方面的支撑,逐步转向临床研究新方向。

经肝动脉化疗栓塞联合酪氨酸激酶抑制剂及程序性死亡受体-1抗体治疗中晚期不可切除肝细胞癌的临床疗效和安全性分析

目的 探讨经肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)联合酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKIs)及程序性死亡受体-1(PD-1)抑制剂治疗中晚期不可切除肝细胞癌(以下简称肝癌)的临床效果。方法 2020年1月~2022年1月我院收治的中晚期不可切除肝癌病人65例,均采用TACE+TKIs+PD-1抗体治疗。观察肿瘤反应、客观缓解率、疾病控制率、总生存时间、无进展生存时间、转化手术率和药物不良反应等。结果 65例病人的客观缓解率为49.2%(32/65),疾病控制率为89.2%(58/65),其中完全缓解2例,部分缓解30例,疾病稳定26例,疾病进展7例。65例病人中,18例转化为可切除肝癌,行R0手术切除,转化手术率为27.6%(18/65)。65例病人均获得随访,随访时间3~22.4个月,中位随访时间16.5个月。65例病人中位总体生存时间、中位疾病无进展生存时间分别为14.5个月(95%CI为12.3~16.6个月)、8.8个月(95%CI为6.9~10.6个月)。65例病人治疗后均出现栓塞后综合征(腹痛、发热、恶心、呕吐等症状),部分病人出现短暂的肝功能异常。3级以下药物不良反应均在1周内恢复。部分病人合并多种药物不良反应。其中1例(1.5%)因顽固性呕吐停用TACE治疗,5例因治疗过程中严重肝功能损伤停用仑伐替尼,2例因严重反应性毛细血管增生停用卡瑞利珠单抗,1例因严重甲状腺功能减退停用替雷利珠单抗,1例因顽固消化道出血停用仑伐替尼及信迪利单抗。其他治疗病人发生3~4级药物不良反应经药物减量及对症处理后均缓解。结论 TACE+TKIs+PD-1抗体治疗中晚期不可切除肝癌可靠、安全。

我国本科临床医学类专业招生规模的时空布局分析

1998—2019年,我国普通高校本科临床医学类专业招生规模显著增长,院校由90所增至181所;招生人数由2.9万人增至9.6万人。不同地区的招生规模差异较大,具有显著的空间正相关性,即招生规模相似的省份在空间上趋于聚集。高-高聚类主要位于经济发达、高等教育发展历史悠久、地理位置优越的地区,如华东地区;而低-低聚类则多位于经济社会发展水平较低、基础设施建设滞后的地区,如西北地区。因此,应进一步优化招生规模在地区间的分布,通过制定实施倾斜性的政策、进行资源支持、发挥地区带动效应等促进招生规模的区域均衡布局。

临床实践前课程线上教学效果及影响因素分析

探究北京协和医学院八年制临床实践前课程线上与线下教学效果的差异及影响因素。妇产科学、皮肤性病学和口腔科学的线上教学成绩显著低于线下,儿科学、神经病学、眼科学、耳鼻咽喉学和中医学线上教学成绩显著高于线下。互动可显著提高线上教学效果。线上教学可以作为临床实践前部分课程的有效教学方式。