Pricing and decision of carbon emission reduction for closed-loop supply chain considering carbon trading mechanism

To determine the optimal pricing and carbon emission reduction decision, a closed-loop supply chain with a manufacturer and a retailer is investigated. In this system, the manufacturer manufactures new products and remanufactures used products while the retailer is responsible for selling new products and remanufactured products. The profit functions of the manufacturer and the retailer are developed, and the corresponding solution formulae for decision variables are given by the Stackelberg game model. Finally, a numerical example is given, and the optimal wholesale price, retail price, carbon emission reduction and others are obtained. Through the sensitivity of the unit carbon allowance price, some significant managerial insights are derived.

Closed-loop supply chain network equilibrium strategy model with environmental protection objectives

With the increasing popularity of ecological civilization and sustainable development,enterprises should consider environmental protection measures in their operations in addition to pursue their economic interests.This paper establsihes a closed-loop supply chain network model composed of multiple suppliers,manufacturers,retailers,recyclers,and demand markets—regarding their dual goals of the profit maximization and the minimization of carbon emissions.The conditions necessary for establishing overall equilibrium and an equilibrium model of the entire closed-loop supply chain network are determined by applying variational inequality and dual theory.A modified projection contraction algorithm is used to design a model-solving program.Finally,using numerical examples,the paper conducts a comparative static analysis on important parameters such as the weight coefficients of environmental protection objectives and consumers'awareness of low-carbon environmental protection and attains some beneficial enlightenment on management.The results indicate that when the environmental protection objectives of a certain type of enterprise increases,both the economic benefits and environmental protection performance will improve;when the environmental protection objectives of all enterprises increases simultaneously,environmental protection performance improves significantly,but the changes in economic benefits of different enterprises are inconsistent and profit coordination is more complex.Although consumers’awareness of low-carbon preference could improve environmental performance,it reduces the overall profits of network members and the entire closed-loop supply chain network as a whole.The above conclusions can be used as a reference for the government in designing low-carbon environmental protection policy and in closed-loop supply chain research.

Improving the Performance of Urban Waste Management Systems in the Context of a Closed-Loop Supply Chain

The saving of non-renewable energies, as well as the reduction of emissions into the environment, are two crucial objectives of industrial production. The recovery of post-consumer products associated with the use of end-of-life products is part of a context of optimization of these objectives. This recovery maximizes the use of resources from end-of-life products in a circular logic while recording the environmental footprint. This study considers a recycling strategy adapted to the need and urgency to reduce greenhouse gas emissions caused by global warming. The proposed model aims to optimize the profits of the circular manufacturing strategies while minimizing operational costs (collection, sorting, recycling), transport, GHG emissions and recycling. In this paper, a compromise between the gains of CM and the costs associated with it was studied. The robustness of the designed model was tested using a case study based on real-world scenarios. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to study the impact of the emission cost on the overall objective, considering the two options currently offered to industries. The obtained results support companies to take the ecological aspect into account and integrate sustainable development into their strategic axes for their logistics supply chains.

Dynamic Pricing Model for the Operation of Closed-Loop Supply Chain System

A class of closed-loop supply chain system consisting of one manufacturer and one supplier is designed, in which re-distribution, remanufacturing and reuse are considered synthetically. The manufacturer is in charge of recollecting and re-disposal the used products. Demands of ultimate products and collecting quantity of used products are described as the function of prices and reference prices. A non-linear dynamic pricing model for this closed-loop supply chain is established. A numerical example is designed, and the results of this example verified the model’s validity to price for the operation of closed-loop supply chain system.

Coordination for a Closed-loop Supply Chain with Recycling Platform Considering Dynamic Setting

This paper presents a dynamic closed-loop supply chain(CLSC)model,incorporating a manufacturer,a retailer,and an internet recycling platform(IRP),utilizing differential game theory while considering the forgetting effect of consumers.The model encompasses factors such as the quality level of used products and Big Data marketing(BDM),comparing optimal equilibriums under decentralized and cooperative decision scenarios.To effectively coordinate the dynamic CLSC at each time point,we propose a revenue-sharing and cost-sharing(RSCS)combined contract.In addition to ensuring reasonable sharing of revenues and costs,this contract allows the manufacturer to flexibly adjust wholesale prices for final products and transfer prices for used products in order to distribute profits appropriately and achieve Pareto optimality within the CLSC system.Furthermore,our results indicate that there exists a threshold for Big Data marketing efficiency;high-efficiency BDM not only facilitates increased recycling on Internet platforms but also reduces unit recycling costs for enterprises.Interestingly,when implementing the combined contract,Big Data marketing efficiency does not impact the transfer price paid by manufacturers to Internet recycling platforms.

Literature Review on Network Design Problems in Closed Loop and Reverse Supply Chains

The productivity of an organization is very much affected by non-value adding activity like logistics, which moves the resources from suppliers to factory, raw materials/semi-finished items within the factory and finished goods from factory to customers via a designated distribution channel called as forward logistics. In some cases, parts of the products such as automobiles, computers, cameras, mobile phones, washing machines, refrigerators, garments, footwear and empty glass bottles of beverages, etc. will be brought back to the factories as a product recovery strategy through reverse logistics network which is integrated in a sustainable closed loop supply chain network. So, it is highly essential to optimize the movement of the items in the reverse logistics network. This paper gives a comprehensive review of literature of the design of networks for the reverse logistics as well as for the reverse logistics coupled with forward logistics. The contributions of the researchers are classified into nine categories based on the methods used to design the logistics network.

物流外包和废品回收双重作用下的TPL-CLSC定价和协调策略

考虑物流外包和废旧品回收的共同作用,本文根据供应链节点企业和TPL服务商所处的市场特征,在不同的系统状态之下,建立了以第三方物流服务商为主导的闭环供应链(TPL-CLSC)定价模型,应用博弈理论研究并分析了TPL-CLSC的有效定价机制,给出了供应链节点企业实施正向和逆向物流外包的条件。为促使TPL-CLSC成员有效的合作,文章建立了三种不同的协调机制。最后,应用数值分析探讨了TPL-CLSC的定价机制和协调策略的可行性。

Pricing and production strategies in remanufacturing from the perspectives of supply chain: Review and future directions

Remanufacturing is widely recognized as beneficial to the environment and a circular economy. However, remanufacturing is more complex than traditional manufacturing due to the effects of government policy, uncertainty of consumer preferences, competition and cooperation among firms, and so on. These factors motivate academics to optimize remanufacturing outcomes, especially for product pricing and production. This study reviews the published literature on pricing and production strategies in remanufacturing from four perspectives of supply chain, namely, government policy, consumer characteristics, relationships among firms, and supply chain structures. Review results can benefit scholars/practitioners in the future by highlighting the challenges and opportunities in remanufacturing strategies.

Implementation of Hybrid Genetic Algorithm for CLSC Network Design Problem—A Case Study on Fashion Leather Goods Industry

The implementation of closed loop supply chain system is becoming essential for fashion leather products industry to ensure an economically sustainable business model and eco-friendly industrial practice as demanded by the environmental regulations, consumer awareness and the prevailing social consciousness. In this context, this research work addresses a closed loop supply chain network problem of fashion leather goods industry, with an objective of minimizing the total cost of the entire supply chain and also reducing the total waste from the end of life product returns. The research work commenced with a literature review on the reverse and closed loop supply chain network design problems of fashion and leather goods industry dealt in the past. Then, the identified CLSCND problem is solved using a mathematical model based on Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programme (MINLP) and then a suitable Hybrid Genetic Algorithm (HGA) developed for the CLSCND is implemented for obtaining optimum solution. Both the MINLP model and HGA are customized as per the CLSCND problem chosen and implemented for the industrial case of an Indian Fashion Leather Goods Industry. Finally, the solutions obtained for MINLP model in LINGO 15 and for HGA in VB.NET platform are compared and presented. The optimum solution obtained from the suitable HGA is illustrated as an optimum shipment pattern for the closed loop supply chain network design problem of the fashion leather goods industry case.

考虑复杂度的鲁棒闭环供应链网络设计模型

针对顾客需求不确定和部分设施节点失效情况下闭环供应链网络设计问题,考虑网络结构复杂度,以最小化闭环供应链运营成本和维护成本为优化目标,构建非线性混合整数规划模型.采用鲁棒对等式理论处理需求不确定性,采用情景分析方法处理单一设施节点中断不确定性;采用信息熵理论量化网络结构复杂度并采用分段线性逼近方法进行结构复杂度线性重构,构建混合不确定因素影响下的鲁棒优化模型,利用Gurobi求解进行节点开放及流量分配决策.针对算例,将鲁棒优化模型与随机规划模型进行对比,结果显示,考虑网络结构复杂度进行网络设计,与随机规划模型相比,鲁棒优化模型的目标函数值在不确定情景下的波动幅度显著减小,表明模型具有较好的抵抗外部风险的能力.

Pricing Decisions in Dual-Channel Closed-Loop Supply Chain Under Retailer’s Risk Aversion and Fairness Concerns

This paper studies the price decisions in a dual-channel closed-loop supply chain with a risk-averse retailer and a risk-neutral manufacturer by modeling and analyzing three cases:(1)the retailer does not have fairness concerns;(2)the retailer has fairness concerns and the manufacturer considers it;and(3)the retailer has fairness concerns and the manufacturer does not consider it.The effects of risk aversion and fairness concerns on the pricing decisions,profits and demand are examined in differing scenarios.

Closed-loop Supply Chain Based Battery Swapping and Charging System Operation: A Hierarchy Game Approach

To realize optimal day-ahead operation of battery swapping and charging systems(BSCSs),a closed loop supply chain(CLSC)based management scheme is proposed,where the game theory is adopted for benefits allocation.The CLSC is used to depict the battery-swapping-charging process between the battery charging stations(BCSs)and battery swapping stations(BSSs).The arrival,departure and swapping service of electric vehicles(EVs)at BSSs is modeled as distinct queues based on the network calculus theory.The depleted batteries(DBs)and well-charging batteries(WBs)based interaction among BCSs and BSSs is formulated as a Stackelberg game.In the game,one BCS acts as the leader and the BSSs act as the followers.The BCS sets optimized prices to maximize its utility and the BSSs optimally demand WBs,supply DBs and provide battery swapping services to maximize their own utilities while guaranteeing the quality of service(QoS)needed for battery swapping.The existence of Stackelberg equilibriums(SEs)of the proposed game is proved.A differential evaluation based hybrid algorithm is proposed to compute an SE.The effectiveness of proposed method has been demonstrated by the simulation results,guaranteeing the QoS and balancing benefits among the BCS and BSSs while maximizing social welfare.

闭环供应链视角下废旧电器电子产品回收再利用的激励机制与对策

在我国废旧电器电子产品(WEEE)的回收再利用现状分析和文献回顾的基础上,讨论了国内外WEEE的立法及我国生产企业对回收基金的反应,指出我国法律实施效果不佳的根本原因是未能考虑闭环供应链CLSC上除生产商外其他成员企业的利益,实行生产商负主要责任的CLSC责任制是WEEE回收再利用的合理可行策略;讨论了CLSC视角下WEEE回收再利用的结构,得到三种可行的CLSC流程;探讨了WEEE回收再利用的三种激励机制,特别是奖惩机制,并以此为基础分别给出了WEEE回收和再利用的管理对策。

需求不确定的双源双渠道闭环供应链库存优化模型

随着电子商务的发展,网上直销已经成为当今时代最典型的绿色营销;与此同时,环保意识的增强也带来了逆向物流和闭环供应链的兴起。本文基于准时制生产模式建立了需求不确定条件下的"双源"、"双渠道"多周期闭环供应链库存优化模型。模型以废旧回收品的配送批量和零售商的订货周期及名义最高库存为决策变量,以系统利润最高为目标函数,在不允许缺货的前提下,通过对决策变量海塞矩阵的分析,证明了模型的惟一最优解。最后,通过案例分析,证明了结论的合理性和模型的科学性。

具有Markov跳变参数的闭环供应链系统切换控制

研究具有Markov跳变参数的闭环供应链(Closed-loop supply chain,CLSC)切换系统建模以及具有抑制牛鞭效应的H∞控制问题.针对再制造过程中的不确定性问题,在考虑库存衰减因素的条件下,根据库存水平的不同状态将系统建模为切换系统,子系统间的切换服从于一个Markov过程.基于输入滞后的控制策略,应用Markov切换思想对系统进行控制器设计与性能分析,在保证闭环供应链系统稳定的情形下有效抑制牛鞭效应.仿真例子说明所得结果的有效性.

混合回收渠道下的闭环供应链市场结构分析

研究了一个制造商领导市场、一个零售商和一个第三方回收商共同负责回收且跟随决策的再制造闭环供应链系统。对制造商领导博弈时的四种不同市场结构下(M→R+T、M→R→T、M→T→R和M→C)的闭环供应链的各方决策变量值以及利润值进行计算及分析,最后采用重复博弈方法对避免劣市场结构(M→C)成立的条件进行了讨论。研究表明,基于以上条件,M→C市场结构下的回收价最低,在M→R+T市场结构下最高;M→C市场结构下,制造商的利润与供应链利润最低;M→R+T市场结构下的制造商利润最高且供应链利润也最高。M→R→T和M→T→R市场结构的供应链总利润结果完全相同。集团C中的利润分配参数α具有不稳定性,使效率最低的M→C市场结构无法长期存在。

政府规制对电器电子产品闭环供应链决策的影响分析

为了分析政府规制对采用不同回收模式的电器电子产品闭环供应链(CLSC)决策的影响,在政府规制和无政府规制两种情形下,分别建立了制造商回收模式、销售商回收模式以及第三方回收企业回收模式的电器电子产品闭环供应链决策模型。通过对比政府规制前后不同回收模式下CLSC各成员的最优决策和收益,发现无论政府规制与否,只要制造商的单位回收成本不是非常高,制造商回收模式都对它自身更有利,否则制造商最好将回收活动外包给销售商。而销售商和第三方回收企业都希望自己从事回收活动。此外,政府规制下销售商回收模式对全社会更有利。

基于市场划分的再制造闭环供应链模型

文章根据顾客对新产品和再制造产品的估值差异化将市场进行划分,考虑顾客对新产品和再制造产品的接受度以及废旧产品的回收、再制造和再零售过程等因素,建立由不同市场参与者组成的供应链模型,以研究新产品和再制造产品的最优定价策略。通过数值仿真,分析了再制造产品的接受度以及再制造生产成本对各决策者利润的影响,同时比较了各种供应链模型的盈利情况。

随机需求下2条闭环供应链的竞争与链内协调研究

针对随机需求下两条由单生产商和单零售商组成的闭环供应链的竞争问题,运用博弈论和均衡分析方法建立了对应两条闭环供应链均为分散式供应链、均为集中式供应链、一条为分散式供应链一条为集中式供应链的带均衡约束的均衡模型、纳什均衡和带均衡约束的优化模型,给出了闭环供应链竞争下实现链内协调的利润共享合同。数值算例表明:供应链协调是闭环供应链竞争下的占优策略,但两条供应链均达到协调下的利润反而比均不协调时差,即存在"囚徒困境"现象。参数的敏感性分析表明产品零售价、订货量和供应链利润随自身价格敏感性系数(竞争方产品价格替代效应系数)成反方向(同方向)变化,而废旧产品回收率的变化趋势正好相反。

基于鲁棒控制的闭环供应链网络协同控制方法研究

基于鲁棒控制理论,研究了闭环供应链网络中企业间协同控制方法.采用差分方程描述了基于再制造的逆向物流过程;采用矩阵状态方程建立了双链组成的闭环供应链网络动态模型;提出了需求波动最差条件下,两个单链组成闭环供应链网络中节点企业协同运作的鲁棒H∞控制方法;采用l2范数方法量化了系统中的牛鞭效应;通过仿真实验观察牛鞭效应的抑制效果,验证了该方法的可行性.这一结果为闭环供应链网络的稳定性和节点企业的协同控制研究,提供了一种新的方法.