Effective Capacity of URLLC over Parallel Fading Channels with Imperfect Channel State Information

This paper investigates the effective capacity of a point-to-point ultra-reliable low latency communication(URLLC)transmission over multiple parallel sub-channels at finite blocklength(FBL)with imperfect channel state information(CSI).Based on reasonable assumptions and approximations,we derive the effective capacity as a function of the pilot length,decoding error probability,transmit power and the sub-channel number.Then we reveal significant impact of the above parameters on the effective capacity.A closed-form lower bound of the effective capacity is derived and an alternating optimization based algorithm is proposed to find the optimal pilot length and decoding error probability.Simulation results validate our theoretical analysis and show that the closedform lower bound is very tight.In addition,through the simulations of the optimized effective capacity,insights for pilot length and decoding error probability optimization are provided to evaluate the optimal parameters in realistic systems.

Off-Grid Compressed Channel Estimation with Parallel Interference Cancellation for Millimeter Wave Massive MIMO

Millimeter wave(mmWave)massive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)plays an important role in the fifth-generation(5G)mobile communications and beyond wireless communication systems owing to its potential of high capacity.However,channel estimation has become very challenging due to the use of massive MIMO antenna array.Fortunately,the mmWave channel has strong sparsity in the spatial angle domain,and the compressed sensing technology can be used to convert the original channel matrix into the sparse matrix of discrete angle grid.Thus the high-dimensional channel matrix estimation is transformed into a sparse recovery problem with greatly reduced computational complexity.However,the path angle in the actual scene appears randomly and is unlikely to be completely located on the quantization angle grid,thus leading to the problem of power leakage.Moreover,multiple paths with the random distribution of angles will bring about serious interpath interference and further deteriorate the performance of channel estimation.To address these off-grid issues,we propose a parallel interference cancellation assisted multi-grid matching pursuit(PIC-MGMP)algorithm in this paper.The proposed algorithm consists of three stages,including coarse estimation,refined estimation,and inter-path cyclic iterative inter-ference cancellation.More specifically,the angular resolution can be improved by locally refining the grid to reduce power leakage,while the inter-path interference is eliminated by parallel interference cancellation(PIC),and the two together improve the estimation accuracy.Simulation results show that compared with the traditional orthogonal matching pursuit(OMP)algorithm,the normalized mean square error(NMSE)of the proposed algorithm decreases by over 14dB in the case of 2 paths.

Type Synthesis of Fully Decoupled Three Translational Parallel Mechanism with Closed-Loop Units and High Stifness

In order to solve the problem of weak stifness of the existing fully decoupled parallel mechanism, a new synthesis method of fully decoupled three translational (3T) parallel mechanisms (PMs) with closed-loop units and high stifness is proposed based on screw theory. Firstly, a new criterion for the full decoupled of PMs is presented that the reciprocal product of the transmission wrench screw matrix and the output twist screw matrix of PMs is a diagonal matrix, and all elements on the main diagonal are nonzero constants. The forms of the transmission wrench screws are determined by the criterion. Secondly, the forms of the actuated and unactuated screws can be obtained according to their relationships with the transmission wrench screws. The basic decoupled limbs are generated by combination of the above actuated and unactuated screws. Finally, a closed-loop units construction method is investigated to apply the decoupled mechanisms in a better way on the high stifness occasion. The closed-loop units are constructed in the basic decoupled limbs to generate a high-stifness fully decoupled 3T PM. Kinematic and stifness analyses show that the Jacobian matrix is a diagonal matrix, and the stifness is obviously higher than that of the coupling mechanisms, which verifes the correctness of the proposed synthesis method. The mechanism synthesized by this method has a good application prospect in vehicle durability test platform.

Experiment investigation on visualization and operating characteristics of closed loop plate oscillating heat pipe with parallel channels

Using ethanol or acetone as the working fluid, visualization of oscillations in steady state was observed visually by high-speed cameras, and temperature oscillating and heat transfer characteristics of closed-loop plate oscillating heat pipe with parallel channels(POHP-PC) were experimentally investigated by varying liquid filled ratios(50%, 70%, 85%), section scales(1 mm×1 mm and 1 mm×1.5 mm), inclination angles, working fluids and heating inputs. It was found that during operating there was mixed flow consisting of plug flow and annular flow in channels of oscillating heat pipe at steady-state. There was an equilibrium position for working fluid of condenser during oscillating, and periodic oscillations occurred up and down in the vicinity of equilibrium position. With heat input increasing, equilibrium position rose slowly as a result of vapor pressure of evaporation.Evaporation temperature oscillating amplitude possessed a trend of small-large-small and frequency trend was of small-large during steady-state. It may be generally concluded that temperature, whether evaporator or condenser, fluctuated sharply or rose continuously when oscillating heat pipe coming to dry burning state. Simultaneously, it was found that temperature difference of cooling water possibly dropped with heat input rising during dry burning state. Thermal resistance of No. 2 with acetone was lower than that of No. 1 during experiments, but No. 2 achieving heat transfer limit was earlier than No. 1. However, with ethanol, thermal resistance of No. 1 and No. 2 were similar with the heating input less than 110-120 W and filling ratios of 50% and 70%. And with filling ratio of 85%, heating transfer performance of No. 2 was better compared to No. 1 during all the experiments.

Flow Instability in Parallel Channels with Water at Supercritical Pressure: A Review

Research into flow instability at both subcritical and supercritical pressures has attracted attention in recent years because of its potential of occurrence in industrial heat transfer systems. Flow instability has the potential to affect the safety of design and operation of heat transfer equipment. Flow instability is therefore undesirable and should be avoided?in the design and operation of industrial equipment. Rahman?et al. reviewed studies on supercritical water heat transfer with the aim of providing references for SCWR researchers. It was found out that most of the CFD studies and experimental studies were performed with single tube geometry due to the complexity of parallel channel geometry. Because studies performed with parallel channel geometry could provide detailed information to the design of the SCWR core, they called for more studies in parallel channel geometry at supercritical pressures in the future. In order to help understand how flow instability investigations are carried out and also highlight the need to understand flow instability phenomenon and equip the designers and operators of industrial heat transfer equipment with the needed knowledge on flow instability, this study carried out a review of flow instability in parallel channels with water at supercritical pressures.

Analytical and Computational Analysis of Flow Splitting in Multiple, Parallel Channels Systems

Previous analytical results on flow splitting are generalized to consider multiple boiling channels systems. The analysis is consistent with the approximations usually adopted in the use of systems codes (like RELAP5 and TRACE5, among others) commonly applied to perform safety analyses of nuclear power plants. The problem is related to multiple, identical, parallel boiling channels, connected through common plena. A theoretical model limited in scope explains this flow splitting without reversal. The unified analysis performed and the confirmatory computational results found are summarized in this paper. New maps showing the zones where this behavior is predicted are also shown considering again twin pipes. Multiple pipe systems have been found not easily amenable for analytical analysis when dealing with more than four parallel pipes. However, the particular splitting found (flow along N pipes dividing in one standalone pipe flow plus N -1 identical pipe flows) has been verified up to fourteen pipes, involving calculations in systems with even and odd number of pipes using the RELAP5 systems thermal-hydraulics code.

APO-Based Parallel Algorithm of Channel Allocation for Cognitive Networks

This article investigates channel allocation for cognitive networks, which is difficult to obtain the optimal allocation distribution. We first study interferences between nodes in cognitive networks and establish the channel allocation model with interference constraints. Then we focus on the use of evolutionary algorithms to solve the optimal allocation distribution. We further consider that the search time can be reduced by means of parallel computing, and then a parallel algorithm based APO is proposed. In contrast with the existing algorithms, we decompose the allocation vector into a number of sub-vectors and search for optimal allocation distribution of sub-vector in parallel. In order to speed up converged rate and improve converged value, some typical operations of evolutionary algorithms are modified by two novel operators. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed algorithm drastically outperform other optimal solutions in term of the network utilization.

Lubrication performance of rapeseed oil-based nano-lubricants in parallel tubular channel angular pressing process

Due to the biological risks of using the conventional lubricants,the vegetable oils have been considered nowadays.Besides,to improve the tribological properties of the vegetable oils in various applications like metal forming processes,nanoparticles have been used as additives.This research evaluated the lubrication performance of the Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed in rapeseed oil during the parallel tubular channel angular pressing (PTCAP) process.The experimental PTCAP tests have been fulfilled under three lubrication conditions and the comparison between the PTCAP processed tubes has been performed in terms of the maximum forming force,surface roughness,and microhardness.The experimental results indicate that adding the mentioned nanoparticles has caused at least a 50% reduction in the maximum deformation load.Moreover,a remarkable decrement in the surface roughness of the formed tubes has been obtained.

Mathematical Analysis of Unsteady MHD Blood Flow through Parallel Plate Channel with Heat Source

In the present study, a mathematical model of unsteady blood flow through parallel plate channel under the action of an applied constant transverse magnetic field is proposed. The model is subjected to heat source. Analytical expressions are obtained by choosing the axial velocity;temperature distribution and the normal velocity of the blood depend on y and t only to convert the system of partial differential equations into system of ordinary differential equations under the conditions defined in our model. The model has been analyzed to find the effects of various parameters such as, Hartmann number, heat source parameter and Prandtl number on the axial velocity, temperature distribution and the normal velocity. The numerical solutions of axial velocity, temperature distributions and normal velocity are shown graphically for better understanding of the problem. Hence, the present mathematical model gives a simple form of axial velocity, temperature distribution and normal velocity of the blood flow so that it will help not only people working in the field of Physiological fluid dynamics but also to the medical practitioners.

Run-Up Flow of a Maxwell Fluid through a Parallel Plate Channel

We consider the flow of an incompressible viscous Maxwell fluid between two parallel plates, initially induced by a constant pressure gradient. The pressure gradient is withdrawn and the upper plate moves with a uniform velocity while the lower plate continues to be at rest. The arising flow is referred to as run-up flow. The unsteady governing equations are solved as initial value problem using Laplace transform technique. The expression for velocity, shear stresses on both plates and discharge are obtained. The behavior of the velocity, shear stresses and mass flux has been discussed in detail with respect to variations in different governing flow parameters and is presented through graphs.

Hall Current Effects on Unsteady MHD Flow in a Rotating Parallel Plate Channel Bound-ed by Porous Bed on the Lower Half—Darcy Lapwood Model

We discussed the unsteady flow of an incompressible viscous fluid in a rotating parallel plate channel bounded on one side by a porous bed under the influence of a uniform transverse magnetic field taking hall current into account. The perturbations are created by a constant pressure gradient along the plates in addition to the non-torsional oscillations of the upper plate. The flow in the clean fluid region is governed by Navier-Stoke’s equations while in the porous bed the equations are based on Darcy-Lapwood model. The exact solutions of velocity in the clean fluid and the porous medium consist of steady state and transient state. The time required for the transient state to decay is evaluated in detail and ultimate quasi-steady state solution has been derived analytically and also its behaviour is computationally discussed with reference to different flow parameters. The shear stresses on the boundaries and the mass flux are also obtained analytically and their behaviour is computationally discussed.

Mechanical force and cytoplasmic Ca^(2+) activate mechanosensitive BK channel in parallel

BK channels are widely expressed in both excitable and non-excitable cells and known to be involved in many physiological processes,such as vascular smooth tone regulation,neuronal firing and endocrine cell secretion[1].Recently, the BK channels have

Hall Effects on Unsteady MHD Three Dimensional Flow through a Porous Medium in a Rotating Parallel Plate Channel with Effect of Inclined Magnetic Field

In this paper, we make an initial value investigation of the unsteady flow of incompressible viscous fluid between two rigid non-conducting rotating parallel plates bounded by a porous medium under the influence of a uniform magnetic field of strength H0 inclined at an angle of inclination α with normal to the boundaries taking hall current into account. The perturbations are created by a constant pressure gradient along the plates in addition to the non-torsional oscillations of the upper plate while the lower plate is at rest. The flow in the porous medium is governed by the Brinkman’s equations. The exact solution of the velocity in the porous medium consists of steady state and transient state. The time required for the transient state to decay is evaluated in detail and the ultimate quasi-steady state solution has been derived analytically. Its behaviour is computationally discussed with reference to the various governing parameters. The shear stresses on the boundaries are also obtained analytically and their behaviour is computationally discussed.

复杂战场环境下改进YOLOv5军事目标识别算法研究

复杂战场环境下军事目标识别技术是提升战场情报获取能力的基础和关键。针对当前军事目标识别技术在复杂战场环境下漏检误检率高、实时性差等问题,提出一种基于改进YOLOv5模型的PB-YOLO军事目标识别算法。将改进的目标识别算法对于陆战场军事单元的识别锚框进行重新聚类,以提升模型对于目标大小适应度,加速模型收敛;采用通道-空间并行注意力机制,增加模型对复杂战场环境下目标特征信息与位置信息关注度;在特征融合网络部分使用BiFPN以提升模型对于特征的融合能力与速度;采用Alpha_IoU损失函数加速模型收敛,解决当真实框与预测框重合时IoU计算退化问题。实验结果表明,在自建军事目标数据集下,改进算法与主流目标识别算法相比,在保证模型空间复杂度的同时,mAP值达到了90.17%。消融实验对比结果表明,改进后网络较原模型精度提升11.57%,具有较好的识别性能,能够为战场情报获取提供有效的技术支撑。

永磁同步电机机壳串并联混合流道液冷分析

针对机壳串联流道水冷永磁同步电机散热冷却水压力损失过大的问题,提出一款新型机壳串并联混合流道,对某型号42 kW车用永磁同步电机冷却散热进行了计算,比较了机壳串并联混合流道与串联流道冷却电机最高温度与冷却水压力损失,分析了机壳串并联混合流道环形流道数量、槽深及冷却水流量对电机冷却散热影响。结果表明:电机以额定工况运行时,在相同对流换热面积及冷却液流量条件下,机壳串并联混合流道冷却水进出口压降比串联流道减小26 693 Pa,降低67%,而机壳串并联混合流道比串联流道冷却电机最高温度升高0.6℃,增大0.68%;机壳串并联混合流道环形流道数量增多或冷却水流量增大均能加快机壳串并联混合流道冷却永磁同步电机散热,但冷却水压力损失会有所增大;流道槽深增加可显著降低冷却水压力损失,但对电机最高温度变化影响较小。

基于平行因子分解的IRS辅助毫米波信道估计

提出了一种基于平行因子分解的信道估计算法。首先,根据毫米波信道固有的稀疏特性对信道进行建模,利用块衰落信道的特点将信号矩阵构建成一个3维张量,并且利用平行因子分解算法对张量进行分解。然后利用压缩感知理论将分解后的矩阵转化为稀疏信号的恢复问题。最后,利用改进的双线性交替最小二乘算法对信道进行求解。仿真结果表明,与现有的BALS算法、wBALS算法和LSKRF算法相比,本文算法估计精度较高。

基于混合空洞卷积和注意力多尺度网络的残饵密度估计

及时、准确地估算饵料盘中残留饲料量是提高养殖效益的重要措施。针对虾类养殖场景下残饵检测模型复杂度高、计数精度低的问题,提出了一种基于混合空洞卷积和注意力多尺度网络(hybrid dilated convolution and attention multi-scale network,HAMNet)的残饵密度估计方法。首先,借鉴MCNN(multi-column convolutional neural network)多列架构的思想设计并行卷积块(parallel convolution block,PCB),使网络在单列架构中提取多种尺度的残饵特征,简化了网络结构并减轻了计算量;同时为了弥补网络结构简化造成残饵特征表示能力略有不足的问题,引入混合空洞卷积块(hybrid dilated convolution block,HDCB)避免信息丢失并增大感受野,增强模型深入挖掘多尺度残饵信息的能力。其次,在网络中嵌入通道注意力机制(channel attention mechanism,CAM),利用通道之间的相互依赖性重新校准有用特征信息的权重,凸显目标与背景的差异性。最后,针对下采样导致密度图质量差的问题,应用可学习的转置卷积恢复特征图细节信息,进而提升模型计数性能。利用饵料盘条件下采集的残饵图像进行了验证,试验结果表明,与基准模型MCNN相比,HAMNet模型的平均绝对误差、均方根误差和计算量分别降低了44.4%、40.8%和13.7%,参数量仅为0.52 MB。与经典密度估计模型CMTL(cascaded multi-task learning)、SANet(scale aggregation network)、CSRNet(congested scene recognition network)相比,该模型在各项性能指标上保持了最佳平衡,明显处于优势。该研究可为人工智能在水产养殖中快速量化残饵提供参考。

太赫兹激光通信的信道均衡设计

为了提升激光通信信道的利用率,消除码间干扰,设计太赫兹激光通信的信道均衡方法。基于太赫兹频段下的激光通信网络结构,选取统计学数学方法构建激光通信网络的信道模型。利用太赫兹频段直扩配准方法,处理信道均衡器的多个输出,配准激光通信信道。将信道均衡器输出的通信信号视为有限脉冲响应的滤波器,利用伪噪声序列构建Toeplitz结构感测矩阵,估计激光通信信道相位。基于信道的伪随机序列,利用信道相位生成激光通信信道冲击响应,考虑信道的并行通信,实现太赫兹激光通信网络信道均衡化处理。实验结果表明,该方法可以实现太赫兹激光通信的信道均衡,通信误码率低于0.001,信道均衡性能优越。

基于GRU-DRSN的双通道人体活动识别

人体活动识别(human activity recognizition, HAR)在医疗、军工、智能家居等领域有很大的应用空间。传统机器学习方法特征提取难度较大且精度不高。针对上述问题并结合传感器时序特性,提出了一种融合CBAM(convolutional block attention module)注意力机制的GRU-DRSN双通道并行模型,有效避免了传统串行模型因网络深度加深引起梯度爆炸和消失问题。同时并行结构使得两条支路具有相同的优先级,使用深度残差收缩网络(deep residual shrinkage network, DRSN)提取数据的深层空间特征,同时使用门控循环结构(gated recurrent unit, GRU)学习活动样本在时间序列上的特征,同时进行提取样本不同维度的特征,并通过CBAM模块进行特征的权重分配,最后通过Softmax层进行识别,实现了端对端的人体活动识别。使用公开数据集(wireless sensor data mining, WISDM)进行验证,模型平均精度达到了97.6%,与传统机器学习模型和前人所提神经网络模型相比,有更好的识别效果。

不锈钢槽式预埋组件受剪性能研究

为研究不锈钢槽式预埋组件在剪力作用下的破坏模式和承载性能,完成了3组9个带混凝土基材的不锈钢槽式预埋组件试件的受剪试验。试验结果表明,平行受剪工况下破坏模式为齿牙剪切破坏,垂直受剪工况下破坏模式为混凝土边缘破坏及槽道卷边受弯破坏。在试验的基础上,通过ABAQUS软件建立了有限元分析模型,并验证了模型的准确性。通过数值分析研究了齿牙尺寸、混凝土强度、边缘距离、锚件中心线间距及预埋槽道有效埋深等参数对极限承载力的影响。结果表明,平行受剪工况下,平齿型槽道的齿牙数量、宽度及厚度的增加均可提高极限承载力,齿牙高度对极限承载力影响较小;垂直受剪工况下,平齿型和燕尾型槽道的混凝土强度及边缘距离的增加均可提高极限承载力,而锚件中心线间距的增加则使极限承载力降低,预埋槽道有效深度对极限承载力影响较小。给出了不同破坏模式下的受剪承载力计算公式,通过试验结果与有限元模拟结果的对比,验证了承载力计算公式的有效性。